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FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES CENTER FOR COMPETITIVENESS

Institutions For Collaboration (IFCs) in the Swiss Watchmaking Sector Damiano Lepori, Philippe Gugler Center for Competitiveness University of Fribourg Switzerland

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Center for Competitiveness University of Fribourg – Switzerland www.unifr.ch/competitiveness January 2016

Institutions For Collaboration (IFCs) in the Swiss Watchmaking Sector12

Damiano Lepori – Philippe Gugler

Introduction

The watchmaking industry is one of the major economic sectors in Switzerland. It represents around

22.6% of total Swiss exports (2014) and 5.3% of employment in the Swiss manufacturing sector3. Most

economic activities linked to the watch sector are located in a specific region of Switzerland and

constitutes a cluster, which means a “geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized

suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions in particular fields that

compete but also cooperate” (Porter, 2011, p. 213). The success of this cluster relies on one side on the

efficiency and innovative capabilities of its constituencies and on the other side on strong forces of the

business environment of the region. The availability and efficiency of “supporting and related industries”

are fostering the cluster’s performances. In this regard, the Institutions for collaboration (IFCs) are

playing a tremendous role in many respects: research and development, education and training, as well as

trade support.

The Swiss Watchmaking Cluster in 2016

The watchmaking sector constitutes, with the manufacture of measure instruments, the so-‐called

“precision engineering sector” named also the “micro-‐mechanic industry” (Resbeut and Gugler, 2016)

(figure 1). The watchmaking cluster is in fact a sub-‐cluster of the micro-‐mechanic industry cluster. The

LQ analysis of economic activity in Switzerland identifies the concentra t ion o f ac t iv i t ies o f the

micro-‐mechanic industry and more spec i f i ca l ly o f the watchmaking sec tor . Figure 2

shows the mapping of LQs>1 (at 4-‐digit level) for the watchmaking sector. All the regions with a

LQ>10 are located in the Jura Mountains area, which indicates the existence of a strong watchmaking

cluster within the same geographical area. The figure also shows some concentration in the

watchmaking sector in the regions of Geneva (South-‐West of Switzerland), of Schaffhausen (North of

Switzerland) and of Ticino (South-‐Center of Switzerland). The Jura Mountains area dominates these

three other areas and may be qualified as the watchmaking cluster of Switzerland.

1 This case study reproduced parts of an in depth study of the Swiss watchmaking cluster written by Damiano Lepori (Lepori, 2015). 2 The authors thank Peter Abplanalp for his helpful remarks. 3 For further details, see : http://www.ezv.admin.ch/themen/04096/05228/index.html?lang=fr

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The Swiss watchmaking industry steps back to the 16th century when the Huguenots immigrate to

Switzerland for political reasons. At the end of the 18th century, the production increases tremendously

and the watchmaking industry is decentralised from Geneva and production centres are created in the

entire Jura Mountains area (Belinger, 1991, p. 125). The post-‐ World War globalisation and new

technologies from Japan affected tremendously the Swiss watchmaking industry with a decrease of

66.66 % of the total workforce during the 1970s decade. As a response, many bigger groups have

been created during the 1980s in order to rationalize the production processes and to foster

innovation. Since then the foundations of the watchmaking sector have remained similar. T he Swiss

watchmaking sector has regained a high profitability and covers the entire price range. In 2012, it

employed 55’816 workers (Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry). Switzerland is the biggest

exporter of watches in terms of value with a share of 54% of the global market (W-‐The journal, 2012).

The Swiss watchmaking cluster composition exhibits unique features. The cluster is composed of firms

active in the production of components and movements and of watchmaking companies. In some

cases, the watchmaking companies cover the entire value chain and do not use out-‐sourcing. Moreover,

big-‐sized groups cohabite with numerous smaller firms (figure 3).

For the year 2014, the precision instruments industry, including the watchmaking sector, is

accountable for 22.6%4 of the Swiss total exports balance and is the second biggest export industry

of the country. Between 2000 and 2014 the watchmaking sector’s exports have increased by 53.74%5 in

absolute value. Even if taking into account the inflation factor, the sector’s exports have increased by

50.11% over this period.

