introduction - technology and engineering 2012 · technology textbooks. dr. wright is the author of...

Engineering&TechnologyTechnology

Engineering&

Professor Emeritus, Industry and TechnologyBall State UniversityMuncie, Indiana

Sixth Edition

R. Thomas Wright

PublisherThe Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.Tinley Park, Illinoiswww.g-w.com

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Copyright © 2012

byThe Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.

Previous editions copyright 2008, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1992

Previously published and copyrighted as Technologyby The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without the prior written permission of

The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.

Manufactured in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2010033179

ISBN 978-1-60525-412-8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 – 12 – 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Brand Disclaimer: Brand names, company names, and illustrations for products and services included in this text are provided for educational purposes only and do not represent or imply endorsement or recommendation by the author or the publisher.

The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Safety Notice: The reader is expressly advised to carefully read, understand, and apply all safety precautions and warnings described in this book or that might also be indicated in undertaking the activities and exercises described herein to minimize risk of personal injury or injury to others. Common sense and good judgment should also be exercised and applied to help avoid all potential hazards. The reader should always refer to the appropriate manufacturer’s technical information, directions, and recommendations; then proceed with care to follow specific equipment operating instructions. The reader should understand these notices and cautions are not exhaustive.The publisher makes no warranty or representation whatsoever, either expressed or implied, including but not limited to equipment, procedures, and applications described or referred to herein, their quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any changes, errors, or omissions in this book. The publisher specifically disclaims any liability whatsoever, including any direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, special, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the reader’s use or reliance upon the information, instructions, procedures, warnings, cautions, applications, or other matter contained in this book. The publisher assumes no responsibility for the activities of the reader.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Wright, R. Thomas Technology & engineering / by R. Thomas Wright p. cm. Rev. ed. of Technology / R. Thomas Wright, 2004. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60525-412-8 1. Technology and engineering. 2. Technology. 3. Engineering. I. Title.

T47.W74 2012600--dc22 2010033179

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Technology & Engineering will help you to understand the following: How people use technology to make our world work. Why technological systems work the way they do. In what ways technology affects both people and our planet.

This book covers the seven areas of technological activity: Communication and information. Transportation. Construction. Manufacturing.

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Medicine. Agriculture and biotechnology. Energy and power.

In this book, you will learn that technology is a reaction to problems and opportunities—a human adaptive system. You will learn that technological systems are made up of many parts requiring tools. Also, you will learn about the problem-solving and design process, especially the testing, evaluating, and communicating of design solutions.

Sections explore, in depth, the production of products and structures, communication and information, agricultural and biorelated technologies, transportation, and the use of energy. The management of technological systems is covered because every system must have direction. The examination of societal and personal views of technology rounds out the book.

Technology & Engineering is illustrated with photographs, drawings, diagrams, and original artwork to help explain the concepts in the text. Most of these illustrations are in color. This material has been carefully selected to make technology easy to under-stand. Each chapter begins with objectives so you know what is covered. Key words are in bold italics to help make you aware of them. Review questions and activities will improve your understanding. The activities between sections provide you with valuable hands-on experience.

Impacts, both positive and negative, accompany the use of technology. The only way people in the modern world can choose and apply technology responsibly is to understand how technology develops and how the various technological systems interact. A Student Activity Manual has activities and exercises giving you important experience, while fully enriching the concepts developed in the text.

A sound understanding of technology is vital for making wise choices. As you study, you will see the effects of your choices. These choices control how technology is used. Each person can make a difference to be sure that technology is used responsibly. With a solid understanding of technology, you can understand and take an active part in our human-built world.

Introduction

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About the AuthorDr. R. Thomas Wright is one of the leading figures in technology-education curriculum

development in the United States. He is the author or coauthor of many Goodheart-Willcox technology textbooks. Dr. Wright is the author of Manufacturing and Automation Technology, Processes of Manufacturing, and Technology. He is the coauthor of Exploring Design, Technology, & Engineering with Dr. Ryan A. Brown.

Dr. Wright has served the profession through many professional offices. These offices include President of the International Technology and Engineering Educators Association (ITEEA) and President of the Council on Technology Teacher Education (CTTE). His work has been recognized through the ITEEA Academy of Fellows award and Award of Distinc-tion, the CTTE Technology Teacher Educator of the Year, the Epsilon Pi Tau Laureate Cita-tion and Distinguished Service Citation, the Sagamore of the Wabash Award from the Governor of Indiana, the Bellringer Award from the Indiana Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Ball State University Faculty of the Year Award and George and Frances Ball Distinguished Professorship, and the EEA-Ship Citation.

Dr. Wright’s educational background includes a bachelor’s degree from Stout State University, a master of science degree from Ball State University, and a doctoral degree from the University of Maryland. His teaching experience consists of 3 years as a junior high instructor in California and 37 years as a university instructor at Ball State Univer-sity. In addition, he has also been a visiting professor at Colorado State University; Oregon State University; and Edith Cowan University in Perth, Australia.

Technology Student Association (TSA) Modular Activities

The Technology Student Association (TSA) is a nonprofit, national student organiza-tion devoted to teaching technology education to young people. TSA’s mission is to inspire the organization’s student members to prepare for careers in a technology-driven economy and culture. The demand for technological expertise is escalating in American industry. Therefore, TSA’s teachers strive to promote technological literacy, leadership, and problem solving to their student membership.

