pia 2528 foreign aid donors, governance and civil society
TRANSCRIPT
Foreign Aid Prior to 1948
18th Century sub-market loans and gifts of exchange
19th Century Origins- Non-profits and Faith Based organizations
World War I Humanitarian Aid- Governmental and Non-Governmental: Herbert Hoover’s American Relief Administration
Roosevelt Legacy
Latin America Programs including Pan American Highway
Technical Assistance- Independent Countries- Africa, Middle East and Asia
Lend Lease, Food and Non-Military Support
Foreign Aid Goals: Political,Social and Economic
Humanitarian- Prior to WWII
Economic- Growth 1950s
Social- Basic Needs- 1970s
Policy Reform and State Restructuring- 1980s
Human Resource Development- 1990s (From 1990 World Development Report to Millenium Development Goals)
Governance 1990s
Security Support- 2000s
Foreign Aid: Terms-Review
Official International Assistance vs. Private Assistance
Foreign Aid- Loans vs. Grants
Technical Assistance- Contracts vs. Grants
Bilateral vs. Multilateral
Divisions Within the World
Before 1989North: Industrialist/ Developed Agriculture
Regime Type Democratic or notSocialist vs. Capitalist
South: LDC limited agric. IndustryUnderdeveloped Socialist or primitive capitalistCrony capitalismPatron-client
Divisions Within the World
Today
Capitalist Developed States, North America, Parts of East Asia, Western Europe including settler states and Emerging States vs. “Everybody else”
Millennium Challenge Account- Choose 15 poor, most market friendly countries.
Millennium Development Goals- UN and Human Development
Security and “Counter-Terrorism”- Religion and Rejection of “Western” Model
More Major International Political Economy and Development Terms
Political Economy Tie Ins (Discussion)HegemonyDependency TheoryStructuralismRegimeIndigenizationComplementarity ProblemsImport SubstitutionDependent Development
Multilateral Issues: An Overview The Problem of Debt
Stabilization vs. Conditionality
Public Sector Reform Policy Reform
Pressures Towards Democratic Governance
The Security Debate
Major International Relations Terms
International Relations- Alternative Views
Structural realism; realpolitik
Balance of power
Bipolarity vs. Multi-polarity (Uni-polar)
Trans-nationalism
Counter-Terrorist Coalitions
Multilateral Issues
IMF vs. World Bank vs. Bilateral Donors vs. UNDP
Bridging Loans
Sectoral Loans and Grants
Project Grants
International Requirements vs. domestic political response
Concepts and Terms: 21st Century Neo-Orthodoxy
Heterodoxy
Stabilization/Reconstruction
Currency Reform: Auctions
Conditionality
Public Sector Reform (Policy Reforms)
Foreign Aid vs. Technical Assistance: Summary Current bias to international trade: Free
Trade? Governance and Nation Building:
Democracy? Millennium Development Goals- Human
Resource Development? Millennium Challenge Account: Back to the
future? Get the LDC economy back to the 1950s
Dependent developmentIs it dependent and is it development?
Foreign Aid vs. Technical Assistance (People)
1. Impact of culture on Changea. Corruption, clan and ethnicity
b. Clans in Somalia and taxi drivers in Washingtonc. Debates about Privatization
2. Impact of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
3. The utility of the rational actor model for foreign aid- Can we escape bureaucratic politics for Clear Decision-making
4. Impact of Intellectual systems and ideologies influences and beliefs (Clash of Culture vs. End of History)
Governance Reforms
• Democratic Governance
• Stabilization and Conditionality Requirements- Free Trade and Open Currency
• Public Sector Reform
• Rule of Law and Anti-Corruption
Administrative Reforms
Reform of the bureaucracy: Review
a. Cutback the civil service the infamous 19% first cut
b. Individual Consultants and Contractors work with investments and the service/commercial sector
c. Privatization
Administrative Reforms: The World Bank Model
1. Strategic Planning and Management
2. Deregulation
3. Performance Management
4. Merit Recruitment
5. Decentralization: Development of Local Government and Support for Civil Society
6. Good Governance as Stability (Not Democracy)
Ghana
Case Study of Civil Society Reforms
Chapter 8, Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Lessons for the Next Half Century, (Picard, Robert Groelsema and Terry F. Buss, eds. (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), pp. 146-172)
Ghana USAID Activities
Source: USAID/Ghana Country Strategic Plan (2004-2010)
Date Published: May 2003
USAID Country Plan-Ghana
Seek eligibility for Millennium Challenge Account Investment (poor, per capita income below $1,415)
Qualify- Good governance, market friendly-16 indicators
Goal: Support Accelerated Economic Growth In place in 15 countries, 2005 or 2006 Fully up and running, 2008 at $5 billion per year Focus: Infrastructure
USAID Country Plan-Ghana
Democratic Governance: SO 5 (Strategic Objective)
Note: Currently no focus on civil service reform
Two components: National and Local
Ghana Democracy and Governance-National Level
Historically- Electoral Processes.
