Water and Sanitation Planning: Concepts, Institutions and Action

David Bradley Oxford Water Security Network

and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Joint Monitoring Programme WHO / UNICEF

 Global in primary view  Aim to be Trustworthy in monitoring  Results used in advocacy & political processes  Simple, comparable, independent

CONSEQUENT LIMITATIONS   National utility?   Simplistic? Limited Range?   Open to misinterpretation?

Joint Monitoring Programme WHO / UNICEF

  Simple –  Two measures: Water, Sanitation –  Binary approach: Improved/Not Improved

  Comparable –  Same everywhere; basic information

  Independent –  Nationally supplied data until 2000 –  Thereafter household survey data (DHS, MICS)

Goal: Halve the proportion of those without improved water & of those without improved sanitation 1990→2015

Joint Monitoring Programme WHO / UNICEF

 Global in primary view  Aim to be Trustworthy in monitoring  Results used in advocacy & political processes  Simple, comparable, independent

CONSEQUENT LIMITATIONS   National utility?   Simplistic? Limited Range?   Open to misinterpretation?

For Progress Beyond 2015: ? 2015-2040

Goals

↓ ↑ Targets ↓ ↑

Monitoring So targets and monitoring have to co-evolve; but target setting is

a political decision, so range of target options to be developed

Aims of Post-2015 Process   Incorporate Human Right to W & S   Develop menu of target and indicator options   Improved monitoring

  Select optimal targets and indicators compatible with future development goals

  Agree more comprehensive global sector monitoring

  Establish how to measure these after 2015

Progress of post-2015 process   Berlin stakeholder Meeting: WASH meets HR

–  Decided: improve not replace monitoring system –  Two indicators not enough, –  Especially HR and equity issues –  Better alignment with national monitoring

 Task Force on Drinking water quality  Task force on Urban Monitoring  Four working Groups set up

Four working Groups

 Water  Sanitation  Hygiene  Non-Discrimination & Equity

All now meeting and work in progress Report and Consolidate Reports during 2012 Second stakeholder consultation December 2012 Due to reach UN General Assembly October 2013

PROBLEM There are those who think in terms of Communites and there are those who think in terms of Utilities

Became very evident at meeting on urban monitoring

PROBLEM There are those who think in terms of Communities and there are those who think in terms of Utilities

  Both are right and we must bring the groups together to gain all of their insights and contributions

What is the function of a Classification?

 Classification is a qualitative model of distinctions that matter

 A means of (trans-sectoral) communication, especially as water improvements are very largely implemented outside the health sector

 A simplification to help public health practitioners

WATER RELATED DISEASE CLASSIFICATION

1.  WATER-BORNE

2.  WATER-WASHED

3.  WATER-BASED

4.  WATER-RELATED INSECT VECTORS

-Classical -Other -Diarrhoea -Skin & Eyes -Percutaneous -Oral -Breeding -Biting

OPERATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF CLASSIFICATION

1.  WATER-BORNE

2.  WATER-WASHED

3.  WATER-BASED

4.  WATER-RELATED INSECT VECTORS

-Improve Quality -protect, treat -Improve Access -sources, pipes -Prevent access -to pollute, use -Vector control -Disease control

Classification/Disaggregation Criteria

 Try Using Residential Density as Primary  Why?

– Tends to fit towards Provider (Utility) thinking – Technological similarities –  Identification from satellite imagery

DISAGGREGATING WATER & SANITATION DATA BY RESIDENTIAL DENSITY

1.  Capital and other Big Cities 2.  Downtown Slums of Cities 3.  Peri-urban Slums around Cities 4.  Towns 5.  Village Settlements 6.  Dispersed Rural 7.  Specialized/Other

How to have a functional Classification that is Helpful to Provision of Water and Sanitation

  Urban Capital City Big Cities Urban Slums Periurban Slums Towns

  Rural Settlements Dispersed Specialized/Other

DISAGGREGATING WATER & SANITATION DATA DENSITY RESOURCES

Urban Capital City HH HHH Big Cities HH HH Downtown Slums HHHH L Peri-urban Slums HHHH LL

Towns HH L Rural Village Settlements H LL

Dispersed Rural L LLL Specialized/Other LL+ LL

Feasible solutions to domestic water and sanitation needs are dependent upon residential density to a substantial degree, and the transition from ‘standard’ approaches to alternatives is at a higher residential density for sanitation than for water:

This is particularly so with current technological advances, and the transition has related to the perceptions of the utilities as well as economic and engineering issues.

