africa center for strategic studies tuesday, 10 july 2007 africa center for strategic studies...

Africa Center for Strategic Studies Tuesday, 10 July 2007Africa Center for Strategic Studies Tuesday, 10 July 2007

PIA 2528

Governance, Local Government and

Civil Society


Governance and Security

Bilateral Aid, Governance and the Three D’s: Defense, Diplomacy and Development


National Defense University

Note: This Presentation was originally made in July 10, 2007 at National Defense University.

Focus of Original Presentation: The Creation of the African Command (AFRICOM)

The Views Presented here do not reflect those of the National Defense University, the Department of Defense or the United States Government


Overview: Six Themes in Governance, Foreign and Security Policy

I. Conflict Prevention and Management

II. Conflict and Peace Making

III. Peacekeeping and international organizations


Themes- Continued

IV. Terrorism and Counter-terrorism

V. Post-Conflict Governance

VI. Foreign Aid and Foreign and Security Policy


I. Conflict Prevention and Management• Community based conflict mitigation

• Role of indigenous leadership and traditional conflict mediation

• Land, social rights and behavior

• Joint Traditional and Local Government Mechanisms

• Leadership modalities (The Mandela Model)

• Traditional Justice vs. Political institutions

• Governance and Development- The Institutions Issue


Conflict Resolution in the Sudan

Conflict Resolution "We drew upon traditional conflict resolution techniques”Research by Germaine Basita

GSPIA PhD Student


Indigenous Methods of Conflict Mediation

• Problem of ratcheting up and reconstructing institutions

• Problem of collapsed and failed states

• National Identity Challenges- Leadership Modalities

• Survival of Traditional Institutions


II. Conflict and Peace Making- Different Modes

• Wars of Liberation- South Africa, Algeria, Lusophone Africa (Victory or Stalemate and Negotiations)

• Civil Wars- Ethnic and Religious “Cultural Pluralism”- Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan. Burundi and Rwanda (Mediation and Peacemaking)

• State Collapse- Somalia and DRC


Other Conflicts: Role of Mediation

• Eastern Europe and Caucasus- Yugoslavia, Georgia, Chechnya, Azerbaijan

• Asia- East Temor, Kashmir, (India and Pakistan) Afghanistan

• Middle East- Iraq, Palestine


Current Conflicts


Image: Algerian Civil War


Different Modes of Conflict

• Economic Conflict- poverty and organized crime (Post-Apartheid South Africa, Kenya)

• Regional conflicts- DRC, Namibia/Angola and Liberia/Sierra Leone (International Negotiations and Peace Making)


III. Peacekeeping and international organizations- Issues

• Northern State mechanisms: NATO and EU

• Regional: African mediators (ECOWAS,SADC)

• Unilateral vs. Multilateral (U.S., France and U.K.)

• Quartet: U.S., Russia, UN, EU


Peacekeeping and international organizations- Issues

• Multi-lateral and bi-lateral- Continental vs. International

• Regional Groups: ECOWAS, Africa Union, SADC

• United Nations Peacekeeping vs. Monitoring vs. Conflict control (Rules of Engagement)


Liberian Civil War


Peacekeeping and international organizations- Issues

• Role of “proxy” states/armies (Ethiopia)

• Impact of Foreign and Military assistance Programs (Horn, Sahel and War on Terror)

• Special Role: Mediation Centers (Institute of Peace, Leadership and Governance at Africa University, Zimbabwe


IV. Terrorism and Counter Terrorism. Is it an Issue?

• Terrorism and Counter-terrorism (Includes regional, sub-regional, national and sub-national levels of activity) – U.S. and Europe

• Global vs. non-global (eg. Lords Resistance Army?)

• How Relevant to LDCs?


North vs. South?


