introduction to physiology: the cell and general physiology · fc receptor antigen antibody action....
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Chapter 34:Resistance of the Body to Infections:
II. Immunity and Allergy
Immunity
Innate = ability to resist damaging organisms and toxins
skin, gastric acids, tissue neutrophils
and macrophages, complement
Acquired = specific
humoral ----> circulating antibodies
cellular ----> activated cells
Sequenc
e
Dormant lymphocytes
Invasion of body by foreign antigen
Phagocytosis by macrophages
Presentation of antigen to lymphocytes
Antigen
An antigen is a substance that can induce
an immune response when introduced into
an immunocompetent host and that can react
with the antibody produced from that response.
Bone Marrow
Pre-B
Cell
Pre-T
CellT-Cell
T8-supressor
T4-helper
B-Cell Plasma Cell
IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
Interactions between T- and B-Cells
virgin cellsfirst exposure to antigen
second exposure to antigen
activated cellsmemory cells
Formation of Activated and Memory Cells
Primary and Secondary Response
Days
Imm
une
Res
ponse Antigen A
Antigen A
Antigen B
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
activation
antibody
secreting
plasma
cell
antigen
antig
en
tiny fraction
of total
lymphocytes
Formation of Antibodies
One antigenic determinant
Two antigenic determinants
Binding of Antibodies to Antigens
Antibodies
antigen
binding
site
hinge region
light chain
heavy chain
Fab fragment
Fc fragment
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
IgM Antibody
Antibodies
• IgG- 80% total, cross placenta, opsonization
• IgM- first produced, 10-15% total, activate complement
• IgD- not known, may help CD4 Th
• IgA- body fluid, tears, bronchiole secretions, saliva
• IgE
- allergic reactions, histamine release
Specific binding
sites
antibody
Fab
FcFc activation of
complement
No
binding
Microbe 2Microbe 1
binding
Fc binding to
phagocyte
Fc receptor
Antigen Antibody Action
Antibody-Activated Phagocytosis
Fc receptorbacterium
opsonization
Complement System
Series of ~ 20 proteins
Activated by microorganisms
Will coat the microorganisms
Adherence reactions
phagocytic cells have receptors for C3
Biological active fragments
produce reactive oxygen intermediates
Membrane lesions
Activate mast cells
complement
bacteria phagocyte bacteria
2. chemotaxis1. lysis 3. opsonization
Functions of Complement Activation
Complement-Mediated Acute Inflammatory Reaction
bacterium
C3b
C3bBb
C3C3b
C5a C3a
vascular permeability
mediators
MC
activation
chemotaxic
factors
antigen-
antibody
reaction
IgE and Histamine Release
IgE receptor
histamine
vesicles
binding of IgE
to Fc receptor
antigenantigen
release of histamine
T-cells
Act over a short range
Interact with another cell in body
Can kill or signal other cell
Only recognize antigen when presented
on surface of target cell
T-cells
Cytotoxic Cellskill infected cells
Helper Cells (two types)
activate macrophages and B-cells
Suppressor Cellsregulate activity
TH1 TH2
TC LGL
B
Antibody Production
Virally infected cell and
some tumor cells
Antigen
presentation
Antigen
presentation
activation activation cytotoxicity
macrophage
T-Cell Function
Mhc-molecules
MHC-Ipresent foreign peptides to cytotoxic cells
MHC-II
present foreign peptides to helper cells
CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS HELPER T-CELLS
Tc Th
Class I
MHC
Class II
MHC
foreign
protein
infected
target
cell
antigen-
presenting
cell
Mhc-molecules
Helper T-cells
Helper T-Cells recognize foreign antigen bound to
MHC-II proteins on surface of antigen-presenting cells
Helper T-Cells stimulate macrophages and B-cells
Two signals are required for activation of Helper T-Cells
Activation of Helper T-cells
Th
antigen-
presenting
cell
signal 1
signal 2
activation
signal 2 is chemical (interleukin-1) or membrane bound molecule
CD4
antigen
Activation of Helper T-cells
Th
antigen-
presenting
cell
signal 1
signal 2
Th
Il-2 receptor
Il-2
Th Th
proliferation
CD4
Cytotoxic T-cells
Cytotoxic T-Cells recognize viral protein fragments on
surface of infected cells.
Cytotoxic T-Cells induce infected cells to kill themselves
Bind to infected cells
Induce cell death
Punch holes in cell membrane
Cytotoxic T-cells
Class I
MHC
Tc
infected
target
cell
CD8
Perforin discharge
Natural Killer
• destroy virus-infected cells
• do not express antigen specific receptors
• cells with low levels of MHC I
• induce cells to undergo apoptosis
TC
TCRCD8
MHC
Class I
Inhibitory
receptor
NK
Target
No MHC
Class I
NK receptor