intro organic chemistry 2011

8/3/2019 Intro Organic Chemistry 2011

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an introductory course in organic

Dosen : Dr. Ir. Sukirno M.Eng

Asisten Ariva


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The original definition of "organic" chemistry came fromthe misconception that organic compounds were alwaysrelated to life processes.

Not only organic compounds support life on Earth, but life

as we know it also depends heavily on inorganicchemistry;

for example, many enzymes rely on transition metals suchas iron and copper;

and materials such as shells, teeth and bones are partorganic, part inorganic in composition


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ELEMENTS IN HUMAN BODY

99% of the mass of the human body is made upof only six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen,nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.

Since 65-90% of each body cell consists of water(by weight), it isn't surprising that oxygen andhydrogen are major components of the body.

Here's is a look at the major elements in the bodyand what these elements do.


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Liquid oxygen in anunsilvered dewar flask.

65% of Body Weight

is present in water and other

compounds.

OXYGEN

Liquid oxygen is blue.


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Photograph of graphite,one of the forms of elementalcarbon.

18.6% of Body Weight

is found in every organicmolecule in the body.

is found in the lungs as awaste product of respiration,carbon dioxide.

CARBON

is ingested in food that iseaten and breathed in as acomponent of air.


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NGC 604, a region of ionizedhydrogen in the TriangulumGalaxy.

HYDROGEN9.7% of Body Weight

is a component of the

water molecules in thebody, as well as mostother compounds.


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Image of solid, liquid, and gaseousnitrogen.

NITROGEN3.2% of Body Weight

is a component of proteins,nucleic acids, and other organiccompounds.


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1.8% of Body Weight

Calcium is a metal.It readily oxidizes in air.

is a major component of theskeletal system.is found in bones and teeth.

makes up such a large part of theskeleton.

about one-third of the mass of human

body comes from calcium, after waterhas been removed.

CALCIUM


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Red phosphorus is one of several formstaken by this element.

PHOSPHORUS

1.0% of Body Weight

is necessary for sexual function and reproduction,muscle growth, and to supply nutrients to the nerves.

is part of nucleic acids, energycompounds, and phosphate

buffers.

is incorporated into the bones,combines with other elementsincluding iron, potassium,

sodium, magnesium andcalcium.


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POTASSIUM0.4% of Body Weight

Potassium primarily is found in themuscles and nerves as an ion.


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SODIUM0.2% of Body Weight

is important for proper nerve andmuscle function.

is excreted in perspiration.


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This is a sample ofpure chlorine gas.Chlorine gas is a pale

greenish yellow color.

CHLORINE0.2% of Body Weight

is a part of hydrochloric acid,Is used to digest food.

is involved in proper cell membrane function.

Chlorine aids in cellular absorption of water.

It is the major anion in body fluids.


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MAGNESIUM0.06% of Body Weight

is a cofactor for enzymes

in the body.

is needed for strong teeth andbones.


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Crystals of the nonmetallic elementsulfur.

SULFUR0.04% of Body Weight

is a component of many aminoacids and proteins.


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Element Percent of Mass Mass (kg)

Oxygen 65 43

Carbon 18 16

Hydrogen 10 7

Nitrogen 3 1.8

Calcium 1.5 1.0

Phosphorus 1 0.780

Potassium 0.25 0.140

Sulfur 0.25 0.140

Sodium 0.15 0.100

Chlorine 0.15 0.095

Magnesium 0.05 0.019Iron 0.006 0.0042

Fluorine 0.0037 0.0026

Zinc 0.0032 0.0023

Silicon 0.002 0.0010


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Definition

Organic chemistry is a specific discipline withinchemistry

which involves the scientific study of the structure,

properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (bysynthesis or by other means) of chemical compoundsconsisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen,

which may contain any number of other elements,including nitrogen, oxygen, halogens as well asphosphorus, silicon and sulfur.


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Definition

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of thecompounds of carbon, which, incombination withmany other elements (in

particular H, N, O, S, P and the halogens)form over 5 000 000 compounds.

Many of these compounds are of immenseimportance.