The Swiss watchmaking cluster d em o n s t r a t e s a leading position in the field of innovation in

terms of patent-‐oriented innovative activity relative to other watchmaking sectors located elsewhere

in the world (69.3% for the year 2011). It is especially the case for the manufacture of mechanically-‐

driven clocks/watches (table 1). The innovation level is particularly important in the field of

mechanically-‐driven watches where Swiss firms are world leaders (table 2).

The IFCs of the Swiss Watchmaking Cluster

The Swiss watchmaking sector is surrounded by numerous linked organisations/institutions, which

contribute extensively to the cluster’s competitive advantage (figure 4). They can be divided in three

major categories: 1) the education institutions, 2) the research institutions/organisations, and 3) the

trade organisations.

These three major pillars obviously have linkages with the watchmaking firms and between each

other. The central pillar represents the education institutions divided between: 1) the initial

trainings schools, and 2) the superior trainings schools. The research institutions comprise two main 4 http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/themen/06/05/blank/key/handelsbilanz.html 5 For further details, see: http://www.fhs.ch/fre/statistics.html

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branches: 1) the centralized research institutions, and the 2) decentralised research institutions. Those

are closely related to the education institutions as superior schools often concentrate on teaching and

on research activities. The third pillar is subdivided in three main categories: 1) the major trade

association of the network, which primarily represents the business interests of the watchmaking sector,

2) the leading employers association responsible for the negotiations with local public authorities and

trade unions, and 3) the other linked trade associations, mostly active in specific fields and/or more

locally. The trade associations often intervene in the activities of the two other pillars and are

responsible for most of the negotiations with the other trade associations and public authorities, at

the local and national level of jurisdiction.

The Swiss authorities are playing a central role in the education industry and more recently in the

network of research institutions. Therefore the public involvement in these institutions is included in the

field of IFCs.

The Education Institutions

The cluster benefits from the presence of a competitive network of education institutions partly or

mostly watchmaking oriented. Figure 5 illustrates the composition of the main training programs, which

are specifically watchmaking oriented.

As it is the noticeably case in the Swiss educational system, the watchmaking training programs are

divided between 1 ) the initial professional trainings, mainly production oriented, and 2) the superior

training programs, primarily research and development oriented. Many CFC watchmakers can prolong

their curricula by completing a professional maturity. For the technical schools, admittance exams are

sufficient. The apprenticeships (CFC) 6 and practical trainings (AFP) 7 are divided in three main

specialisation domains, two of which specifically watchmaking oriented. They allow for direct

collaboration between the professional schools and the firms, which already employ part-‐time their

future employees. This does not only allow for a convergence between the nature of the training

programs and the watchmaking sector requirements but also for the transmission of the brand’s

heritage. However, the proportion of students choosing the apprenticeship rather than the watchmaking

schools, while increasing, does not exceed 40% (Roulet, 2015). This result is much lower than the Swiss

average and is mainly due to the existence of 5 well-‐established specialised watchmaking schools

located within the cluster8.

6 The CFC (certificat fédéral de capacité) is an apprenticeship, which in the case of watchmaking lasts 4 years (previously 3 years). 7 The AFP (attestation fédérale de formation professionnelle) is a practical apprenticeship, which last 2 years. 8 Those schools are located in Bienne (BE), Le Locle (NE), Le Sentier (VD), Porrentruy (JU), and Grenchen (SO).

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The superior trainings are divided in three categories:

• The two federal institutes of technology (EPFL9 and ETHZ10) offer a complete academic

curricula and direct linkages with research facilities. The headquarters of two federal institutes

of technology (EPFL and ETHZ) of Switzerland are located outside the cluster11. However, they

train specialised master engineers, notably in material sciences and micro-‐engineering. Over the

last decade, the EPFL has signed many research and deve lopment partnerships with

watchmaking companies located within the cluster. Since 2009, the EPFL drives the Institut de

Microtechnique (IMT) located within the cluster (see below).

• The School of Applied Sciences Arc Engineering (that) comprises several training campuses

located within the cluster. This school is the only institution providing bachelor and master

trainings specialised in watchmaking. This school represents the usual superior training,

which students with a professional maturity tend to opt for. It is possible to specialize in

watchmaking engineering and training programs t h a n k s t o part-‐time schedules

(dividing time between work in a firm and studies at a specialized school).

