INTRODUCTION TO SANITATION CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES WITHIN AN iWASH

FRAMEWORK

IMPACTS OF SANITATION PROGRAM – LEARNINGS FROM EVIDENCE IN THE FIELD

Nayco Yap I UNICEF

Small Group Discussion Discuss the impacts Sanitation Programs

on the following SDGs

Gender Equality

Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition...

Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all…

Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education...

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth...

Available and sustainably managed WASH underpins the achievement of most SDGs

Impacts of Improved Water Supply and Sanitation

•Water supply and sanitation are essential for human health and survival, for food security and the empowerment of women as well as the education of girls, for reduction in productivity losses due to morbidity and malnutrition, for the management and protection of natural resources.

•Access to basic services like water supply and sanitation is a moral and ethical imperative rooted in the cultural and religious tradition of societies around the world.

How can adequate WASH protect children?

Source: World Bank/WSP

LACK OF ACCESS TO SANITATION COSTS THE WORLD US$260 BILLION YEARLY

2.5 Billion

Lack of Access to Improved Sanitation

1 Billion

Practice open defecation

The Population The Context

Sub-Saharan Africa

69%

South Asia 62%

East Asia & Pacific

34%

Europe & Central Asia

16%

Middle East & North Africa

12%

Latin America & Caribbean

21%

Cost of Inadequate Sanitation

North Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America & Caribbean

East Asia

South Asia

South East Asia

West Asia

Caucasus & Central Asia

Oceania

$2 $4 $6 $8 $10 $30 $50 $70 $90

THE GLOBAL COST OF INADEQUATE SANITATION

ECONOMIC COST (IN BILLIONS)

TOTAL COST

THE IMPACT

$260 BILLION

MORE THAN CHILE’S ENTIRE

GDP

On the average, inadequate sanitation costs

countries 1.5%

of their GDP

$ 5.5 billion every year across 18 African countries

In India $ 54 billion a year

(Nearly the entire GDP of the Croatia)

Cost of Inadequate Sanitation

DIARRHEA Attributed to poor water and sanitation, diarrhea causes 1.4 million preventable child death per year

STUNTING India has some of the world’s worst stunting as a result of more than half of population not using toilet

LOWER SCHOOL AND WORK PRODUCTIVITY Contributing economic impacts of a least 3% of GDP

INDIRECT IMPACT OF DIRRHEAL DISEASE

Cost of Inadequate Sanitation

Poor sanitation led to economic costs in the

order of US$ 1.4 billion, equivalent to about

1.5% of GDP in 2005 and translated to per capita losses of

US$ 16.8 per year.

The health impacts represented the

largest source of quantified economic costs at about

US$ 1 billion, this item explained about

72% of total economic costs.

The Philippines loses more than P77.8 billion pesos annually due to

poor sanitation

Source: Economic Impacts of Sanitation in the Philippines,” a study published in February 2008 by the World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) with co-funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Environmental Cooperation-Asia (ECO-Asia) program.

Health Impacts

More than 38 million cases of diarrhea were attributable to poor sanitation and hygiene

annually. A large number of diarrhea cases are unreported; these

are estimated to represent roughly 37 million annually.

Filipinos annually released 4.2 billion kilograms of untreated feces and 33.9 million cubic meters of equivalent black water (feces and urine) into the environment.

The largest contributor to such wastes was the National

Capital Region (NCR), accounting for about 12% of the national release of feces and urine.

Water Pollution

Access Time People who practiced open defecation in the Philippines spent

a total of 11.47 million days a year in accessing a “suitable” location

People who shared toilets spent about 19.1 million days a year in accessing

facilities.

Regions 4A, 5, 6,7 and 8 spent an average of

1.40 million days a year

NCR, Regions 1,3, 4a, 5,6,7 11 and 12 spent

an average of 1.53 million days a year

Open Defecation

Sharing Toilets

Child handwashing during the 1st 30 months of age results in significant gains in global developmental quotients such as height, weight and social skills

First Five

Years

Primary Education

Secondary Education

Mother& Families

Access to WASH throughout a girl’s life yields positive impacts for generations

INFANT MORTALITY RATES are reduced 7X in countries with access

to improved sanitation

Over 50% of primary schools in developing countries lack adequate water facilities Over 40% of diarrheal cases in schools children result from transmission at school, not at home

50-95% of girls miss up to 4 days of school per month because of menses. 39% reported reduced performance A 15% minute reduction time in water collection can increase proportion of girls attending school by 8-12%

44% reduction in risks of child death if mothers wash their hands with soap prior to handling their newborn children Projects involving women are more likely to positively influence health & hygiene of the next generation

Each 10% increase in female literacy can increase a country’s economy by 0.3%. Women who attend school are less like to die during childbirth

What is Undernutrition?

Low Height for age Low weight for height

STUNTED CHILD WASTED CHILD

How does poor WASH contribute to causing undernutrition?

And it is about dignity and rights

“Sanitation, more than many other human rights issues, evokes the concept of human dignity” Report of the UN independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe

drinking water and sanitation, 2009

“Women, more than men, suffer the indignity of being forced to defecate in the open, at risk of assault and rape. ” Insecurity and Indignity: Women’s experiences in urban slums in Kenya, Amnesty International 2010

1 in 3 worldwide risk shame, disease, harassment and even

attack because they have nowhere safe to go to the toilet

Of these, 526 million women have no choice but to go to the

toilet out in the open

Sanitation would make 1.25 billion women’s lives safer and healthier

Women and girls living without any toilet spend 97 billion hours each

year finding a place to go

Every day, around 2000 children die due to diarrhea caused by lack of

access to safe toilets & clean water

On any given day, more than 800 million women between the ages of 15 to 49 are menstruating. Adequate and appropriate sanitation & hygiene facilities can provide comfortable space for women to manage their menstrual cycles with privacy and dignity.

One school study in Ethiopia reported over 50% of girls missing between one and four days of school per month due to menstruation

Only 45% of schools in the least developed and low-income countries have adequate sanitation facilities

A comprehensive program to improve water, sanitation and hygiene in schools in Kenya resulted in a nearly 50% reduction in diarrheal disease.

For more information please contact: Nayco Yap WASH Consultant nyap@unicef.org United Nations Children’s Fund 31st Flr. Yuchengco Tower, RCBC Plaza Ayala Ave., Makati City www.unicef.org © United Nations Children’s Fund March 2015