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Biological matters

Sugars

Proteins

Fats & oils

Vitamins

DNA & RNA

Wood

Natural rubber

Essential oils

Natural fibres

Antibiotics

Fermentation

products

Natural flavours

Natural fragrances

Plant & microbialproducts

Bio-matter


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manufactured products

Bio-activeproducts

Medicines Veterinary medicines

Herbicides

Pesticides

Fungicides

Plant growth hormones

Imaging agents

Fertilizers

Antiseptics

Disinfectants


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manufactured products

Materials

Fibres & clothings

PlasticsCoatings & lacquers

Packaging

Paper

Films

Medical implants

Wound dressings


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Organic chemicals in manufactured products

FoodsSugars

Fats & Oils

Anti-oxidantsColourants

Flavourings

Vitamins

Dietary supplements

Fibre

Fuels

Petrol

Diesel

LPG

Natural gas

Coal

Peat/Turf

Methanol/Ethanol


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in manufactured products

Lubricants

Cosmetics

Fragrances

Pigments

Dyes

Inks

Adhesives

Explosives

Detergents

Surfactants

Emulsifiers

Coolants

Photographic agents

Anti-scalants

Forensic chemicals

Liquid crystal displays


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REASON

WHY YOU SHOULD STUDYORGANIC CHEMISTRY?


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TOP 10 REASONS

1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is recognised as an essential ingredient in the

education of scientists in a wide range of field, particularly LIFE SCIENCES

2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is required for employment in the modern oil,pharmaceutical and chemical INDUSTRIES (make a major contribution to theeconomies of most countries)

3. To learn more about ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGIES, e.g. theplastics, oil, textiles, communications, transportation, food production andprocessing, and drug industries.

4. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is needed in dealing with problems of energyproduction, pollution, depletion of resources surround you daily

5. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is considered to be right at the INTERFACE betweenthe physical and biological sciences.


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TOP 10 REASONS

6. To find out whats the big deal about CARBON.

7. To gain a good understanding of life AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL (i.e. forbiochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology)

8. To learn organic chemistry "for understanding" rather than just memorisation toachieve chemistry credits.

9. To learn how living organisms are capable of doing very complexREACTIONS efficiently , in the condition of limited number of organic compounds, in theabsence of strong acids and bases, high temperatures, & nasty solvents, with only limitedproduction of wastes.

10. To find out how the spatial arrangements of those little ELECTRON cloudscan ultimately determine the structure, reactivity that in turn controls thefunction of both small and huge organic molecules.


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Historical highlights of

Organic Chemistry


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At the beginning of the nineteenth century

Chemists generally thought that compounds fromliving organisms were too complicated in structure tobe capable of artificial synthesis from non-living things

According to the concept of vitalism, organic matterwas endowed with a "vital force".

They named these compounds "organic

And they preferred to direct their investigations toward

inorganic materials that seemed more easily studiedand more promising.


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Chemical compounds

Inorganic compounds

Those were obtained fromvegetable and animal

(Living Organism)

Those were obtained frommineral

Organic compound

deals only withsimple carbon compounds,with molecular structures which

do not contain carbon to carbonconnections(its oxides, acids, carbonates,carbides, and minerals).


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Organic chemistry received a boost when itwas realized that these compounds could betreated in ways similar to inorganiccompounds

It could be created in the laboratory bymeans other than 'vital force'.


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Around 1816

Michel Chevreul started a study of soapsmade from various fats and alkali.

He separated the different acids that, incombination with the alkali, produced thesoap.

Since these were all individual compounds,he demonstrated that

it was possible to make a chemical changein various fats, producing new compounds,without 'vital force'.


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In 1828

Friedrich Whler first manufactured the organic chemicalurea (carbamide), a constituent of urine, from theinorganic ammonium cyanate NH4OCN

Most people have looked to this event as the turningpoint to the destruction of the theory of vital force,


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in 1856

A great next step was when William Henry Perkin, whiletrying to manufacture quinine, accidentally came tomanufacture the organic dye ,

which by generating a huge amount of money greatly

increased interest in organic chemistry.


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in 1858

The crucial breakthrough for the theory of

organic chemistry was THE CONCEPT OFCHEMICAL STRUCTURE,

It was developed independently andsimultaneously by Friedrich August Kekule and

Archibald Scott Couper. Both men suggested that TETRAVALENT

carbon atoms could link to each other to form acarbon lattice,

and that the detailed patterns of atomic bondingcould be discerned by skillful interpretations ofappropriate chemical reactions.