• The technical schools offer trainings for specialized technicians. They are explicitly

watchmaking oriented and mainly opened to CFC watchmakers.

The specialized education institutions in the field of watchmaking are mostly located within the

boundaries of the cluster in the Jura Mountains area. T h e watchmaking oriented education system

provides the entire spectrum of skills required for the development and the production of

watchmaking products. It reduces considerably the gap between the ski l ls provided by the education

institutions and the companies’ expectations, thus fostering the average workforce’s productivity.

Thanks to the close relationships between the firms and the education institutions, students have access

to internships during their studies and the possibility to accomplish their thesis in a watchmaking

company. During the recent years, related training programs specifically watchmaking oriented

have emerged in watchmaking design (HEAD) or in luxury marketing (ISLP). This is an attempt from

the education institutions and/or from the watchmaking companies to implement new specialized skills

in order to foster the employees’ productivity along with innovation processes.

These superior schools combine teaching activities with fundamental research. Consequently, the

watchmaking sector relies on a dense and competitive network of education institutions, covering the

industrial needs in terms o f s k i l l e d a n d h i g h -‐ s k i l l e d l a b o u r a s w e l l a s i n

t e r m of product development and production capabilities.

9 The Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). 10 The Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETHZ). 11 Even if the ETHZ and the EPFL’s teaching facilities are not geographically located in the Jura Mountains area, they are still located within a relatively close distance to the watchmaking cluster’s territory.

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The Research Institutions

During the past decade, the research institutions network of the watchmaking cluster has

experienced a consequential renewal and expansion. The EPFL has acquired a strategic role and is

now the main linchpin of the network. The emergence of sizable watch groups at the beginning of the

1980s has encouraged the modernisation of the existing research institutions. Moreover, the rising

research and development costs (i.e. the Patek Philippe’s new balance wheel Gyromax) have favoured the

outsourcing of specific research projects in order to benefit from economy of scales and to gain

access to other existing skills and technologies. Furthermore, since the beginning of the 2000s, the

ascending competition between superior schools has fostered cooperation between the watchmaking

sector and the educational and research institutions. Indeed, technical schools have started to create

new research units in partnerships with the watchmaking sector. Today, the sector relies on three major

research institutions, all located in the Jura Mountains area: the CSEM, the Microcity and the HE Arc

(figure 6).

Le Centre suisse d’électronique et de microtechnique (CSEM

The CSEM was created in 1984 as a result of the merger of 1) the CEH (Centre électronique

horloger), 2) the FSRM (Fondation suisse pour la recherche en microtechnique), and 3) the LSRH

(Laboratoire Suisse de Recherche Horlogère) (Porter, Emmons, 2002, p. 1). Concerned by the

innovation regression of the Swiss precision instruments industry, the Federal Council decided to

supervise the establishment of a private research and development centre12, based on pre-‐existing

institutions, which suffered from a lack of funding and direction (Porter, Emmons, 2002, p. 2). The City

of Neuchâtel was chosen as it represents a strategic centrum for the precision instruments industry,

respectively for the watchmaking sector. In 2006, the EPFL, supported by the Swiss Confederation,

has acquired an equity participation in the CSEM and chairs since then i n the scientific advisory

board13. At present time, the CSEM relies on a private-‐public partnership.

Today, the CSEM employs 44014 employees, about 10% of which are PhD students, in Neuchâtel and in

various research centres located in Alpnach, Muttenz, Landquart and Zurich. Its diverse research

activities and partnerships have enlarged the customer panel to non-‐Swiss companies and

institutions. About 50%15 of the CSEM costumers are small-‐ and medium-‐sized companies. In 2014,

the CSEM generated CHF 8316 million in revenues, representing an increase of 21.68% compared to the

2000 revenues (Porter, Emmons, 2002, p.3). Its main sources of financing come from basic

government funding (31%), industrial income (28%), and Swiss cantons (17%)17.

