Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that

transformed the process of manufacturing goods. Starts in the

US in New England - poor soil for farming, plus plenty of

streams for water power made it a prime location for

factories. Ports were nearby allowing goods to be shipped.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented

by Eli Whitney in 1793. With time it led to an increase of

slavery because the technology made producing cotton

profitable.

Interchangeable Parts

1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system

which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus,

interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had

been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the

device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With

standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from

the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts

to make muskets for the U.S. government. (American History

version, Europeans also claim to invented the interchangeable

part concept - watchmakers)

Patent

A monopoly granted by the U.S. Patent Office for a limited

time to the creator of a new invention, giving them sole legal

rights of the invention and its profits.

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain

with the memorized plans for the textile (cloth) machinery;

put into operation the first spinning cotton thread machine in

1791.

Francis Cabot Lowell

Boston merchant who had an idea to combine spinning and

weaving under one roof. He formed the Boston Associates.

They built a textile mill in Massachusetts and had all machines

needed to turn raw cotton into cloth. He employed young

women in his factories that were nicknamed "Lowell Girls"

Corporation

A business owned by

stockholders who share in its

profits but are not personally

responsible for its debts

Capitalism

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of

the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth

is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or

corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-

owned means of wealth.

Daniel Boone

Famous early pioneer who

cleared Wilderness Road, a new

route to the west. Wilderness

Road became the main route

used to cross the Appalachian

Mountains.

Turnpike

A road that one must pay to use; the money is used to pay for

the road. In the 1800's they were made of crushed stone, or

longs lined up against each other 'corduroy roads'

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially

successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

His first steam boat was named the Clermont (1807) and cut

the 4 day trip from NY City to Albany to 32 hours.

American System

Economic program advanced by

Henry Clay that included support for

a national bank, high tariffs, and

infrastructure (roads, bridges,

canals) emphasized strong role for

federal government in the economy.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo,

completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the

modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship

surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern

manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. The

363 mile long canal nick named 'Clinton's Ditch' after the

governor of NY was built mainly by Irish immigrants.

New states

Between 1791 - 1803 four new stated were added to the

Union: Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio.

Between 1816 - 1821, 5 more were added, Indiana, Illinois,

Mississippi, Alabama, and Missouri.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms (1817-1825), a

period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial

expansion. Since the Federalist Party dissolved after the War

of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan

conflicts.

Second Bank of the United States

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress

had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter.

The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which

had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of

existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's

presidency.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the

prices of British manufactured goods, which were often

cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

(helped businesses but hurt consumers)

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate

cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to

conflict as the areas all favor their own interests.

Monopoly

A market in which there are

many buyers but only one

seller.

Interstate Commerce

economic activity between two or more states. In Gibbons v.

Ogden the Supreme Court ruled Congress and the Federal

government had control over interstate commerce.

Spain Loses Power

In 1821 Mexico had gained its

independence from Spain. By

1824, Simion Bolivar had won

independence for many

present day South & Central

American nations. Spain had

lost control of most of its land

in the western hemisphere.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It

was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine

entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel

were free states and all South were slave states.

Adam Onis Treaty

After 1783, Americans immigrants moved into West Florida. In

1810, these American settlers in West Florida rebelled,

declaring independence from Spain. In 1818 Andrew Jackson

and his troops invaded Florida to stop Seminoles from raiding

Georgia. In 1819 Spain signed the Adam- Onis Treaty giving

over Florida.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs

of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at

interference by a European power would be seen as a threat

to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has

gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It

was written at a time when many South American nations

were gaining independence).