Sector Reforms and Counter-Terrorism

• Legislation, Finance, Border Security (including passports and travel documents Control)

• Police, military and security, combating ideological Support for Terrorism

• Strengthening Traditional Leadership

• Information and Intelligence and International Cooperation


Sector Reforms and Counter-Terrorism

• Evolution of U.S. CT Policy in Africa Since September 11

• Impact of ethnic and religious identification on Terrorist threats

• Challenges of parallel governance (Egypt, Levant, North Africa)


Ethnic Conflict in Northern Europe


Regional Threats (Africa)

• The threat of Collapsed States and crime- Diamonds, Drugs, guns (Guinea Conakry)

• Paramilitary Violence (Great Lakes)

• Organized Crime, and Piracy (Air, Land and Sea)- Indian Ocean and gulf of Guinea


V. Post-Conflict Governance

• The Role of Negotiated Pacts

• Truth and Reconciliation vs. Justice

• International Courts Issues


Liberian Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Conflict Resolution

vs.

Justice

Bishop Desmond Tutu


Post-Conflict Governance

• Demilitarizing societies

• State Rebuilding and Institutional Development

• Democracy and Governance

• From Failed States to Fragile States and Beyond


Nation-Building, United Nations Style


VI. Foreign Aid and Foreign and Security Policy- Two Views

1. So Called “Whole of Government” Approach- The Method

2. Historical Debate about “Hearts and Minds”- The Problem


“Whole of Government”

3.Focus: Diplomacy, Development and

Defense

4. Usually Add Information/ Intelligence, Trade

and Finance, Environmental, etc.


Whole of Government Countries: Extent of Integration

• Scandinavia

• Canada

• U.K.

• Australia

• France

• U.S.


Australia


“Whole of Government”

•Definition:

• Integrated Approach to Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations in Fragile States


Netherlands

“Development, Defense and Diplomacy should be the three legs of any stabilization operation, says the recently returned commander of the first Netherlands-Australian Task Force in southern Afghanistan.”

Brigadier General Theo Vleugels, of the Royal Netherlands Army


“Hearts and Minds Debate”

“Hearts and Minds”

Phrase Widely Used re. AFRICOM-

Development Linked to Ideological Change- Rural Development, Collective Villages, Militias

Five “Classic” Variations


“Hearts and Minds” Five Examples

a. Origins- Malayan Emergency- (But Not Kenya)- Malaya Only clearly agreed upon Success re. “Hearts and Minds.” Next three failed to meet “goals”

b. French Military Theory- Best Represented in debates about Indo-China not Algeria

c. U.S. Goal: Vietnam- “Third Force” (Quiet vs. “Ugly” American literary image)


Kenya


“Hearts and Minds” Examples

d. WHAM- “Winning Hearts and Minds” P.W. Botha- So-Called “Total Strategy”

Not a Happy Memory

d. Cold War- Successfully ended (1948-1989).

e. Iraq and Afghanistan


Iraq


Issues: Geographic Command


Whole Government vs. Hearts and Minds in AFRICOM

Issues: Geographic Command

a. Original Cold War- Focus re. Hearts and Minds was on States. Key- Political Leadership was Coordinating

b. Now since 2001, there is a perception “World Wide” re. U.S. that there is military and security which is driving AFRICOM- Focus: Non-State Actors (Terrorist Groups) and Community Loyalty


Whole Government Clearer: Focus on Implementation Problems:

a. Blending the Three Ds- People and Finance (Stovepipes and Staying in your own lane)

Non Defense Budgeting Limitations Budget imbalance-

State/USAID vs. Defense

Joint Activities- Controversial eg. Provincial

Reconstruction Teams (PRTs)


AFRICOM

Winning Hearts and

Minds


Implementation Problems

b. DFID vs. USAID in terms of resources (Development vs. Security)

c. Role of “Conflict/Post-Conflict Financial Pool” –Jointly Managed, so called “Inter-Agency Doctrine”

d. Role of Contractors and NGOs


The Current Debate Re. AFRICOM

1. Location of Leadership- subordination of civilian leadership to military command

2. New Targets- Direct linkup between security system and non-state actors. How this will work?

3. Issue: Is Primary Concern “fragile” states or “international terrorism”

4. Is definition of Fragile States important?


The Current Debate Re. AFRICOM-25. Physical location- Organizational location: Europe vs. Africa (Symbolic)