12 For further details, see: http://www.csem.ch/ 13 Ibidem. 14 For further details, see : http://www.csem.ch/ 15 For further details, see : http://www.agefi.com/ 16 For further details, see: http://www.csem.ch/ 17 Ibidem.

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The CSEM is a key partner to numerous watch companies and more specifically to manufacturers such as

Patek Philippe and Girard-‐Perregaux. Watchmaking oriented research fields include, among other,

material and escapement developments. The CSEM also cooperate with watchmaking firms in order to

implement new technologies in the production processes. As an associate partner of the EPFL, the

CSEM collaborates extensively with the newly established Microcity, also located in Neuchâtel, as we

shall see in the next section.

The CSEM still today bolsters the watchmaking cluster’s competitive advantage through the

institution’s ability to raise substantial research funding, and through its rising innovation capabilities.

The Institut de microtechnique (IMT)

The IMT was founded in 1975 by the University of Neuchâtel in order to foster the region’s capabilities in

terms of teaching and research in micromechanics. As a response to the rout of the Swiss precision

instrument industry, the Canton of Neuchâtel, through the university, attempted to relaunch research

activities in micromechanics so to avoid a general deindustrialisation of the region. Since 2009, the IMT

has become a division of the EPFL18. The EPFL has taken over the seven existing chairs and has created

four supplementary chairs, three of which respectively financed by 1) Patek Philippe, 2) Richemont, and

3) PX (Bradley, 2014). Today, the IMT employs more than 200 staff members and has been relocated is

the newly built Microcity quarters since 2013. The Microcity buildings, financed by the Canton of

Neuchâtel, centralize the activities of the IMT and Neode, a start-‐up park. They are located nearby the

CSEM and the HE Arc headquarters. The purpose of this concentration is 1) to enhance scientific

collaboration between the institutes, and 2) to foster specialisation processes in order to generate

economies of scale in terms of research investments.

Consequently, the consolidation of the major watchmaking oriented research activities illustrates the

recent but forceful attempt of the EPFL to establish itself as the cornerstone of the micromechanical

research network. In less than 10 years, the institute of technology has gained access to the long-‐

established CSEM and has created long-‐term partnerships with major watchmaking firms. The EPFL

has therefore administrated the development of: “common specialized infrastructure(s)” (Porter, 2011,

p. 273).

The HE Arc engineering

As the creation of the HE Arc engineering is the result of the merger of 3 cantonal schools of applied

sciences, the HE Arc engineering has decided to keep a decentralised structure. The school has

developed four research centres located in three municipalities: 1) Saint-‐Imier (BE), 2) La Chaux-‐de-‐

Fonds (NE), and 3) Le Locle (NE)19. Those locations were strategically chosen for their proximity with

18 For further details, see : http://microcity.epfl.ch/presentation 19 For further details, see : http://ingenierie.he-‐arc.ch/rad-‐ing

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the potential industrial customers. Today, the school has a close partnership with TT-‐Novatech, which

is an interdisciplinary institute of applied research20 closely related to the local industries.

One of these centres is specifically watchmaking oriented. The Institut d’horlogerie et création (IHC-‐Arc)

is based in Le Locle (NE), situated in a region with the second highest LQ at 4-‐digit level (25.160)

and the highest total employment level of the watchmaking (11’478 in 2012)21. The IHC’s research

fields are mostly production oriented. The centre aims at developing advanced production

processes for the watchmaking companies. It also proposes innovative anti-‐fraud production methods.

The HE Arc engineering research centres offer services, which are more complementary to those of the

IMT’s than competing with them. Watch companies tend to collaborate with the IHC-‐Arc for

production processes projects whereas they tend to establish partnerships with the IMT or the CSEM

for more substantial tasks, which include the testing of new materials and/or the development of

innovative watch movements. Therefore, there is little collusion neither competition between the IHC-‐

Arc and the IMT.

