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Introduction to Linux

Administration & ProgrammingIntel, Hillsboro, OR

Jan 18 2012

8/2/2019 Intel Day3


2

Content

Linux Kernel

GNU tools

Commercial tools Languages &

Portability

Assembly and C

Linux C++

Make, build, install

Perl, Python, PHP GUI frameworks

Linux Programming

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Linux Programming

Ada

C, C++, C#

Java Haskell

LUA

Pascal

Python

Perl

PHP Ruby

Tcl/Tk

Vala

Linux Programming 3

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Group Discussion

1. Programming, Art or Science?

2. Interpreted vs Compiled Languages

3. Compiler Machines

4. Web Programming

5. Mobile Programming

Linux Programming 4

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Extreme Programming

Linux Programming 5

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Target Software Environment

Same computer

Local or remote server

Embedded system

Mobile systems

Web platform

DB platform

Linux Programming 6

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Software Projects

System:

Kernel or driver modules

Server (web, file, email) Applications

Local

Tools or Utilities Installer

Compiler

Linux Programming 7

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Distribution

Target Audience

Internal Use

CD

Download from Web site

Frequency

One time

Progressive Releases

Linux Programming 8

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Case Study

Build a software module that:

Processes data from USB port

Communicates via log or email Bundled with a hardware component

What language and distribution wouldyou use?

Linux Programming 9

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Daemons

Network services are implemented bydaemons

Listen on a particular network port Usually defined in the services file

Run in the background

Have no controlling terminal

Use the system log to report any messages

Often run from the boot scripts

10Linux Programming

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C++

C++ is one of the most popularprogramming languages in the world!

statically typed free-form

multi-paradigm

Compiled

Linux Programming 11

#include <iostream>

int main()

{ std::cout << "Hello, world!\n";}

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C++ History

Began as enhancements to C,

adding classes

virtual functions operator overloading

multiple inheritance

templates exception handling


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C++ Uses

Highly Portable!

Most Hardware Support

Most Commercial Tools Most Applications

Linux Kernel!


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kernel.org


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Linux Architecture

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Kernel Subsystems


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Architecture Layer Details


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Android Architecture

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Kernel Compiling Steps

Compiling step

Configure kernel features

make

Install steps

sudo make install

sudo make modules_install


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Kernel configuration

Defines what features to include in the kernel:

Stored in the .config file at the root of kernel sources.

Most useful commands to create this config file:

make [xconfig | gconfig | menuconfig | oldconfig] To modify a kernel in a GNU/Linux distribution:

config files usually released in /boot/ , together with kernelimages: /boot/config-2.6.17-11-generic

The configuration file can also be found in the kernel itself:

> zcat /proc/config.gz

(if enabled in General Setup -> Kernel .config support)


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make xconfig

The graphical interface to configure theLinux kernel

Make sure you readhelp -> introduction: useful options!

Includes a File browser: easier to loadconfiguration files

New search interface to look forparameters


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make xconfig example


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make xconfig search interface


Looks for a keywordin the description

string

Allows to selector unselect foundparameters.

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Kernel configuration options


Compiled as a module (separate file) CONFIG_ISO9660_FS=m

Compiled statically into the kernel CONFIG_UDF_FS=y

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Corresponding .config excerpt #

# CD-ROM/DVD Filesystems#CONFIG_ISO9660_FS=mCONFIG_JOLIET=yCONFIG_ZISOFS=yCONFIG_UDF_FS=yCONFIG_UDF_NLS=y

## DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems#

# CONFIG_MSDOS_FS is not set# CONFIG_VFAT_FS is not setCONFIG_NTFS_FS=m# CONFIG_NTFS_DEBUG is not setCONFIG_NTFS_RW=y


Section name

All parameters are prefixedwith CONFIG_

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make menuconfig


make menuconfig

Useful when no graphicsare available. Prettyconvenient too!

Same interface found inother tools: BusyBox,buildroot...

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Undoing configuration changes

A frequent problem:

After changing several kernel configuration settings,your kernel no longer works.

If you don't remember all the changes you made,you can get back to your previous configuration:> cp .config.old .config

All the configuration interfaces of the kernel(xconfig, menuconfig, allnoconfig...)

keep this .config.old backup copy.