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in 1874,

Another step was the laboratory preparation of

DDT by Othmer Zeidler but the insecticide properties of this compound were

not discovered until much later.


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the first oil wells in Pennsylvania in 1859.

The history of organic chemistry continues with thediscovery of petroleum and its separation into fractionsaccording to boiling ranges.

The conversion of different compound types or individualcompounds by various chemical processes created the

petroleum chemistry leading to the birth of thepetrochemical industry,

which successfully manufactured artificial rubbers, thevarious organic adhesives, the property-modifyingpetroleum additives, and plastics.


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Oil and gas can gettrapped in pocketsunderground such as

where the rocks arefolded into anumbrella shape.

http://www.world-petroleum.org/education/ip1/ip2.html

Oil and gas can move through the porous rocks (rocks with gaps between thegrains).The oil and gas move upwards from the source rock where they were formed.When they met a layer of cap rock (a rock with no spaces between the grains)the oil and gas are trapped.


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38http://www.britannica.com/eb/art/print?id=88973&articleTypeId=0


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Petroleum

Oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons(also contains small amounts of sulfur (up to10%), oxygen (5%), nitrogen (1%) and traceamounts of metals (V, Ni, Fe, Al, Na, Ca, Cu

and U) Most hydrocarbons are saturated but up to10% are aromatic

Molecules range widely in size and areseparated by boiling point (distillation tower)

In addition to separation, oil refining also useschemical reactions to enhance yields ofcertain components of crude oil


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The basic refining processes take place

in the crude distillation unit (CDU).Here, crude oil is taken into theatmospheric distillation tower where it isseparated into its different fractions.

The hydrocarbons in crude oil have

different boiling points according to thenumber of carbon atoms in eachmolecule and how they are arranged.

The oil is heated and the resultantvapors rise up the tower.

The vapors cool as they rise andcondense onto trays.

http://www.energyinst.org.uk/education/coryton/page7.htm

http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/recycling-polymers/origin.php


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The lightest compounds condense at the topof the tower and are taken off as LPG

The oil then undergoes further processingprior to distribution.

Sulfur is removed because when productsare used the sulfur compounds emittedwould smell of rotten eggs and dissolve inrain to form sulfuric acid.

Other strong smelling compounds are also

removed.Heavy residue is taken off at the base of thetower and reprocessed.

In the fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) the heavyoil is distilled again, using a chemicalcatalyst this time, to produce gasoline and

diesel.

The heaviest sticky residue is redistilled inthe vacuum distillation unit then taken to theLubricants Zone where it is processed tomake bitumen, lubricating oils and wax.



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LPG is used for bottled gas.

Gasoline is used by cars and lorries.Kerosene is used as aviation fuel andfor lighting and heating.Diesel is used for road transport andtrains.Lubricating oil is used for cars andmachinery.Wax is used for polish, wax crayonsand food packaging.Fuel oil is used by power stations,factories and ships engines.Bitumen is used for tarring roads andcoating felt roofs.

Crude Distillation Unit


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Products from

the lubricantszone


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Natural Gas

Can represent as large a resource aspetroleum but has traditionally been a by-product of oil exploration and fuel

production reserves better understood (gas-bearing

formations)

improved recovery techniques


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Natural Gas

Advantages

Predominantly CH4 clean fuel very little processing

transport via pipelines

CO2 emission rate is lower than fossil fuels

contributes less to photochemical smog

(CH4 less reactive w.r.t. free radicals)


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Natural Gas

Disadvantages

Storage and transport not as easy as liquidfuels

(high pressures or low temperatures)

CH4 produces less CO2 than other fuels but itis a potent greenhouse gas itself.

(a methane molecule contributes ~20x more tothe greenhouse effect than CO2)


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The kinds of coal, in increasing order of alteration, are lignite (brown coal--immature),

sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite (mature). Coal starts off as peat. After aconsiderable amount of time, heat, and burial pressure, it is metamorphosed frompeat to lignite. Lignite is considered to be "immature" coal at this stage ofdevelopment because it is still somewhat light in color and it remains soft. As timepasses, lignite increases in maturity by becoming darker and harder and is thenclassified as sub-bituminous coal. As this process of burial and alteration continues,more chemical and physical changes occur and a the coal is classified asbituminous. At this point the coal is dark and hard. Anthracite is the last of theclassifications, and this terminology is used when the coal has reached ultimatematuration. Anthracite coal is very hard and shiny.