The Trade Organisations

The Swiss watchmaking cluster relies on a dense network of trade associations. On the contrary to other

industrial sectors where trade associations tend to compete with each other, the watchmaking trade

organisations tend to act complimentarily. As it is generally the case in all Swiss industries, watchmaking

trade organisations do not only represent the sector’s interests toward trade unions and public

authorities but also provide a wide range of services to their members. For instance, they

contribute, along with the watchmaking firms, to the organisation of commercial events such as

BaselWorld, which is the most important event show for the Swiss watchmaking sector. Nowadays, the

watchmaking trade organisations network is organized around three main pillars: 1) the FHH

(Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie), 2) the FHS (Fédération de l’industrie horlogère Suisse), and 3) the

CPIHS (Convention patronale de l'industrie horlogère suisse) (figure 7). In addition to the three sizable

organizations, smaller institutions/associations complete various specialized tasks and are organized as

follow: 1) the linked trade organisations, 2) the independent trade organisations, and 3) the specialised

associations/organisations.

The FHH (Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie),

The FHH has been created in 2005 by the industrial groups Richemont, Audemars Piguet et Girard

Perregaux. Its main purpose is to promote “fine watchmaking”22, which is in fact the production of high-‐

end watches. Its three fundamental objectives are: 1) to raise public awareness on the issues linked to

“fine watchmaking”, 2) to provide “fine watchmaking” training programs, and 3) to act as a think tank

20 For further details, see : http://ttnovatech.he-‐arc.ch/ 21 For further details, see part (II). 22 For further details, see: https://www.hautehorlogerie.org/en/the-‐foundation/manifesto/

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for the watchmaking firms active on this segment. On the contrary to the FHS and the CPIHS, the FHH is

not accessible to the entire sector but i s d e d i c a t e d t o a limited number of firms. After a decade of

existence, the FHH is composed of 26 brand partners23 and has expanded its activities. It produces and

publishes specialised books and studies. More importantly, the FHH now assumes the organisation of

the second major watchmaking trade fair in Switzerland, the SIHH (Salon International de la Haute

Horlogerie), which takes place every year in Geneva. The FHH also collaborates with the FHS on anti-‐

counterfeiting, mainly by informing the public on the matter.

In a few years only, the FHH has acquired a strategic position in the network. It contributes to the

promotion of high-‐end watches, which are of primary importance for the Swiss watchmaking cluster.

The association also offers a great collaboration platform for smaller firms active on niche markets.

The FHS (Fédération de l’industrie horlogère Suisse)

The FHS (Fédération de l’industrie horlogère suisse) is the main trade association of the

watchmaking sector and the cornerstone not only of the trade network but also of the overall IFCs

network. The FHS was established in 198224 subsequent to the merger of the Chambre suisse de

l'horlogerie, established in 1876, and the Fédération horlogère Suisse, established in 1924.

The FHS represents the interests of more than 90% of the Swiss watchmaking companies, active either in

the production of components or of finished products25. In addition to its headquarters located in the

cluster (in Bienne) the association is active in Latin America, in Japan and in Hong Kong. Its main

objectives are: 1) to represent and defend the interests of the Swiss watchmaking sector towards the

authorities and the other national and international trade organizations, in Switzerland and abroad, 2) to

assume the role of legal representative of its members, in Switzerland and abroad, and 3) to

coordinate and promote the political interests of the watchmaking sector. Accordingly, the FHS

manages different sub-‐activities. First, it publishes regular statistical reports, available for the watch

companies as well as for the public. Second, it represents the sector’s interests toward the federal

authorities and is one of the main contributors to the revised Swiss made law. Moreover, as the

association represents 482 companies, it offers an inter-‐firm collaboration platform and coordinates the

interests of almost the entire sector, thus strengthening its strategic position.

Most importantly, the FHS is the key partner to the authorities in terms of anti-‐counterfeiting. The FHS

co-‐conducts investigations in Switzerland and abroad, which concentrate on the production and

distribution of counterfeited watches. The association collaborates with local authorities so to act on

production and distribution fields directly.

23 For further details, see: https://www.hautehorlogerie.org/en/the-‐foundation/manifesto/ 24 For further details, see : http://www.fhs.ch/fre/fhhistory.html 25 For further details, see : http://www.fhs.ch/fre/whoweare.html

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Conclusively, the FHS is the reference trade organisation for the Swiss watchmaking companies, the sub-‐

trade organisations, the other sector’s IFCs, the public authorities, and the public in general. It

contributes to the cluster’s competitive advantage as it has proven its ability 1) to foster inter-‐firms

collaboration, 2) to positively influence the legal business environment, and 3) to coordinate the

watch companies’ will to take action against counterfeiting. Nonetheless, the FHS does not cover the

social aspects of the watchmaking sector, which are the prerogatives of the CPIHS, as described in the

next section.