6. Military- no single big base possibly an Office (change from current situation only incrementally) –pods and mobile forces

7. Military Policy- Non-issue in the sense that it changes a name and integrates the horn and Indian Ocean islands into the rest of Africa and breaks Africa off from Europe organizationally, a legacy of the colonial paradigm

8. Symbolism- “Recolonialization of Africa”


AFRICOM Commander General William E. Wardand Ambassador Mary Carlin Yates, Deputy to the Commander for Civil-Military Activities,

U.S. Africa Command


The Current Debate Re. AFRICOM-3

8. Diplomacy and Development- Already linked State/USAID

• The Non-Security vs. Security Components: Not well articulated at this point

• Perception of Subordination at regional and sub-regional level to military commands

• S/S Clinton: Foreign Policy and Foreign Aid First


African Union Technicians with AFRICOM Trainers

AFRICOM: “Life after Iraq and Afghanistan for Dyncorp, Triple Canopy and Blackwater.”


Conflict and Post-Conflict Governance

• Key Role: National Level- Coordinating & the Responsibility of Chief of Mission- The Ambassador and DCM

• This Coordinating Role may need to be addressed within the context of:

1. Relationship with African Union

2. Regional Economic Commissions

3. Addressing issues of Governance


AFRICOM Research Focus

• Series of Studies of African Perceptions of AFRICOM and the Three Ds- (Triangulation Study)- Book with Kumarian Press

• Research Interests: AFRICOM Book

Coordinating Mechanisms

Common Pool Resources

Community Based Solutions (Elective and Traditional)

Balance Development vs. Security Focus


“Where is the Beef”

• USAID Funding Redeux

• When asked why he robbed banks, infamous criminal Willie Sutton said, “Because that’s where the money is.”

• Looking for Jobs where the money is.

• Foreign Aid Funding Now Focused on Security/Human Security area


Country Obligated FY 2007 Obligated FY 2008 to date Oblig. FY 2007 Oblig. FY 2008 to date

1 Worldwide 2,703,619,188 101,893,138 NMS (Assistance and Acquistion) $3.2 billion $0.1 billion 2 Afghanistan 1,445,651,383 511,400 GLAAS (Acquisition) $1.1 billion $0.1 billion3 Iraq 1,243,080,343 48,000 Phoenix (Assistance, Acquistion, Other Instruments) $7.0 billion $1.7 billion4 Egypt 605,704,157 4,274,6785 Pakistan 457,985,585 15,891,546

6 Sudan 382,486,655 1,615,0337 Kenya 289,410,439 0 Program Area Oblig. FY 2007 Oblig. FY 2008 to date8 Jordan 280,371,000 0 1 Health (3.1) 4,327,988,718 18,605,472