http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalkinds.htm


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The degree of alteration (or metamorphism) that occurs as a coal matures from peat

to anthracite is referred to as the "rank" of the coal. Low-rank coals include lignite andsub-bituminous coals. These coals have a lower energy content because they have alow carbon content. They are lighter (earthier) and have higher moisture levels. Astime, heat, and burial pressure all increase, the rank does as well. High-rank coals,including bituminous and anthracite coals, contain more carbon than lower-rank coalswhich results in a much higher energy content. They have a more vitreous (shiny)

appearance and lower moisture content then lower-rank coals.

Lignite Bituminous Anthracite

http://www.scsc.k12.ar.us/2000backeast/ENatHist/Members/Reynolds/Default.htm


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Coal

The carbon content of coal supplies most of its heat energy per unit weight.The amount of energy in coal is expressed in British thermal units perpound. A Btu is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of onepound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

Lignite, the youngest type of coal, has a carbon content of 25-35 percentand a heat value between 4,000 and 8,300 Btus-per-pound. It is mainlyused for electric power generation.

Although having a lower carbon content than bituminous coal,subbituminous coal is a desirable heat source because of its low sulfurcontent. Subbituminous coal has a carbon content of 35-45 percent and aheat value of 8,300 to 13,000 Btus-per-pound. This type of coal is found inthe Western states and Alaska.

Bituminous coal is the most abundant coal in the United States, with a largedeposit found in the Allegheny Basin of the East. Bituminous coal has acarbon content of 45-86 percent with a heat value of 10,500 to 15,000 Btus-per-pound. It is used primarily for generating electricity and making coke forthe steel industry.

Anthracite has the highest carbon content, between 86-98 percent and aheat value of nearly 1,5000 Btus-per-pound. Anthracite, found in a verysmall supply within the United States, is used mainly for home heating(ACF, coal).


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Coal

Advantages

Large resource base

Relatively cheap to mine and transport by rail

Disadvantages

Not as convenient as liquid fuels

Emissioins

particulates (PAHs)

SO2 (ultimately acid rain)


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg


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Example chemical structure of bituminous coal

http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age4660/lect/lect_18/orgsstruc.gif

Another coal structure

http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ce-Co/Coal.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg


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the last decade of the 19th century

The pharmaceutical industry began

Acetylsalicylic acid (more commonly referred toas aspirin) manufacture was started in Germany

by Bayer.


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the last decade of the 19th century

The first time a drug was systematicallyimproved was with arsphenamine (Salvarsan).

Numerous derivatives of the dangerously toxic

atoxyl were systematically synthesized andtested by Paul Ehrlich and his group, and thecompound with best effectiveness and toxicitycharacteristics was elected for production.

f h 20 h


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from the 20th century,

The progress of organic chemistry allowed forsynthesis of specifically selected compounds oreven molecules designed with specificproperties, as in drug design (The process offinding new synthesis routes for a given

compounds is called total synthesis). Total synthesis of complex natural compounds

started with urea, increased in complexity toglucose and terpineol, and in 1907,

Pharmaceutical benefits have been substantial,for example cholesterol-related compoundshave opened ways to synthesis of complexhuman hormones and their modified derivatives.


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the 20th century,

Complexity of total syntheses has been increasing, withexamples such as lysergic acid and vitamin B12.

Biochemistry, the chemistry of living organisms, theirstructure and interactions in vitro and inside living

systems, has only started in the 20th century, openingup a brand new chapter of organic chemistry withenormous scope.

Trends in organic chemistry include chiral synthesis,

green chemistry, microwave chemistry, fullerenes andmicrowave spectroscopy

Chemical compounds


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Chemical compounds

Inorganic compounds

Those were obtained fromvegetable and animal

Organic compounds are always

contained element carbon

Those wereobtained from

mineral

Organic compound

What so special about carbon ?

carbon chemistry


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Carbon chemistry

The number of compounds of C exceeds thenumber of compounds of all other elements

combined. Why?

1. C can form 4 bonds in three dimensions.

2. Can bond together to form chaings, rings,spheres, sheets, tube of almost any size.

3. Forms combinations of single, double, andtriple bonds. No other element can do this.


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Just as there are millions of different types ofliving organisms on this planet, there are millionsof different organic molecules, each withdifferent chemical and physical properties.