The CPIHS (Convention patronale de l'industrie horlogère suisse)

The CPIHS (Convention patronale de l'industrie horlogère suisse) is the employers’ association of the

watchmaking sector. It is affiliated with the FHS and numerous sub-‐trade organisations. The CPIHS has

3 major objectives, which are: 1) the promotion of favourable business policies for the watchmaking

sector, 2) the negotiations with trade unions, and 3) to serve as legal advisor for its members on specific

purposes. The CPIHS represents the interests of the watchmaking firms toward the public authorities

and the education institutions in numerous domains, among which the training programs. The

CPIHS has been one of the main architects of the recent training reforms. Its main contribution to

the cluster is to grant a high conformity between the training programs offered by the education

institutions and the watchmaking firms’ expectations in terms of labour capabilities and to contribute to

the sector’s labour stability by continuously collaborating with trade unions. Moreover, along with other

sub-‐employers’ associations, the CPIH actively contributes to the sustainability of the social partnership

between the firms and the labour force. Hence, more than 80% of the watchmaking employees work

under a collective bargaining agreement26. Consequently, the social capital is considerably strengthened,

thus enhancing the cluster labour force’s productivity.

Future challenges

The IFCs located within the Jura Mountains areas are playing a major role for the competitiveness of the

watchmaking cluster. They are great contributors to the watchmaking cluster’s competitive advantage.

They offer a wide range of services and contribute extensively to the setup of a competitive business

environment in accordance with the public authorities. Thanks to sophisticated education and research

institutions, the major producers have been able to face successfully the major crisis that affected

significantly the whole industry over the period 1975-‐1985. The trade and business association played

also a significant role in their ability to promote and to create synergies between the numerous activities

related to this industry. One of the uniqueness of the IFCS located in the cluster regards their scope of

activities that overlap from one type of institutions to the others (e.g. technical schools specialized in

R&D) as well the close coordination among them.

26 For further details, see : http://www.cpih.ch/fr/politique-‐patronale/conventions-‐collectives-‐de-‐travail.php

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However, the IFCs suffer from a lack of leadership in terms of cluster policy per se. The major trade

association (FHS) works de facto as the cornerstone of the network but does not hold the power to

coordinate the relationships between the three main pillars described above. Despite the intensity and

the quality of the education and training programs offered by the education institutions, the sector is still

facing a constant lack of specialized workforce. The watchmaking sector therefore relies extensively on

the out-‐territory workforce, which availability is not guaranteed. The education network’s main

challenge is therefore to attract the local potential workforce more vigorously. Moreover, the lifelong

training programs should be more developed in order to enlarge the potential labour pool. The

emergence of new products such as the smart watches as well as new trends regarding some people

segment substituting smart phone to watches push the IFCs in collaboration with the major producers to

push the innovation frontier towards new products and processes with the aim to sustain their lead in

the future.

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http://www.asrh.ch http://www.audemarspiguet.com/fr/ http://www.baselworld.com http://www.bbz-‐biel.ch/ http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/regionen/11/geo/analyse_regionen/03.html http://www.cfhge.ch http://www.cifom.ch/index.php/les-‐ecoles/ecole-‐technique http://clustermapping.us http://www.cpih.ch http://www.cpp.ch/ http://www.csem.ch/site/ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD http://www.fhs.ch/ https://www.epfl.ch http://www.eta.ch https://www.ethz.ch http://www.fondationhorlogere.ch http://www.fsrm.ch http://www.girard-‐perregaux.com/home-‐fr.aspx https://www.hautehorlogerie.org/fr/ http://www.heig-‐vd.ch http://hepia.hesge.ch http://www.hesge.ch/head/ http://icp.ge.ch/po/cfp-‐t http://ingenierie.he-‐arc.ch https://www.jobwatch.ch/fr/ https://journal.hautehorlogerie.org/fr/article/la-‐formation-‐horlogere-‐suisse-‐fait-‐peau-‐neuve/ http://microcity.epfl.ch http://www.patek.com/fr/accueil http://www.pxgroup.com https://www.richemont.com http://www.rolex.com/ https://www.sihh.org http://www.swatch.com/ch_fr/about/history.html https://www.ti.bfh.ch/fr.html http://ttnovatech.he-‐arc.ch http://www.ufgvv.ch http://www.unifr.ch http://www.unige.ch http://www.unine.ch http://www.vd.ch/etablissements-‐de-‐formation/ecole-‐technique-‐de-‐la-‐vallee-‐de-‐joux/ http://www.weforum.org/content/what-‐makes-‐switzerland-‐so-‐competitive http://www.wostep.ch http://www.wthejournal.com/site/home

