Intergovernmental Relationships

PIA 2528

Some Oral Interview Questions: End of Semester

1. What major historical factors appear to have defined Governance, Local Government and Civil Society according to our "general reading.“

2. What factors are unique and different for Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, Asia or Latin America?

3.To what extent is society and culture important at the "country" level? Be able to discuss at least one country in your region.

Theme

The Nature of Intergovernmental Relationships

Overview: Historical Patterns of Relations

AT ISSUE - Location of ultimate power and Responsibility

Definition of Power:

The authoritative allocation of values

Balance: Leadership, Authority and Choice

WORLD WIDE HUMOR- VIDEO

Hierarchy and Authority: Feudal and Now?

Symbolism, Power and AuthorityLeadership as Image

German Liberalism 1848

Authority

Authoritarian States

TYPES OF INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AND INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS

Confederation and loose con-federal relationships

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation, drafted in 1777 by the Continental Congress, served as the first Constitution of the United States.

Confederation RelationshipsPower lies with the sub-units

U.S. Articles of Confederation Canadian Federation European Union Southern African Development

Council Economic Council of West African

States ASEAN Mercusor

Federalism

Concept: Can Transfer additional authority back to the sub-units but not take power away from the federated governments (Provinces, states)

Principal: Divided Soveregnty

Governance as a cake

Federal SystemsIn Federal Relationship

• Some power lies with the National Unit

• Some power lies with lower units

• Layer Cake

German Intergovernmental Relations

Layers of Government Intertwined

Federal Powers

Unique or Exclusive Powers- Federal and State

Concurrent Powers- Federal and State

Devolved Powers- State and Local

Denied Authority

Federal Systems

Key Distinction:

1. Lower units cannot break away from the National Unit

2. National Units cannot take power away from the lower units

3. Divided Sovereignty

Federalism: Examples:

USACanadaGermany NigeriaIndiaRussian FederationAustriaSwitzerlandMalaysia

Fort Sumter

Federal Relationships

Taxation Indian States

Unitary Systems and Sub-regional units

1. All power ultimately lies at the national level

2. What power the local level has, is given to it by the national level

3. The power that the national unit has given to the local level can also be taken away from it

Unitary Government

Unitary Systems- Examples

United Kingdom France Hungary Kenya Japan South Africa? (Unitary or Quasi-

Federal) Bolivia China? Palestine? Indonesia Sweden

Indonesia

Unitary Systems

Subsidiarity: European Union Term

Subsidiarity is the idea that matters should be handled by the smallest (or, the lowest) competent government authority possible.

It is presently best known as a fundamental principle of European Union Law. According to this principle, the EU may only act (i.e. make laws) where member states agree that action of individual countries (or local governments) is insufficient.

Subsidiarity has become a principle of public sector reform in LDCs

Term Avoids the Concept of Democracy

South Africa

Subsidiarity: Reminder and Summary

Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government

Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it

Alternative Social Service Delivery SystemsDebated- eg. Health in USA

Models of Subsidiarity: Review

Devolution: Federal or Unitary (Political)

Deconcentration (Administrative)

Delegation (Special Unit- PAT)

Privatization (Contracting Out)

Program and Project Deconcentration: Principal Agency Issue)

Local Governance

South African Elections, May, 2011

VIDEO

Coffee Break

Ten Minutes

Intergovernmental Relationships

Basic Assumptions and Local Governance

Reiteration

Devolution

Transfer to a non-Federal political body

e.g. Decision-Making

Legal, Budget and personnel authority to district and town councils

Key- power lies with lower level politicians

Thomas P. (Tip) O’Neil, Speaker of the U.S.House of Representatives 1977-1987

Street Level Issues- Costa Rica

Deconcentration:

Transfer of authority to administrators at lower level within the administrative system

The Goal: Professionalism

Deconcentration: Review

Functional vs. Prefectoral

Prefectoral integrated

Prefectoral unintegrated

Control Systems: Review

Home Affairs Local Govt.