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TSA Modular Activities are based on the TSA competitive events current at the time of writing. Please refer to the Official TSA Competitive Events Guide for actual regulations for current TSA competitive events. This guide is periodically updated. TSA publishes two Official TSA Competitive Events Guides. One guide is for middle school events. The other guide is for high school events. To obtain additional information about starting a TSA chapter at your school, to order the Official TSA Competitive Events Guide, or to learn more about TSA and technology education, contact TSA:TSA1914 Association DriveReston, VA 20191-1540www.tsaweb.org

The Career ClustersThe Career Clusters are 16 groups of different types of occupational and career special-

ties, which are further divided into pathways. Looking ahead at these pathways will help determine the course of study for your chosen career. The Career Cluster icons are being used with permission of the:

States’ Career Clusters Initiative, 2010, www.careerclusters.org.

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Tomorrow’s Technology TodayTerraformingWhat comes to mind when you think of an extraterrestrial? You may imagine the

small, green beings you see on the covers of science fiction novels. Today, scientists

are beginning to envision a different picture of life in space. Through the process of

terraforming, they hope to someday sustain human life on another moon or planet.

Terraforming is the alteration of a planet or moon’s surface to make it suitable for

human life. In other words, it is an attempt to make it like Earth. Because the planets

and moons are so diverse, terraforming would be a big challenge. It could take centu-

ries, or even longer, to successfully complete a terraforming project and begin human

habitation in a place other than Earth.The process of terraforming is currently hypothetical. Many questions need to be

answered before we can even consider such a project. Will a country, several countries

together, or a private organization be responsible for the terraforming process? How

much would it cost and who would provide funding? And most importantly, what

planet or moon would be the best candidate for terraforming? Determining which is

most Earth-like would ensure an easier and more successful conversion.

Atmospheric composition, distance from the Sun, and the presence of water are

a few important factors to consider when evaluating a planet or moon’s potential for

terraforming. With a rotation rate and axial tilt similar to Earth, Mars has emerged

as the leading contender. Water is frozen at Mars’ polar caps while carbon, oxygen,

and nitrogen are all present in its atmosphere. However, the atmosphere is very thin,

oxygen levels low, and temperatures significantly cooler than on Earth. Scientists have

suggested several methods to heat the planet, including placing large, sun-reflecting

mirrors on its surface or building factories that would produce greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases have proven to raise the temperature on Earth.

Terraforming an entire planet would be extremely costly and time-consuming.

As a result, scientists are now exploring the option of paraterraforming. Paraterra-

forming would transform only a portion of the surface within an enclosed structure.

The structure could then be expanded over time as financial capabilities and knowl-

edge of the terraforming process increase.

Should the Earth ever suffer a major disaster or crippling overpopulation, terra-

forming would offer humans an opportunity to escape and thrive elsewhere in the

solar system. Many questions still need to be answered, but scientists move one step

closer every day to establishing human life on other moons and planets.

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Tomorrow’s Technology Today features in each section highlight an emerging technology.

C h a p t e r

Technology: A Dynamic, Human-Created System

1Learning ObjectivesAfter studying this chapter, you will be able to do the following:

Understand the term technology. Recall the basic features of technology.

Explain technology as a dynamic process.

Give examples of positive and negative aspects of technology.

Compare science and technology. Recall the major divisions in the evolution of technology.

Recall technological developments in each period of technological history.

Recall characteristics of the information age.Key TermsartifactBronze Agecivilized conditionsdevelopmentdynamic processhumanities

Industrial Revolutioninformation ageIron AgeMiddle Agesprimitive conditionsprofit

RenaissanceresearchscienceStone Agetechnologically literatetechnologyStrategic ReadingBefore you read the first chapter, write down what you think the term technology means.

As you read the chapter, see how your perception of the term matches or differs from the

description in the text.

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Learning Objectives identify the topics covered and goals to be achieved by students.

Key Terms lists new vocabulary covered in the chapter, enhancing student recognition of important concepts.

Strategic Reading features provide students with questions to think about while reading the chapter.

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Chapter 27 Energy: The Foundation of Technology 563

We use the word energy in different

ways. For instance, we might say, “I don’t

have the energy to mow the lawn.” We

might worry about our energy dependence

on foreign petroleum, and we might hear

people talking about energy conserva-

tion. Not everyone using the word knows

exactly what it means, however.

The word energy comes from the Greek

word energeia, which means “work.” As

time passed, the word came to describe the

force that makes things move. Today, energy

is defined as “the ability to do work.” This

ability includes a broad spectrum of acts.

Energy is used in simple human tasks, such

as walking, running, and exercising. The

ability to do work can be obtained from

petroleum and then used to power a ship

across the ocean. See Figure 27-1. Energy

can be used to provide motion in vehicles

and machines and produce heat and light.

The ability to do work is fundamental to

our communication technologies, and it is

used in manufacturing products and con-

structing structures. Energy is everywhere

and is used by all of us.

In this chapter, we look at energy from

a variety of angles. We discuss the types

of energy; the connection among energy,

work, and power; and the forms of energy

and their interrelationships. Also, we

examine the various sources of energy and

whether energy technology is helpful or

harmful.

Types of Energy

Two types of energy exist. Energy can

be associated either with a force doing the

work or with a force that has the capabil-

ity of doing work. Kinetic energy is energy

involved in moving something. This energy

is the energy in motion. A hammer striking

a nail is an example of a technological act

using kinetic energy. A sail capturing the

wind to power a boat uses kinetic energy.

Likewise, a river carrying a boat or turn-

ing a waterwheel is an example of kinetic

energy.Not all energy is being used at any given

time. Some energy is stored for later use.