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Figure 1: The FSO NOGA General Classification of the Micro-‐Mechanic Industry (3-‐, 4-‐, 6-‐digit level)

Source: Lepori (2015): data from FSO. (2012). Statistique structurelle des entreprises.

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Figure 2: LQ>1 in the Watchmaking Sector in Switzerland (MS Regions, 4-‐digit level)

1<LQ<2 2<LQ<10 10<LQ<20 20<LQ<30 30<LQ MS: Mobilité Spaciale Source: Lepori (2015): data from FSO. (2012-‐p). Statistique structurelle des entreprises.

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Figure 3: The Swiss Watchmaking Cluster Map

Source: Lepori (2015): based on Porter (2011) and on the Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry (FH).

Figure 4: The major IFCs in the Swiss watchmaking cluster

Source: Lepori (2015).

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Figure 5: The Watchmaking Oriented Training Programs


Figure 6: The Research Institutions Network


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Figure 7: The Trade Associations Network


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Table 1: Number of patents registered in the Swiss watchmaking sector (and

sub-‐sectors) and share of the Swiss watchmaking sector relative to the number

of patents registered worldwide in the watchmaking sector

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Number of patents in the sub-‐sector mechanically-‐driven clocks/watches in Switzerland

113.65 98 81.58 89.8 87.94 108.76 156.08

Number of patents in the sub-‐sector electromechanical clocks/watches in Switzerland

4.86 6.66 2.66 2.83 1.45 6.04 4.95

Number of patents in the sub-‐sector time-‐interval measuring in Switzerland

4.85 9.58 13.91 5.91 6.25 9.61 9.11

Number of patents in the sub-‐sector electronic time-‐pieces in Switzerland

-‐G)

10.63 10.6 6 4.91 3.53 5.60 8.95

Number of patents in the sector of watchmaking in Switzerland

134 124.8 104.16 103.46 99.18 130.02 179.10

Share of Swiss firms’ patents in the total of patents registered worldwide (in sub-‐sector G04-‐B;-‐C;-‐ F;-‐G) in %

64.73 59.76 56.09 62.13 55.08 60.67 69.3

G04-‐B: mechanically-‐driven clocks/watches, G04-‐C: electromechanical clocks/watches, G04-‐F: time-‐interval measuring, G04-‐G: electronic time-‐pieces, CH: Switzerland, Source: Lepori (2015) based on data from OECD. (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011). OECD Patent Database.

Table 2 Number of patents registered in the Swiss watchmaking sub-‐sector of

mechanically driven watches and share of the Swiss watchmaking sub-‐ sector of

mechanically driven watches relative to the number of patents registered

worldwide in this sub-‐sector

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Number of patents in the sub-‐sector mechanically-‐driven clocks/watches in Switzerland

113.65 98 81.583 89.8 87.945 108.766 156.083

Number of patents in the sub-‐sector mechanically-‐driven clocks/watches in the World

134.74 127.05 115.09 99.48 113.983 157.555 178.105

Share of Swiss firms’ patents in the total of patents registered worldwide (in sub-‐sector G04-‐B) in %

84.346 77.134 70.886 90.26 77.156 69.034 87.635

G04-‐B: mechanically-‐driven clocks/watches, CH: Switzerland Source: Lepori (2015) based on data from OECD. (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011). OECD Patent Database.

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