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TRANSCRIPT
Unit 5 – Growing Nation
Spring 2009
America under Andrew Jackson
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Who is Andrew Jackson? War of 1812 Hero
Orphan – family “killed by British”
Frontiersman Horse racer Indian fighter Land speculator “Old Hickory” – one
tough cookie “self-made man” Not from Virginia or
Adams
Campaign of 1824 - 1828 1824 - Major
Sectionalism – people couldn’t pick a winner
1824 – went to HR – Picked John Quincy Adams
1828 – Ruthless campaign – Adams vs. Jackson
Jackson Wins
Spoils System Informal practice where a political party, after
winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party
As opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity.
The term was derived from the phrase "'to the victor belong the spoils…”
Westerners/Jackson supporters, came to DC expecting pres. to give them jobs
Jacksonian Democracy Tried to get ‘regular people’ more involved in
democracyo Example, all white men can now vote, not just land
owners Want for the ‘common man’ to have more of a
say in his government – Supported Manifest Destiny Avoid Slavery argument
Changes in Elections Does away with caucus system, creates
nominating conventions
The Tariff Debate – North vs. South 1828 – high tariff placed on
European Imported manufactured goods
North – loved tariff, made European goods more expensive, people bought North produced products
South – Hated the tariff, meant higher prices for them
Group of Southern states decided to protest – they felt they should be able to nullify, or “undo,” the law
South Protests Some Southerners, including the VP, wanted to
secede from the union South’s argument: since the states decided to
join the union, they should get to decide if they leave
Two senators, Webster and Hayne, got into major debates about this in the Senate. Became known as Webster-Hayne Debate
What did Jackson do?
He was invited to speak at a dinner with Southerners who wanted to secede.
Said, “Our federal union…must be preserved!”o He did not support states
leaving In response, his VP said,
“The union—next to our liberty, most dear,” and resigned from the VP job to be elected into the Senate to debate
Nullification Crisis The state of South Carolina passed a law saying
they would not pay the high tariff In response, Jackson passed the Force Bill, saying
he would use the army to make South Carolinians pay the tariff
They compromised and created a lower tariff – no side was truly happy about this
Native American Relations 5 Native Tribes Involved:
o Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chicasaw and Seminole nations Americans were eager for land to raise cotton, Jackson agreed Some Peaceful negogations: 1814-24, natives traded land in
east for land in the west The tribes agreed to the treaties for strategic reasons.
o They wanted to appease the government in the hopes of retaining some of their land, and they wanted to protect themselves from white harassment.
US took control of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi, Kentucky and North Carolina.
This was voluntary Indian migration, however, and only a small number of Creeks, Cherokee and Choctaws actually moved
Indian Removal Act - 1830 president got the power
to negotiate removal treaties with Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi.
Natives who stayed had to become citizens of the US State they lived in
Supposed to be voluntary and peaceful, but the southeastern nations resisted, and Jackson forced them to leave.
Trail of tears The Cherokee were tricked with a bad treaty. Cherokee given 2 yrs. to migrate voluntarily By 1838 only 2,000 had migrated; 16,000 remained U.S. sent in troops
o forced the Cherokees into stockades at bayonet point. They were not allowed time to gather their belongings, and as they left, whites looted their homes.
Began the march known as the Trail of Tearso 4,000 Cherokee people died of cold, hunger, and disease on
their way to the western lands.
Results: By 1837, the Jackson administration had removed
46,000 Native American people from their land east of the Mississippi,
opening 25 million acres of land to white settlement and to slavery.
Jackson Leaves Presidency
His VP, Martin Van Buren – 1 term Whigs, William Harrison– 1 term
Stephen Austin and
Sam Houston
How did people get to Texas? Tension Rises
Given major pieces of land by Mexican governmento But, you had to promise to speak Spanish, become Mexican
citizen, etc. By 1830, most people in Texas were from the United
States US offered to buy TX twice
Texas Revolution Hi-lights
1835 - Battle at San Antonio – Texans win, think the war is won
1836 - Alamo – many TX and Mexicans killed – Mexican victory – but Santa Anna Captured
Texas Declares Independence 1836 - San Jacinto – TX victory Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo – sets TX/Mexican border
along the Rio Grande river
Missouri Compromise and Texas – Texas doesn’t become a state until 1844
Free/Slave Arkansas and
Michigan both Came in and kept the balance
Jackson, Van Buren ignored TX, WHY?
BAV: annex to attach, append, or add, especially to
something larger or more important
The Mexican American War New Mexico was the territory between Texas and CA
Native Americans lived there, but Mexico formally owned
Mexico tried to keep Americans out but had a hard time enforcing that
Santa Fe Trail Went from Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NM Trade route – mostly flat, so wagons worked well Used until the RR came in Made lots of Americans come into Mexican territory
California’s Spanish Culture Missions established by
Spanish CA became a state in
Mexico 1833 Mexico abolished
missions, missions bought by Mexican wealthy
Americans visited CA for years and began settling it
Pres. Polk offered to buy 2x, along with NM
Conflict James Polk determined to get CA and NM Wanted to fulfill Manifest Destiny Polk believed these territories rightfully
belonged to the US Mexico became even more angry when TX
became part of US
General Taylor was attacked after setting up a fort in NM
Lincoln, senator from IL, wanted to know exactly where attack happened…if war happened on Mexican soil, we shouldn’t go to war….
But, we did
James Polk’s Plan for the Mex-Am War1. Drive Mex. Forces out of Texas border area2. Seize New Mexico Region and California3. Conquer Mexico City
1. Drive Mex. Forces out of Texas border area
First goal met quickly…by Zachery Taylor and troops
At last major battle of stage 1, they lowered the Mexican flag and raised the American flag Monterrey (NM)
2. Seize New Mexico Region and California
While Taylor was securing border, General Stephen Kearney leads troops from Ft. Leavenworth to Santa Fe to meet goal #2
Mexican governor fled when he was 1,500 Calvary troops
Santa Fe was captured without one shot fired (by Aug. 1846)
Troops head across AZ into modern day Arizona and eventually California
Eventually, American Navy captures San Francisco and the US flag replaces the “Bear Flag”
Meanwhile: California and the Bear Flag Republic
1846, group of Americans decided that CA would be an “independent republic”
CA residents didn’t know US was at war with Mexico already when they began revolting against Mexico
3. Conquer Mexico City
Assigned to Gen. Winfield Scott Land on coat of Gulf of Mexico
(by Veracruz) 300 mile march to Mexico City
o March included fighting not only army but armed citizen militias
o After 6 months, reached Mexico City
Took Mexico city within a month
Cost of War: 1,721 casualties 11,000 died of disease Cost = $100 million
Peace Treaty: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico gave up all claims to Texas
Agreed Rio Grande as border between TX and Mex.
Included the “Mexican Cession:” o Mexico ceded California and New
Mexicoo In return, US paid $15 million
After the war: Gadsden Purchase o Bought a strip of land along
southern edge of present day AZ and NM (final piece of current size besides Hawaii and Alaska)
California Gold Rush Once CA was officially a member
of the US, Americans moved in massive numbers
1849 was a major year for immigration to CA
People who moved that year became known as the 49-ers