Energy in this condition has the capability,

Figure 27-1. Energy is used in all actions, from walking to powering complex

technological devices.

Human Activities

Technological Systems

Energy Is Used for . . .

New Terms appear in bold italics where they are defined.

450Section 6 Applying Technology: Communicating Information and Ideas

carrier signal. This type of broadcast radio

is assigned the frequencies between 540

and 1600 kHz.

Later, radio broadcast systems using

frequency modulation (FM) were devel-

oped. These systems encode the message

on the carrier wave by changing the wave’s

frequency. The 200 separate FM radio-

broadcast frequencies range from 88.1 to

107.9 MHz. Look back to Chapter 7 for an

explanation of the operation of radio com-

munication systems. Included in that dis-

cussion is an explanation of the operation

of radio transmitters and receivers.

Television Broadcast

SystemsTelevision broadcast systems are

really two systems in one. Each channel is

assigned a bandwidth. See Figure 22-12. A

Academic Connections: Communication

AdvertisingMany commercial telecommunication broadcasts are supported

through advertising. An important part of this advertising is a slogan.

These slogans are designed to keep the product or company in

mind. We probably have all listened to the radio and, hours later,

recalled an advertising jingle. For example, many of us remember such slogans

as “When you care enough to send the very best” (Hallmark cards) and “We try

harder” (Avis rental cars).

The purpose of an advertising slogan (sometimes called a tag or tag line) is

to leave the brand message in the mind of a potential customer. Many slogans are

also protected as trademarks. They are registered with the government trademark

office. This registration allows the company to use the registered symbol (®).

A good slogan must meet several criteria. First, it must have the ability to be

recalled. Such a slogan is called a memorable slogan. Second, a good slogan

should present a key benefit of the product or service. For example, Holiday Inn

has used the slogan “Pleasing people the world over.” Third, the slogan should

differentiate the product or service. The Hallmark slogan above suggests that

Hallmark cards are better than any others.

An effective slogan should generate positive feelings about the product or

service. Such a slogan should cause customers to purchase the item and feel

good about owning it. Can you think of three examples of effective slogans?

Figure 22-11. Radio waves are changed

to carry the message through AM or FM.

Notice how the amplitudes of the sound

wave and the carrier wave have been

blended in AM. The amplitude of the

combined waveform oscillates in a pattern

similar to the sound wave. Notice, in the

frequency modulated waveform, how the

frequency varies in a pattern with the

initial sound wave.

Audible SoundAM

Carrier WaveFM

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Chapter 24 Using Technology to Transport

STEM Connections: Science

Newton’s First Law of Motion

Many scientific principles come into play when we

use the various kinds of transportation systems now avail-

able. Among those principles are Newton’s laws of motion.

For example, we can use Newton’s first law of motion

to explain why we need seat belts in our automobiles.

Newton’s first law of motion states that a moving object

continues moving at the same speed, in the same direc-

tion, unless some force acts on it. This tendency of an

object to resist change is also called inertia.

Thus, when we are traveling in an automobile at, say,

50 miles per hour, we continue moving at this speed, even

when we forcefully apply the brakes of the car. We have

applied force (the brakes) to stop the car. Such force works

only on the car, however, not on us. Therefore, we need

the seat belt because it provides the force needed to stop us from continuing to

move and perhaps hitting the windshield. Newton’s first law of motion also involves

the concept of friction. Using another method of transportation as an example, can

you think of a way friction affects this object when it is moving?

People

Cargo

Inertia keeps this gyroscope

spinning.

iStockphoto.com/JohnnyLye

Figure 24-7. Vehicles such as these aircraft are designed differently for cargo and people.Alaska Airlines, United Airlines

STEM Connections provide information on a topic relevant to the chapter material that connects the content to math or science.

Academic Connections provide information on a topic relevant to the chapter material that connects the content to communication and history.

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Chapter 18 Using and Servicing Products and Structures 367

might be on one sheet of paper or in a large

book. The complexity of the product deter-

mines the size of the owner’s manual.

Maintaining

Technological Products

We want products to work properly

when we need them. This often requires

a maintenance program. The goal of

maintenance is to keep products in good

working order. See Figure 18-5. Clothing

and dishes are washed to maintain their

usefulness and extend their lives. Filters

in furnaces and air-conditioning units are

changed so the units function properly.

The oil in automobile engines is changed

to maintain the oil’s ability to lubricate

moving parts. Locomotives and buses are

serviced to maintain their performance.

Career Corner

Building Inspectors

Building inspectors examine the construc-

tion work done on various types of buildings.

Their job is to make sure the structures meet

building codes and zoning regulations. Almost

half of all inspectors work for local governments.

Other inspectors conduct home inspections as

part of the home-purchasing process. Building

inspectors generally work alone and typically

work regular hours. They spend time inspecting

construction work sites and in field offices,

reviewing blueprints, answering letters, writing

reports, and receiving telephone calls.

Inspectors should have technical knowledge, experience, and education. Many

inspectors have formal training and experience in the aspect of construction they

inspect. Generally, inspectors must have at least a high school diploma and might

be required to have studied engineering or architecture or taken courses in building

inspection. Most states and cities require some type of certification for employment.

This requires proof of appropriate construction experience and education and passing

an examination on code requirements, construction techniques, and materials.

Figure 18-5. This mechanic is performing

routine maintenance on an aircraft engine.

The maintenance keeps the engine in good

working order.