Another outcome of Human Rights thinking

 Reciprocal responsibilities  For Hygiene

– Education – Personal Responsibility

The last and future “MDG” Periods Achievements in white; Outstanding Tasks in Orange

  Increased Coverage with Urban Water Provision.

  Improvement of access and supplies. – But actual safety often not achieved – Consistent supplies often not available

  Increased Provision of Toilets. – Neglect of “downstream” issues – Management of Waste Water and Sewage Sludge

  Hygiene Behaviour uneven.

? 2 → 4  Water Supply

–  Public Provision

 Excreta Disposal –  Public and Private

 Waste & Present Water Mostly Public

 Hygienic Use of Water –  Private to the User

In the urban and periurban situation, it makes sense to look at all the water problems together: domestic water, waste water, sewage & sewage

sludge, urban agricultural water:

ONE WATER

  Crude Analogy with One Medicine/One Health   In dense settlement the variables interact   Action may be sectoral, but not strategic planning

.

Water, Sanitation & Health Agendas  Blue Agenda of water availability for

domestic [and agricultural needs].  Brown Agenda with health impact goal.  Green Agenda of environmental

sustainability, biodiversity.  Red Agenda of less vector-borne disease.  Purple Agenda of less non-biological

pollution.

A little worry from the past? COMPARATIVE FINDINGS OF THE TWO

‘DRAWERS OF WATER’ STUDIES: East Africa

Use 1967 Use 1997 I II

Piped; Urban 128 66 & unreliable supply

Unpiped; Urban 15.4 23.7 Unpiped; Rural 9.7 18.3

and another from the present Outcomes as a function of relative

poverty  Few Studies (Outcome Indicator: Diarrhoea)

– World Bank 1990’s India study: poorest do not benefit from WASH alone.

– Brazil study: poor benefit much more than others.

– East Africa study: the outcomes of analysis are very sensitive to methodology.

Technological Change  What we have missed in the past  What is going on at present

– M-water: especially Kenya  Possibilities for the future

– Smarter metering for funds and quantities – Measuring functionality of infrastructure – Hugely reduced transaction costs

 And tomorrows great advance is………. SO WE NEED TO BE FLEXIBLE

SUMMARY OF ‘KITES’  Bridge the two (+) ways of thinking   Focus on providers as well as needs   Residential Density Classification/Analysis   2 → 4

–  Add Waste Water and ‘downstream’ generally –  Add Hygiene Behaviour

  ‘One Water’ for Urban Strategy –  Growing towns: Prediction and Prophylaxis –  Changing Technology as opportunity

  Methodology to Consider –  Gradual devolution of monitoring –  Longitudinal monitoring: dynamics –  Contextual Issues

Presentation Ends

Subsequent slidesfor use in answering questions if needed

Sanitation from Household to ‘Sink’

•  From household to public

•  Concentration so far on intra-household facilities

               

Domestic Water from Source to Household

•  Quality of Source •  Treatment •  Transport by Pipes •  From public to domestic

•  Into household by tap or carrier •  Internal Storage •  Possible Point-of use Treatment

               

Halves of the Domestic Water Cycle mirrored

               

                   

Table 3WATER SANITATION

Clustered Piped  water  to  Household

Other  improved  arrangement

Piped/sewered  waste  from  household

On  site  arrangement  with  service

Dispersed Other  on  site  arrangement

Although WATER IS ONE OF THE MOST PERVASIVE ELEMENTS IN ACHIEVING THE MDGs, along with

poverty and education,

  It only appears explicitly in one target of one goal:- Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability, as:-

 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation

 Next stage, post-2015, Water and Sanitation will be viewed as ‘A Human Right’ (!!)

Some relevant areas are:-

 Human Rights analysed [Kant].  Brown & Green Agendas [McGranahan]  Public & Private Domains [Cairncross]

 Functional Classifications, for reviewing health changes with urbanization.

 M-water [ Hope, and others]