Council

Labor

DistrictLaborOffice

Education

District Ed.Office

Agriculture

District Ag.Office

Public Works

Public WorksOffice

Functional

Control Systems

Interior Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor

Council/Chief

Prefectoral - Integrated

DistrictOffice

DistrictLaborOffice

District Ed.Office

District Ag.Office

Public WorksOffice

Control Systems: Review

Local Govt.

Council/Chief

Prefectoral - Unintegrated

Police

Police

Interior Labor

DistrictLaborOffice

Education

District Ed.Office

Agriculture

District Ag.Office

Public Works

Public WorksOffice

DistrictOffice

The Critical View

Delegation

Transfer of authority to a statutory body such as Public Corporations or parastatals (UK)

Eg. AMTRAK

Delegation

Transfer Function Outside of line Departments

Use of Board

Commercialization vs. Privatization

Public Enterprise Commercialization: In Theory

Delegation

Privatization

Transfer function out of government sector to the For Profit or Non-Profit Sector

“Russian Privatization and Silence of the Lambs”

Principles of Privatization

Key Conditionality- Privatization of the economy within a context of administrative Reform

Linked to Contracting Out

The View from the 1080s Redux

Principles of Privatization

a. divestiture (full sale)

b. contracting out

c. liquidation

d. sell off public private partnership shares

Waste Removal

Principles of Privatization

Goal: Small government and return to the recurrent budgeting process and balanced budget principles of “Neo-Orthodox Economists”

The Image: Electrical Privatization in Brazil

Programs and Projects

Program and Project Deconcentration: (Principal Agency Issue)

Assymetric Relationships

Prone to Patron-Clientalism

President Chester A. Arthur and Patronage (1881-1885)

Principal Agency Syndrome: Asymmetric interests when a principal hires an agent

Program and Project Decentralization:

1. Sectoral - By regular line or agency within a Ministry

E.g. Focused activity - seed production (Green Revolution)

Agricultural experiments

Origins- Experiments in Mexico 1943 (Rockefeller Foundation)

Indian Department of Agriculture

Program and Project Decentralization:

2. Deconcentration or Devolution of authority to central level special unit

eg. Transport, water, health or education projects to subordinate administrative or structures (Education Service)

PAT (Port Authority Transport) Buses

Program and Project Decentralization:

3. Inter-Ministerial Committees or Units

Planning supervision

Overlapping memberships, e.g. Land Use Planning

Inter-ministerial Cooperation in Botswana (and Expatriates)

Land Use Plan, Berlin Germany

Program and Project Decentralization:

4.Creation of field level Special Project Units with semi-

autonomous status (Special designated geographical areas)

Integrated Development Programs (Deliver Social and Economic Services)

Rural Socio-Economic Enhancement Scheme

2.1 Integrated Rural Development 2.2Small Irrigation Schemes Development2.3Integrated Farming Systems Development2.4Revobue Multipurpose Dam2.5New Cash Crops Establishment2.6Livestock Development2.7Farmers' Associations Promotion2.8Grain Storage Development2.9District Water Supply2.10Rural Electrification2.11Mineral Resources Exploration

Program and Project Decentralization: Project Decent.

E.g. A Range management project; or

Integrated Rural Development - Most well known type of special project

Multitude of project activity in different sectors that may overlap or compliment.

Integrated Rural Development (IRD)

DISCUSSION

ISSUES AND CONCERNS

Democracy: Writers and Themes

Discussion: What Have You Been Reading?

Discussion One: What is unique about each part of the world as seen from our authors?

Discussion Two: Limited Government- What is it?

Discussion Three: Command Economy?

VIDEO: Dictatorship Charlie Chaplin, “The Great Dictator” (1940)

Case Studies: Stereotypes and The Institutional Legacy- Geographical Themes and Myths

Africa: “Dark Continent,” Slavery, race and Europe:

Eastern Europe: Balkan Ghosts

Asia: Villagization and Collectivism and the Asian Model

Latin America: Iberian heritage (or US)- Marxism, the U.S. and Ideology

Middle East: Ottoman Legacy, Islam, Israel, vs. Europe

Regional Discussions: What are you finding out?

1. Democracy

1. Governance

2. Local Government

3. Civil Society

4. Institutional State