United Parcel Service

375

Chapter 18 Using and Servicing Products and Structures

Summary

Using products makes our lives better. We must use and dispose of products wisely,

however, and should select products meeting our needs and our ability to pay for them.

Instruction manuals should be carefully read, and the instructions should be followed. All

products should be used only for the purposes for which they were designed. Each prod-

uct and structure should receive periodic maintenance and necessary repairs. Finally, each

product should be disposed of properly after it has served its purpose. Whenever possible,

products should be recycled. Recycling helps to reduce the strain on natural resources and

disposal sites.

Test Your Knowledge

Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. Please do not write in this book.

1. What are the three major factors to consider when analyzing whether or not to

purchase a product?

2. List the five steps followed in installing a product.

3. Changing the oil in an engine is part of a(n) ______ maintenance program.

4. Name the three major items discussed in a maintenance manual.

5. List the three steps involved in repairing a product.

6. Service manuals contain parts lists. True or false?

7. Give one example of altering that can be done to change the performance of a

product or structure.

8. Why is recycling important?

9. Give one example of a specific material and a manner in which it can be disposed.

10. All products can be recycled. True or false?

STEM Applications

1. Select one day in your life. List all the items you throw away. Determine their types

and whether or not they can be recycled.

2. Select a complex product you use often. List the following:

A. The preventive maintenance it requires.

B. The repairs it needs now or might need in the future.

STEM Applications at the end of each chapter encourage students to apply concepts to real-life situations and develop skills related to chapter content.

327Section 5 Applying Technology: Producing Products and Structures

the fastener or the parts. Nails, rivets, and

wood screws are good examples of perma-

nent fasteners.

Semipermanent fasteners

Semipermanent fasteners can be

removed without causing damage to

the parts. They are used when the prod-

uct must be taken apart for maintenance

and repair. For example, a furnace is held

together with semipermanent fasteners so

it can be serviced. Machine screws, bolts,

and nuts are good examples of semiperma-

nent fasteners.

Temporary fasteners

Temporary fasteners are used when

frequent adjustments or disassembly are

required. They hold parts in position, but

the parts can be taken apart quickly. A

wing nut is a good example of a temporary

fastener.

Finishing Processes

Finishing processes are the last of the

secondary processes most products go

through. These techniques protect products

and enhance their appearances. Finishing

processes can be broken into two types.

One group changes the surface of the prod-

uct. The other group applies a coating.

Most metals begin to corrode if they are

not protected in some way. Metals are easy

to protect by changing the surface chemi-

cally. For example, anodizing converts the

surface of aluminum products to alumi-

num oxide. This type of finish is called a

converted surface finish.

The other type of finishing applies a

coating to the product. A film of finishing

material is applied to the product or base

material. These coatings protect the sur-

face and can add color. Finishing processes

involve cleaning the surface, selecting the

finish, and applying the finish.

Safety with Finishing Materials and

Equipment

People who work with finishing

processes observe basic safety rules:

Wear eye and face protection.

Apply finishes in a well-ventilated

area. Wear a respirator and protective

clothing if solvents are toxic.

Think Green

ReductionReduction refers to finding ways to reduce your impact on the environment.

You have probably heard the phrase “Reduce, reuse, recycle.” Reusing and

recycling are two ways to reduce your environmental impact. The first step you

can take to reduce your impact is to learn about the products and processes that

have harmful effects on the environment. You may be surprised at how small

changes in your everyday life may help change your impact. Being more mindful

of green alternatives to products or processes is also a good way to work on

reduction.

Companies and individuals alike are taking these steps toward going green.

People have begun to calculate waste production and carbon dioxide emissions.

Also, the amount of resources like water and energy must be taken into consider-

ation. The strides being made to reduce waste has been studied by various organi-

zations and has been found to have a great impact on the environment so far.

Career Corner features identify and explain different careers related to the chapter material.

Summary provides the student a review of major concepts covered in the chapter.

Test Your Knowledge questions help students review the topics and the material covered in the chapter.

Think Green features briefly explain envi-ronmental concepts related to technology.

Safety notes identify activities that can result in personal injury, if proper proce-dures or safety measures are not followed.

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9

Section 3 Tools of Technology

186

Section 3 Activities

Activity 3ADesign ProblemBackgroundAll technology involves a machine

or device to process materials, energy, or

information. These machines are used to

change the form of one or more of these

resources into a new, more usable form.SituationYou have been selected as the public

relations director for a local citizens group.

Your group is concerned about issues that

local politicians and business leaders are

not adequately addressing. This group

wants to inform the public about these

important issues.Challenge

Choose an issue that you feel political

and business leaders are not addressing.

Some examples of this type of issue are the

greenhouse effect, fossil fuel dependence, and

nuclear power. Use the library for research, if

necessary. Develop a one-page flyer to com-

municate your group’s position on the issue.

If your school has computers available, use

one or more computer-software programs to

help you produce the flyer.Activity 3B

Fabrication ProblemBackgroundWe live in a material world. All around

us are products that have been developed

using material-processing technology. Each

of these products has been produced using a

number of tools and processes. In this activ-

ity, you will change the form of materials

to make a product that a number of people

can use.

ChallengeWork with a partner to make a game

that can be given to a local charity. See

Figure 3B-1. This figure shows the layout

for the game.

Figure 3B-1. The game-board layout.