Organic compounds are always containedelement carbon


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The diversity of organic chemicals is due to theversatility of the carbon atom.

Organic chemicals get their diversity from themany different ways carbon can bond to otheratoms.

The simplest organic chemicals, calledhydrocarbons, contain only carbon and

hydrogen atoms

THE UNIQUE ROLE OF CARBON


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#1 C can form STRONG COVALENT BONDSTO BOTH ITSELF AND TO MANY OTHER ELEMENTS,

#2 These C-C bonds can lead to the formation of LINEAR,

BRANCHED & CYCLIC structures.

#3 But wait, theres more!...In addition C can form SINGLE,DOUBLE AND TRIPLE BONDS to itself and N & O.

not many elements do!do you know others?)

especially N, H, O, S, P & X ("halogens"),

less commonly with many metals( Li, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Cu, Co) and

a few non-metals(Si, Ge, As, B, etc.)"organometallic chemistry" )



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Over 20 MILLION chemical compounds are nowknown and perhaps 104 new ones are reportedper annum. About 85% of these compounds are" organic ". Why?

Luckily, all these organic compounds have onlyabout 12-15 different functional groups

alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohols, alkyl & otherhalides (haloalkanes), carboxylic acid,aldehyde, ketone and ester.

S l d l d


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Structural models anddiagrams

Molecular formulas (ethanol C2H5 OH) Tells exactly how manyatoms of each elements in the compounds.

is useful only for relatively small and simple molecules.

Expanded molecular formula clusters groups of atoms: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 = C5H12

Complete structural diagram

Condensed structural diagram

Ball and stick or space filling models

Complete Condensed Space filling


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Completestructuralformula

Condensedstructural formula

Space fillingmodel


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I f


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Isomers ofC4H10O


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Isomers ofglucose

C6H12O6


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Learning Organic Chemistry

Learning Organic Chemistry


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g g y

Relatively low factual content Understanding concepts essential

Value of the subject lies in application of

concepts (problem solving)

The study of science, SUCH AS Organicchemistry, is cumulative and progressive;

i.e. knowledge learned at one level (or subject) is thenapplied at the next level (subject).

ASPECTS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES


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Structure & bondingAtom to atom connectivity3D shape (Stereochemistry)

Naming

Physical properties Non Covalent Interaction(Inter- & intra-molecular forces)

melting/boiling points,

solubilities in various solvents,dielectric constants,spectral data)

parent nameSubstituentFucntional group



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Acidity & Basicity

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Electronic structureRelative distribution of electron inmolecule (delocalised)

stability of organic chemical speciesneutral molecules,anions,cations andradicals) .

Stereochemical aspects



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CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Involves COVALENT BONDBREAKING AND FORMATION

Solvent effects

Types of reactionsSUBSTITUTION,ADDITION,

ELIMINATION &REARRANGEMENT)

Chemical Energetics .(Thermodynamics,Kinetics, Catalysis)

ORGANIC CHEMICAL SPECIES


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A nucleophile("nucleus loving!") is a Lewis base(electron pairdonor) that acts as an electron source.

Nucleophiles can be negatively charged or neutral but must have"lone pairs" or p electrons (Nu:B or Nu: or >C=C


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The most probable product of a reaction ("the majorproduct") results from the best electron sourceattacking the best electron sink.

The "curly arrow" notation will be used to describe orillustrate the flow of electrons from source to sink.

The direction of this flow is very important. Just as water flows under the influence of gravity,

electrons flow under the influence of charge: fromelectron-rich atoms to electron-deficient atoms.

ELECTRON FLOW


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ELECTRON FLOW

A reaction will occur when there is an energeticallyfavorable path by which electrons can flow from the

electron source ("donor") to the electron acceptor("sink")".

Obviously, you need to know the regions in molecules,

which are electron rich ("nucleophilic sites") or electronpoor ("electrophilic sites") to be capable of predicting therelative electronic density over a molecule.

#1: REACTIONS:


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ELECTRON FLOW

in molecules with both p electrons in double bonds and "lone pair"electrons, electrons get "delocalised".

This means they are not always localised in one place and getspread out over several atoms.