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Customizing the version string

To identify your kernel image with others built from the samesources (but a different configuration), use the LOCALVERSION setting (in General Setup)

Example:## General setup#CONFIG_LOCALVERSION="-acme1"

The uname -r command (in the running system) will return:2.6.20-acme1


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Kernel Compiling Steps

Compiling step

Configure kernel features

make

Install steps

sudo make install

sudo make modules_install


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Compiling Tips

Compiling faster on multiprocessor hosts

make -j <n>Runs several targets in parallel

Ccache (Compiler cache for C and C++)

Use it by adding a ccache prefixto the CC and HOSTCC definitions in Makefile

CC = ccache $(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc HOSTCC = ccache gcc


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More compiling tips View the full (gcc, ld...) command line:

make V=1

Clean-up generated files(to force re-compiling drivers):

make clean

Remove all generated filesCaution: also removes your .config file!make mrproper

Also remove editor backup & patch reject files:make distclean


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Generated filesWhat gets created when you run the make command

vmlinux Raw Linux kernel image, non compressed.

arch/<arch>/boot/zImage (default image on arm)zlib compressed kernel image

arch/<arch>/boot/bzImage (default image on i386)Also a zlib compressed kernel image.

Caution: bz means “big zipped” but not “bzip2 compressed”!


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Files created by make install

/boot/vmlinuz-<version> Compressed kernel image. Same as the

one in arch/<arch>/boot /boot/System.map-<version>

Stores kernel symbol addresses

/boot/config-<version> Kernel configuration for this version


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Files by make modules_install (1)

/lib/modules/<version>/ : Kernel modules + extras

build/ Everything needed to build more modules for this kernel:Makefile, .config file, module symbol information(module.symVers), kernel headers (include/ and include/asm/ )

kernel/ Module .ko (Kernel Object) files, in the same directory structureas in the sources.


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Files by make modules_install (2)

/lib/modules/<version>/ (continued)

modules.alias Module aliases for module loading utilities. Example line:alias sound-service-?-0 snd_mixer_oss

modules.dep Module dependencies

modules.symbols Tells which module a given symbol belongs to.

All the files in this directory are text files.Don't hesitate to have a look by yourself!


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Compiling the kernel in a nutshell

make xconfigmake

sudo make installsudo make modules_install


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Kernel and Device Drivers

In order to talk to the kernel, the driverregisters with subsystems to respond to

events Some Examples of Events:

Opening a file

A page fault Plugging a new USB device


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Linux Architecture

Applications,

GNU tools,

Shells

System Call Interface

VFS

HD

IDE, SCSI

Mem Mgr Proc MgrNet Sockets

TCP/IP driver

NIC driverFloppy driver

FD NIC

User

Kernel

Hardware

38Linux Programming

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User Interface of a Device driver

Since Linux follows the UNIX model, and in UNIXeverything is a file, users talk with device driversthrough device files

Device files are a mechanism, supplied by the kernel,precisely for this direct User-Driver interface.

Koolchar is a character device, & thus the user talksto it through a character device file

The other common kind of device file is a blockdevice file


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NETSubsystem


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GNU Tools

Make

AutoMake

AutoConf Gcc, the GNU Compiler for:

C, C++, Fortran, Java, Ada, Go

http://gcc.gnu.org Libtool


http://gcc.gnu.org/

http://gcc.gnu.org/

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GNU Architectures

Alpha PA-RISC

ARM PDP-11

Atmel AVR PowerPC

Blackfin R8C/M16C/M32CH8/300 SPARC

HC12 SPU

IA-32 (x86) SuperH

IA-64 System/390/zSeries

MIPS VAX

Motorola 68000 x86-64


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A Simple Makefile


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A Not-So-Simple Makefile


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Hello World in C


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Hello World

vi `hello.c„

#include <stdio.h>

main()

{printf("Hello world!\n");

}

`Makefile.am„

bin_PROGRAMS = hello

hello_SOURCES = hello.c


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Building Hello World

% ./configurechecking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c

checking whether build environment is sane... Yes

checking for gcc... gcc

…

% makesource='hello.c' object='hello.o' libtool=no \

depfile='.deps/hello.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/hello.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ./depcomp \ …

gcc -g -O2 -o hello hello.o


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Software Building

Hands-on Lab 1

Sample C program and GCC use


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Commercial Tools

IBM

Ada, Rational, COBOL

Intel® C++ Compiler Professional for Linux

Intel® Parallel Studio XE

Zend http://framework.zend.com/


http://framework.zend.com/

http://framework.zend.com/

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What are you going to build today?