– – – – – Layout lines (make very light) Hole location

1/2

5/8

5/83 1/2

5/8

5/8

1/2

1/21 1/4

1 1/43 1/21/2

Materials and EquipmentOne piece of 3/4 3 1/2 3 1/2clear pine, redwood, or western red

cedar.12 wood pegs or golf tees (1/8diameter 1 ).

®

236

This activity develops the skills used in TSA’s Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Engi-

neering with Animation event.Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Engineering

with AnimationActivity OverviewIn this activity, you will create an animation illustrating the assembly sequence for a

product.

MaterialsPaper.A pencil.A computer with CAD and animation software.

Background InformationProduct selection. Use brainstorming techniques to develop a list of possible

products to model in your animation. Part modeling is easier if you have a sample of

the product you can use for measurements or if you have actual part drawings. Some

possible items to animate include the following:

A piece of self-assemble furniture, such as a computer desk.

A ballpoint pen or mechanical pencil.A small construction project, such as a doghouse or shed.

Sports equipment, such as a swing set, tennis racket, or weight bench.

A mechanical device, such as a wheel-and-axle assembly.

Part modeling. After selecting the object, create models for each part.

Animation. Your animation is intended to illustrate the assembly sequence. You

can begin the illustration with all parts shown. On the other hand, you can have

the parts appear as they are assembled. To help the viewer anticipate the action,

highlight a part before it is moved into place in the assembly. You can highlight the

part in several ways, such as changing its color, outlining it, momentarily enlarging

the part, or momentarily stretching the part.

TSA Modular Activity

107

Chapter 5 Technological Processes

Technology Explainedhybrid vehicle: a vehicle combining two or more

sources of power.With the cost of gasoline at high levels, people are looking for more efficient

automobiles. One alternative to the standard car is the hybrid vehicle. What is a

hybrid car? A hybrid car is any vehicle combining two or more sources of power.

A hybrid vehicle is not a new concept. A commonplace hybrid vehicle in Amer-

ican life is the diesel-electric locomotive. See Figure A. This vehicle combines an

internal combustion engine and electric generators and motors. Many submarines

are also hybrids. They combine nuclear power with electric generators and motors.

Some city buses are hybrids. They use diesel engines for parts of their routes and

overhead electric lines to power motors for other parts.

A recent development is the hybrid car.

This development combines a gasoline-

powered car with an electric car. In a standard

car, an engine uses gasoline as fuel. The

gasoline turns a transmission. The transmis-

sion drives the wheels. In an electric car,

batteries are the power source (fuel). The

electricity powers a motor. The motor drives

the wheels through a transmission.A hybrid vehicle uses both types of

power. See Figure B. This vehicle uses a

gasoline engine smaller than one in a tradi-

tional car. The engine might be as small as

1.0 liter and have as few as three cylinders.

This gasoline engine uses advanced tech-

nologies to increase its efficiency and reduce

its emissions. The engine can provide power

to the wheels or to the motor or generator to

recharge the batteries.The vehicle also has an advanced electric motor. This power source has special

electronic controls allowing it to be both a motor and a generator. At times, it draws

energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. At other times, it functions as a

generator. The motor recharges the batteries by regenerative braking. During this

phase, the energy from forward momentum is captured during braking. Therefore,

no external power supply is needed for recharging the batteries.

The operation of the vehicle changes under different driving conditions. During

initial acceleration, the electric motor is the primary source of power. The gas

engine starts up under heavy acceleration or to turn the generator. The generator, in

turn, charges the battery.During city driving, the electronic control system controls both power sources.

The gas engine and electric motor are used equally. The engine starts and stops,

depending on the situation. At high speeds, the gas engine is the primary source of

power. The electric motor provides some power.

+ –

Engine

MotorBattery

DrivetrainFigure B. The major parts of a hybrid-vehicle

power system.

Figure A. A common hybrid vehicle is the

diesel-electric locomotive.

Section Activities correlate to the Tech Lab Workbook and provide suggested labora-tory activities requiring creativity and critical thinking skills.

TSA Modular Activities features are addi-tional activities intended to develop skills used in TSA’s competitive events.

Technology Explained features briefly explain how technological devices and systems work.

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Section 1Technology 20

Chapter 1 Technology: A Dynamic, Human-Created System 22Chapter 2 Technology as a System 38Chapter 3 Types of Technological Systems 54

Section 2Technological-System Components 68

Chapter 4 Inputs to Technological Systems 70Chapter 5 Technological Processes 92Chapter 6 Outputs and Feedback and Control 116

Section 3Tools of Technology 136

Chapter 7 Production Tools and Their Safe Use 138Chapter 8 Measurement Systems and Tools and Their Role in Technology 168

Section 4Problem Solving and Design in Technology 188

Chapter 9 The Problem-Solving and Design Process 190Chapter 10 Developing Design Solutions 204Chapter 11 Evaluating Design Solutions 220Chapter 12 Communicating Design Solutions 238

Section 5Applying Technology: Producing Products

and Structures 258Chapter 13 Using Technology to Produce Artifacts 260Chapter 14 The Types of Material Resources and How They Are Obtained 270Chapter 15 Processing Resources 288Chapter 16 Manufacturing Products 308Chapter 17 Constructing Structures 336Chapter 18 Using and Servicing Products and Structures 364

Section 6Applying Technology: Communicating Information

and Ideas 380Chapter 19 Using Technology to Communicate 382Chapter 20 Printed Graphic Communication 396Chapter 21 Photographic Communication 422Chapter 22 Telecommunication 442Chapter 23 Computer and Internet Communication 468