Legislative Reform: Long term PSC (Personal Services Contractor- Legislative Specialist)
National Civil Society Development
Local Level: Democracy and Governance
Source:
ASSESSMENT REPORT: “Government Accountability Improves Trust” (GAIT)
Date: December 8, 2003
Non-Competitive Contract:
Public Administration Service
Assessment Team: Mixed Team
Kwesi Appiah: Ghana Consultant Robert J. Groelsema: USAID Washington
(D&G) Avril Kudzi: USAID Ghana (D&G) Ted Lawrence: USAID Ghana (Legislative
Specialist) Elsie Menorkpor (USAID Ghana
(Education Specialist) Louis A. Picard (Team Leader)
Decentralized Governance: Status
Contractor: Cooperative League of the United States of America (CLUSA)
Operates in the U.S. as National Cooperative Business Association-Non-Profit
Assessment Report: Submitted December 8, 2003
New Grant: Cooperative Agreement- 2004-2007
RFA (Request for Application) published December 18, 2003 (Competitive Bid)
Applications Closed: February
Grant Awarded: Estimate- April, 2004
3-6 year grant up to $11 million
Goal of GAIT* Promote Partnership between Civil Society
Organizations and Local Government
Institutional Structure: Creation of District Level Civic Unions to facilitate communication
Concern: Sustainability of structures after project completed
*Government Accountability Improves Trust
Nature of GAIT Activities
Training and Workshops
Technical assistance to Civic Unions and Local Governments
Support public (town hall) style meetings
Key: Activities support interface of LG and CSOs (E-governance)
Link with Other Donors: Civil Service and Decentralization Reform
UNDP- Normally bids, provides technical assistance
World Bank- EOP (Expression of Interest) invitation to bid (RFP)
DANIDA (Denmark), CIDA (Canada), DFID- (UK), GTZ (Germany) interested in Governance
Private Foundations: McArthur, Gates, Ford Foundation- re. E-Governance
Ghana: Second Focus: Decentralized Governance and E-Governance
Leland Initiative Money: Ended in 2003. Two or three centers established. Not clear that this was mission priority (Focus: e-Governance)
Assessment Report: Recommended Local Government/Civil Society “One Stop Shop” for dissemination of information
Possibly Operated by Civic Unions
E: Governance
Tele-cottage Model- widely used in Demnets (Democratic Network Organizations) in Eastern Europe
Technical Assistance (poss. Peace Corps volunteer)
Simple, on line publication and education programs (Logon- South Africa)
E-Governance
simple publications, posters, public information presentations
simple software programs designed to demonstrate basic principles of governance
Includes the use of advocacy, information rights, the functioning of district government bodies and administrators and the functioning of committees
Impact of E-Governance
Limited evidence of community based civil society groups strengthened
Problem: Private Sector Programs often more utilized
Conclusion: Maybe a Dumb idea
Discussion:
What the Authors have to say?
Where are we Now?
What don’t we know?
Can Governance be Promoted by Donors?
Meet the Authors:
Andre Brink,
A Dry White Season
Looking on Darkness
André Philippus Brink (born 29 May 1935 in Vrede,
RSA) is a South African novelist. He writes in Afrikaans and English and is a Professor of English at the University of Cape Town
One of the “Sixtiers” with Ingrid Jonker (“Black Butterflies”) and Breyten Breytenbech)