9 South Africa Republic 250,096,145 67,879 2 Protection, Assistance and Solutions (5.1) 1,637,521,098 143,383,000

10 Ethiopia 213,845,722 22,204,543 3 Good Governance (2.2) 1,011,895,268 22,222,112

11 Uganda 204,219,281 2,773,870 4 Infrastructure (4.4) 705,244,696 10,397,460

12 Indonesia 191,936,684 3,457 5 Education (3.2) 627,225,539 4,161,549

13 Nigeria 189,219,518 164,714 6 Financial Sector Capacity (4.3) 496,694,057 12,154,011

14 Lebanon 167,416,776 218,432 7 Agriculture (4.5) 434,996,618 117,509

15 Botswana 159,990,581 100,000 8 Stabilization Operations & Security Sector Reform (1.3) 397,236,293

16 Liberia 134,580,726 1,859,155 9 Civil Society (2.4) 364,790,353 12,529,274

17 Haiti 130,911,398 100,000 10 Counter-Narcotics (1.4) 357,682,852

18 Tanzania 130,252,425 0 11 Conflict Mitigation and Reconciliation (1.6) 350,757,009 1,348,217

19 Zambia 127,021,388 0 12 Macroeconomic Foundation for Growth (4.1) 290,232,614 19,251

20 Mozambique 125,918,155 7,251,600 13 Trade and Investment (4.2) 276,137,567 3,270,771

14 Private Sector Competitiveness (4.6) 274,417,161 1,076,055

15 Environment (4.8) 255,161,181 4,550,524

Vendor Obligated FY 2007 Obligated FY 2008 to date 16 Rule of Law and Human Rights (2.1) 162,172,494 2,053,232

1 World Food Program 687,217,890 58,215,842 17 Political Competition and Consensus-Building (2.3) 154,755,803 1,862,445

2 Global Fund 642,252,952 0 18 Economic Opportunity (4.7) 114,710,215 71,742

3 International Relief and Development 396,182,002 143,436,800 19 Program Support (6.1) 107,036,698 27,669,317

4 Development Alternatives, Inc. 378,219,716 125,521,582 20 Soc. & Econ. Svs. & Protection for Vul. Pop. (3.3) 87,397,631 5,885,017

5 Research Triangle Institute 368,641,028 19,048,4466 Louis Berger International, Inc. 288,588,913 172,412,719

7 Chemonics Internaltional Inc. 258,354,260 177,687,6508 Partnership for Supply Chain Management 208,115,383 300,000 Bureau Obligated FY 2007 Obligated FY 2008 to date9 Management Systems Intl, Inc. 192,747,292 4,231,213 1 ANE 4,955,369,126 24,218,877

10 Academy for Educational Development, Inc. 186,196,455 38,909,449 2 AFR 2,488,699,626 24,037,27311 Family Health International 179,656,691 23,108,494 3 GH 1,741,273,466 1,339,85412 CHF International 145,491,508 0 4 DCHA 1,704,667,236 168,549,83513 National Planning Commission 131,328,730 0 5 LAC 699,736,905 3,572,35514 PACT, Inc. 129,693,156 0 6 E+E 685,541,361 9,945,93715 Bearing Point, Inc. 123,600,758 53,830,767 7 EGAT 296,865,107 14,508,28316 Associates in Rurual Development 122,583,006 25,649,322 8 M 46,141,970 25,638,95917 World Health Organization 117,261,563 9,294,367 9 ODP 8,008,825 312,82118 John Snow, Inc. 109,670,604 0 10 RECOVERY 5,562,983 4719 CARE, Inc. 108,449,858 19,527,958

20 Ssangyong-Hutama Joint Association 108,247,253 0

Where does USAID's Money Go?

Source: M/CFO/FS as of December 25, 2007

Top 20 FY 2007 Program Areas

Top 10 FY 2007 Bureaus that Obligated the Most Program Funds

Top 20 FY 2007 Benefiting Countries (Program Funds) Obligation Activity Prossessed via NMS vs. GLAAS vs. Phoenix

Top 20 FY 2007 Vendors


Organization Chart


USAID Hiring Policy

USAID Foreign Service Junior Officer Vacancies

USAID Junior Officer (JO) Foreign Service (FS) announcements for career candidate positions are planned for Fiscal Year (FY) 2007 for intended entry into the FS in FY 2008. USAID plans to recruit JOs in several employment categories, including the following:

• Financial Management • Economic Growth (Agriculture, Private Enterprise, Economics, and

Environment) • Crisis, Stabilization and Governance

http://www.usaid.gov/careers/nepanno2.html


Picard’s Oprah’s Book Club

• Graham Greene, The Power and the Glory

• John LeCarre, The Spy Who Came In From the Cold


The Authors

• John Le Carre (aka David Cornwell)

• Graham Greene


DICUSSIONS/QUESTIONS/CRITIQUE?

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