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Powerful Software!

Content Management System

Drupal.org

Joomla.org Wordpress.org

Client Relationship Management

SugarCRM Learning Management System

Moodle.org


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Source Forge SF.NET


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Platforms


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Early Web Days

2 Tiers:

Web

Logic


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Scripting

Perl

Python

PHP


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Perl

General-purpose, interpreted, dynamic language

Developed by Larry Wall [a linguist working as a systems

administrator for NASA] in 1987 as a general-purpose Unixscripting language to make report processing easier

Popularity in 1990s as a CGI scripting language

The "duct tape that holds the Internet together"


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Perl Code

#!/usr/local/bin/perl#### printenv—demo CGI program which just prints its environment##

#print "Content-type: text/plain\n\n";foreach $var (sort(keys(%ENV))) {$val = $ENV{$var};$val =~ s|\n|\\n|g;

$val =~ s|"|\\"|g;print "${var}=\"${val}\"\n";

}


#!/usr/local/bin/perl

print "Hi there!\n";

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Perl Evaluation

Multiplatform

Open Source

Free to use Early start,

Extensive library!

Complex syntax Not the best performance


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Software Building

Hands-on Lab 2

Sample Perl program and use


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Python

General-purpose, high-levelprogramming language which

emphasizes code readability It claims to combine "remarkable power

with very clear syntax“ with fun

Red Hat installer is written in Python! It‟s called Anaconda!


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Python Code

print 'Hello, world!„

name = raw_input('What is your name?\n')

print 'Hi, %s.' % (name)

my_list = ['john', 'pat', 'gary', 'michael']for i, name in enumerate(my_list):

print "iteration %i is %s" % (i, name)


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Python Evaluation

Multiplatform

Open Source

Free to use VERY popular

Complex test environment


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Software Building

Hands-on Lab 3

Sample Python program and use


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PHP

Server-side scripting language originally designedfor web development to produce dynamic web pages Competes with Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP)

PHP can be deployed on most web servers andalmost every OS free of charge!

It‟s embedded into an HTML source document, rather

than calling an external file to process data It can directly retrieve or update a database!


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PHP Codeclass Person {

public $firstName;

public $lastName;

public function __construct($firstName, $lastName = '') { //Optional parameter

$this->firstName = $firstName;

$this->lastName = $lastName;

public function greet() {

return "Hello, my name is " . $this->firstName . " " . $this->lastName . ".";

}

public static function staticGreet($firstName, $lastName) {return "Hello, my name is " . $firstName . " " . $lastName . ".";

}

}


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PHP code results

$he = new Person('John', 'Smith');

$she = new Person('Sally', 'Davis');

$other = new Person('Joe');

echo $he->greet(); // prints "Hello, my name is John Smith."echo '<br />';

echo $she->greet(); // prints "Hello, my name is Sally Davis."

echo '<br />';

echo $other->greet(); // prints "Hello, my name is Joe ."

echo '<br />';

echo Person::staticGreet('Jane', 'Doe'); // prints "Hello, my name is Jane Doe."


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PHP Evaluation

Multiplatform

Open Source

Free to use VERY popular

Extensive libraries!

Complex test environment


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Software Building

Hands-on Lab 4

Sample PHP program and use


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Integrated Development Environments

Anjuta 3.2.2, GNOME based

CodeLite 3.5.5375 cross platform

Eclipse 3.7.1 cross platform

Kdevelop 4.2.3 KDE based cross platform

NetBeans 7.1 cross platform


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Summary

Linux Kernel

GNU tools

Commercial tools Languages &

Portability

Assembly and C

Linux C++

Make, build, install

Perl, Python, PHP GUI frameworks

intel day3

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