Section 7Applying Technology: Transporting People

and Cargo 492Chapter 24 Using Technology to Transport 494Chapter 25 Transportation Vehicles 506Chapter 26 Operating Transportation Systems 540

Section 8Applying Technology: Using Energy 560

Chapter 27 Energy: The Foundation of Technology 562Chapter 28 Energy-Conversion Systems 576

Section 9Applying Technology: Meeting Needs through Biorelated Technologies 606

Chapter 29 Agricultural and Related Biotechnologies 608Chapter 30 Food-Processing Technologies 634Chapter 31 Medical and Health Technologies 658

Section 10Managing a Technological Enterprise 684

Chapter 32 Organizing a Technological Enterprise 686Chapter 33 Operating Technological Enterprises 700Chapter 34 Using and Assessing Technology 724

Section 11Technological Systems in Modern Society 740

Chapter 35 Technology: A Societal View 742Chapter 36 Technology: A Personal View 758

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Brief Contents

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Career CornerControllers 57

Number of People Involved 59Type of Technology Developed and Used 60STEM Connections: Science

Genetic Engineering 62

Section 1 Activities 66

Section 2Technological-System Components 68

Tomorrow’s Technology TodayHome Fuel Cells 69

Chapter 4Inputs to Technological Systems 70

People 71Career Corner

Construction Laborers 73Tools and Machines 74STEM Connections: Mathematics

The Law of Equilibrium 77Think Green

Organic Cotton 81Materials 82Information 85Energy 86Finances 87Time 88

Chapter 5Technological Processes 92

Problem-Solving and Design Processes 94Production Processes 97Career Corner

Production Managers 99Academic Connections: History

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 104Technology Explained

Hybrid Vehicles 107Management Processes 112

Section 1Technology 20

Tomorrow’s Technology TodayCloning 21

Chapter 1Technology: A Dynamic, Human-Created System 22

Technology Defined 23Technology as a Dynamic Process 26Positive and Negative Aspects of Technology 26Career Corner

Industrial Engineering Technicians 27Technology and Types of Knowledge 28The Evolution of Technology 29Academic Connections: History

The Presidential Election of 1960 30Technology Explained

Smart Houses 32Think Green

Overview 35

Chapter 2Technology as a System 38

Goals 40Career Corner

Purchasing Agents 40Inputs 41STEM Connections: Science

Newton’s Third Law of Motion 43Processes 45Technology Explained

Solar Collectors 46Outputs 49Think Green

Sustainability 49Feedback and Control 50

Chapter 3Types of Technological Systems 54

Level of Development 55Economic Structure 57

11

Contents

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12

Chapter 6Outputs and Feedback and Control 116

Outputs 117Feedback and Control 120Career Corner

Dental Hygienists 120STEM Connections: Science

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 122Technology Explained

Integrated Circuits (ICs) 126


Section 3Tools of Technology 136

Tomorrow’s Technology TodayCryonics 137

Chapter 7Production Tools and Their Safe Use 138

Material-Processing Tools and Machines 139Career Corner

Machinists 141Technology Explained

Computer Numerical Control 143Academic Connections: Communication

Computer Bugs 146Energy-Processing Converters 151Think Green

Recycling 153Information-Processing Machines 157Using Technology Safely 162

Chapter 8Measurement Systems and Tools and Their Role in Technology 168

Measurement Systems: Past and Present 169Qualities Measured 172Career Corner

Surveyors 173

STEM Connections: MathematicsMeasuring Area 176

Types of Measurement 177Measurement Tools 178Measurement and Control 182


Section 4Problem Solving and Design in Technology 188

Tomorrow’s Technology TodayNanotechnology 189

Chapter 9The Problem-Solving and Design Process 190

The Problem-Solving Process versus the Design Process 191The Problem-Solving and Design Process in General 191The Problem-Solving and Design Process in Technology 192Career Corner

Engineers 193Academic Connections: History

The Origin of Radar 195Steps in Solving Technological Problems and Meeting Opportunities 196Identifying a Technological Problem or Opportunity 197

Chapter 10Developing Design Solutions 204

System Design 205Career Corner

Drafters 206Product Design 207The Design Team 207Steps for Developing Design Solutions 208STEM Connections: Mathematics

Solid Geometry 210Think Green

Carbon Footprint 216

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Chapter 11Evaluating Design Solutions 220

Modeling Design Solutions 221Career Corner

Market Researchers 223Technology Explained

GPS 227Analyzing the Design 230Redesigning Products and Structures 233TSA Modular Activity

Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Engineering with Animation 236

Chapter 12Communicating Design Solutions 238

Product Documents and Reports 239Career Corner

Engineering Technicians 242Academic Connections: Communication

Principles of Design 245Technology Explained

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Systems 248Approval Documents and Reports 251TSA Modular Activity

Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Architecture with Animation 254


Section 5Applying Technology: Producing Products and Structures 258

Tomorrow’s Technology TodayTerraforming 259

Chapter 13Using Technology to Produce Artifacts 260

Production Activities 261Career Corner

Plumbers 262

Servicing and Repairing Products and Structures 266STEM Connections: Science

The Principles of Expansion and Contraction 266

Chapter 14The Types of Material Resources and How They Are Obtained 270

Types of Natural Material Resources 271Career Corner

Forest and Conservation Workers 274Locating and Obtaining Natural Resources 275STEM Connections: Science

Synthetic Fuels 278Think Green

Green Materials 282

Chapter 15Processing Resources 288

Mechanical Processes 290Career Corner

Millwrights 290Thermal Processes 294STEM Connections: Mathematics

Calculating Board Footage 294Chemical and Electrochemical Processes 304Technology Explained