This "delocalisation" of p and lone pair electrons IS ALWAYSSTABILISING[

#2: Resonance;

WHAT TO KNOW FROM GENERAL CHEMISTRY?


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1. Electronic Structures & Chemical Bondingorbitals & various kinds of covalent bonds, polarity, electronegativity, molecular geometry.

2. Inter- & intra-molecular forcesMelting Point, Boiling Point, and solubility

3. Acidity & Basicity in polar and non-polar solventsBronsted-Lowry and Lewis acids/bases

4. Chemical Energetics . (This subject is extremely important!)

(a) Thermodynamicsenthalpy, entropy, Gibbs Free Energy equation, spontaneousreactions, exo- & endo thermic (and exo- & endogonic) reactions, position of equilibrium andKeq *Go= -RT lnKeq, Energy reaction profiles

(b) Kineticsenergy of activation (*H?)/*G?, transition states, Arrhenius equation *G? = -RTlnk (where k is the rate constant a measure of relative speed of reaction) sequential reactionsand rate determining step

(c) Catalysisstabilisation of the transition state.

5. Spectroscopy and spectra and Lambert-Beer law of absorption spectroscopy(laboratory experiments)

6. Mathematics! Inter conversion between pH->[H+], [H+] -->pH,pKa -->Ka, & Ka --->pKa. NOTE lower "p" upper case "H or K"

WHAT TO KNOW FROM GENERAL CHEMISTRY?

POKOK BAHASAN


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Topik (Before Midtest) Week Ket

1 PENDAHULUAN & ORGANIC CHEMISTRYKimia Karbon, Topik Riset di DTK dan kontribusi yang dibutuhkan dari Kimia Organik

1 Lect-1

2 PENGENALAN SIFAT FISIKA/KIMIA DAN PENAMAAN SENYAWA ORGANIKReview Alkana (struktur, sifat fisika /kimia , reaksi pembakaran)Senyawa Hidrokarbon (penamaan, sifat fisika dan pengaruh Inter- & intra-molecular forces)sifat kimia dan pengruh dari struktur (Chemical Bonds, Drawing Electron-Dot Formulas,Formal Charges, Atomic Orbitals and the Shape of Molecules, Hybridization, 3-D dll)

2,3 Lect-2aLect-2bLect-2cLect-2d

3 ALKENA DAN REAKSI ADISI ELEKTROFILIK(Alkena : struktur dan sifat fisika/kimia, Stereoisomers. E/Z. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules dll

4,5 Lect-3aLect-3bLect-3c

4 SENYAWA AROMATIK DAN REAKSI SUBSTITUSI ELEKTROFILIK

Senyawa Aromatik, struktur-sifat fisika/kimia, parafinik vs aromatik, eletrofilitas

6,7 Lect-3d

5 Midtest 8

POKOK BAHASAN


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Topik (Before Midtest) Week Ket

6 ALKOHOL DAN REAKSI SUBSTITUSI DAN ELIMINASI NUKLEOFILIKHaloalakana dan Alkohol, struktur&sifat fisika/kimia, reaksi substitusi, nukleofilitas,reaksi

9,10 Lect-4aLect-4b

7 PENGENALAN SENYAWA BIO KIMIAAldosa dan senyawa KarbohidratDetecting Chirality in Molecules, Fischer Projection, Naming Enantiomers: R/S System

Heterocyclics

11 Lect-5aLect-5bLect-5c

8 Asam Karbohidrat dan Asam Lemak, Ester dan LemakAcidity & Basicity

13 Lect-6aLect-6bLect-6cLect-6d

9 Asam Amino dan Protein 14 Lect-7aLect-7b

10 Presentasi 15,16,17,18

11 Final Test

Topik Presentasi : Produk Indutri Kimia


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Product and usage Reactan and reason of the coversion

into the product

The explanation must be related toorganic chemistry theory : 3D Strukture of the reacatan and product Functional group Non kovalen interaction Physical properties elektronik Distribution dll

Complete reaction and mechanism Effect of strucure, solvent, temperature,

pressure, catalyst etc.

PRESENTASI 1

PRESENTASI 2

Topik Presentasi : Produk Indutri KimiaOrganik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari

P il i


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Penilaian

Quis 15%

Home work 10%

Presentation 25%

Midtest 25%

Final Test 25%

intro organic chemistry 2011

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