Nuclear Energy 303Think Green

Volatile Organic Compounds 305

Chapter 16Manufacturing Products 308

Types of Manufacturing Processes 310Career Corner

Automobile Assembly Workers 312Technology Explained

Robots 316Think Green

Reduction 328Automating and Controlling Processes 330

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Chapter 17Constructing Structures 336

Buildings 337Career Corner

Carpenters 342Academic Connections: Communication

Word Origins 348Heavy Engineering Structures 353Think Green

Green Architecture 356TSA Modular Activity

Structural Engineering 362

Chapter 18Using and Servicing Products and Structures 364

Selecting Technological Products 365Installing Technological Products 366Maintaining Technological Products 367Career Corner

Building Inspectors 367Repairing Technological Products 368Altering Technological Products 370STEM Connections: Science

Materials Science 371Disposing of Technological Products 372Think Green

Green Packaging 374


Section 6Applying Technology: Communicating Information and Ideas 380

Tomorrow’s Technology TodaySmart Materials 381

Chapter 19Using Technology to Communicate 382

Career CornerAdvertising 383

Communicated Items 384

Goals of Communication 384The Communication Model 385Academic Connections: Communication

The Power of Radio 386Types of Communication 387Communication Systems 388Technology Explained

Digital Video Discs (DVDs) 389Think Green

Forest Stewardship Council 391

Chapter 20Printed Graphic Communication 396

Printing Methods 397Career Corner

News Reporters 398The Steps for Producing Printed Graphic Messages 401STEM Connections: Mathematics

Measuring Type 402Technology Explained

Fax Machines 408Computer-Based Publishing 414Think Green

Inks 414TSA Modular Activity

Promotional Graphics 419TSA Modular Activity

Desktop Publishing 420

Chapter 21Photographic Communication 422

Light and Photography 423Career Corner

Commercial and Industrial Photographers 425Fundamentals of Photographic Communication 426Academic Connections: History

The Beginning of Photojournalism 429Technology Explained

Digital Theaters 432

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Chapter 3 Types of Technological Systems 15

15

Types of Photographic Communication 435Think Green

Wet Chemistry 435TSA Modular Activity

Imaging Technology 440

Chapter 22Telecommunication 442

The Physics of Telecommunication 443Career Corner

Radio and Television Broadcasting 445Types of Telecommunication Systems 447Academic Connections: Communication

Advertising 450Communicating with Telecommunication Systems 452Technology Explained

Fiber Optics 454Think Green

Efficient Power Use 460Other Communication Technologies 461TSA Modular Activity

Film 464

Chapter 23Computer and Internet Communication 468

Computer Systems 469Networks 471The Internet 472Career Corner

Computer Programmers 472Academic Connections: History

The Internet 476Technology Explained

Virtual Reality 481Think Green

Electronic Media Waste 483TSA Modular Activity

Cyberspace Pursuit 488


Section 7Applying Technology: Transporting People and Cargo 492

Tomorrow’s Technology TodayInvisibility Cloaks 493

Chapter 24Using Technology to Transport 494

Transportation: A Definition 496Transportation as a System 496Types of Transportation Systems 496Transportation-System Components 498Career Corner

Automotive Mechanics 498STEM Connections: Science

Newton’s First Law of Motion 501

Chapter 25Transportation Vehicles 506

Vehicular Systems 507Land-Transportation Vehicles 509Career Corner

Railroad Conductors 512STEM Connections: Mathematics

Calculating Buoyant Force 516Water-Transportation Vehicles 517Technology Explained

Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) Trains 520Air-Transportation Vehicles 525Think Green

Hybrid Vehicles 532Space-Transportation Vehicles 533

Chapter 26Operating Transportation Systems 540

Types of Transportation 541Components of a Transportation System 542Career Corner

Bus Drivers 546Transporting People and Cargo 548Maintaining Transportation Systems 550

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STEM Connections: MathematicsRelating Speed, Time, and Distance 550

Regulating Transportation Systems 552Think Green

Alternative Fuels 552TSA Modular Activity

System Control Technology 556


Section 8Applying Technology: Using Energy 560

Tomorrow’s Technology TodayFuel Cells in Automobiles 561

Chapter 27Energy: The Foundation of Technology 562

Types of Energy 563Energy, Work, and Power 563Career Corner

Power Plant Operators 565Forms of Energy 566Academic Connections: History

The Origin of Horsepower 567Sources of Energy 569Think Green

Renewable and Inexhaustible Energy 569Effects of Energy Technology 572

Chapter 28Energy-Conversion Systems 576

Inexhaustible-Energy Converters 578Renewable-Energy Converters 586Career Corner

Power-Line Installers 587Thermal-Energy Converters 588STEM Connections: Science

Laws of Gases 592Electrical-Energy Converters 593Applying Energy to Do Work 596


Section 9Applying Technology: Meeting Needs through Biorelated Technologies 606

Tomorrow’s Technology TodayGenetically Modified (GM) Foods 607

Chapter 29Agricultural and Related Biotechnologies 608

Types of Agriculture 610Career Corner

Agricultural Workers 612Academic Connections: History

The Homestead Act and the Morrill Act 618Think Green

Sustainable Agriculture 624Agriculture and Biotechnology 628TSA Modular Activity

Agriculture and Biotechnology Design 632

Chapter 30Food-Processing Technologies 634

Primary Food Processing 636Career Corner

Food-Processing Workers 643STEM Connections: Science

Irradiation 646Secondary Food Processing 649Think Green

Local Organic Food 652

Chapter 31Medical and Health Technologies 658

Technology and Wellness 659Career Corner

Biomedical Engineers 661Technology and Illness 665STEM Connections: Science

Aerodynamics 670Technology Explained

Dialysis Machines 673

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Technology ExplainedEarth-Sheltered Buildings 731

Assessing Technology 732


Section 11Technological Systems in Modern Society 740

Tomorrow’s Technology TodayArtificial Ecological Systems 741

Chapter 35Technology: A Societal View 742

Technology and Natural Forces 744Technology’s Global Impacts 744Technology and the Future 745Career Corner

Public Relations 746Technology’s Challenges and Promises 747Technology Explained

Plasma Displays 749Think Green

Shopping Bags 755

Chapter 36Technology: A Personal View 758

Technology and Lifestyle 759Technology and Employment 762Technology and Individual Control 766Career Corner

Technology Education Teachers 766Think Green

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) 768Technology and Major Concerns 769Technology and New Horizons 770


Technical Terms 776Index 800

Think GreenGreen Household Cleaners 675

TSA Modular ActivityMedical Technology 680


Section 10Managing a Technological Enterprise 684

Tomorrow’s Technology TodayWarm-Up Jackets 685

Chapter 32Organizing a Technological Enterprise 686

Technology and the Entrepreneur 687Technology and Management 688Risks and Rewards 691Career Corner

Top Executives 691Forming a Company 692

Chapter 33Operating Technological Enterprises 700

Societal Institutions 701Economic Enterprises 702Industry 703Areas of Industrial Activity 703Career Corner

Technical Illustrators 704STEM Connections: Mathematics

Calculating Bids 707Technology Explained

Wind Tunnels 712Think Green

Sustainability Plan 718The Industry-Consumer Product Cycle 720

Chapter 34Using and Assessing Technology 724

Using Technology 725Career Corner

Landscape Architects 729

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Tomorrow’s Technology Today

Cloning 21Home Fuel Cells 69Cryonics 137Nanotechnology 189Terraforming 259Smart Materials 381Invisibility Cloaks 493Fuel Cells in Automobiles 561Genetically Modified (GM) Foods 607Warm-Up Jackets 685Artificial Ecological Systems 741

Career CornersIndustrial Engineering Technicians 27Purchasing Agents 40Controllers 57Construction Laborers 73Production Managers 99Dental Hygienists 120Machinists 141Surveyors 173Engineers 193Drafters 206Market Researchers 223Engineering Technicians 242Plumbers 262Forest and Conservation Workers 274Millwrights 290Automobile Assembly Workers 312Carpenters 342Building Inspectors 367Advertising 383News Reporters 398Commercial and Industrial Photographers 425Radio and Television Broadcasting 445

Computer Programmers 472Automotive Mechanics 498Railroad Conductors 512Bus Drivers 546Power Plant Operators 565Power-Line Installers 587Agricultural Workers 612Food-Processing Workers 643Biomedical Engineers 661Top Executives 691Technical Illustrators 704Landscape Architects 729Public Relations 746Technology-Education Teachers 766

Academic ConnectionsHistoryThe Presidential Election of 1960 30The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 104The Origin of Radar 195The Beginning of Photojournalism 429The Internet 476The Origin of Horsepower 567The Homestead Act and the Morrill Act 618

CommunicationComputer Bugs 146Principles of Design 245Word Origins 348The Power of Radio 386Advertising 450

STEM ConnectionsMathematicsThe Law of Equilibrium 77Measuring Area 176Solid Geometry 210

Features

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Calculating Board Footage 294Measuring Type 402Calculating Buoyant Force 516Relating Speed, Time, and Distance 550Calculating Bids 707

ScienceNewton’s Third Law of Motion 43Genetic Engineering 62Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 122The Principles of Expansion and Contraction 266Synthetic Fuels 278Materials Science 371Newton’s First Law of Motion 501Laws of Gases 592Irradiation 646Aerodynamics 670

Technology ExplainedSmart Houses 32Solar Collectors 46Hybrid Vehicles 107Integrated Circuits (ICs) 126Computer Numerical Control 143GPS 227Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Systems 248Nuclear Energy 303Robots 316Digital Video Discs (DVDs) 389Fax Machines 408Digital Theaters 432Fiber Optics 454Virtual Reality 481Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) Trains 520Dialysis Machines 673Wind Tunnels 712Earth-Sheltered Buildings 731Plasma Displays 749

Think GreenOverview 35Sustainability 49Organic Cotton 81Recycling 153Carbon Footprint 216Green Materials 282Volatile Organic Chemicals 305Reduction 328Green Architecture 356Green Packaging 374Forest Stewardship Council 391Inks 414Wet Chemistry 435Efficient Power Use 460Electronic Media Waste 483Hybrid Vehicles 532Alternative Fuels 552Renewable and Inexhaustible Energy 569Sustainable Agriculture 624Local Organic Food 652Green Household Cleaners 675Sustainability Plan 718Shopping Bags 755Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) 768

TSA Modular ActivitiesComputer-Aided Design (CAD), Engineering with Animation 236Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Architecture with Animation 254Structural Engineering 362Promotional Graphics 419Desktop Publishing 420Imaging Technology 440Film 464Cyberspace Pursuit 488System Control Technology 556Agriculture and Biotechnology Design 632Medical Technology 680

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