DO NOW:DO NOW:

What does this cartoon say about working conditions during the Industrial Revolution?

A. England had resources - ________, _______, _______, ________ and _______________.

B. B. England had a wealthy upper class and bourgeoisie that used their capital to build mines and factories and buy machines and large farms for profit.

C. England’s economy was strong because it had colonies that supplied resources.

D. England’s naval superiority was an advantage because it protected trade routes.

harborsa good climate

workerscoal

iron

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in England?

From Agricultural Revolution to Industrial Revolution

Inventions Spur Technological AdvancesInventions Spur Technological AdvancesBritain’s textile industry would be the first to be transformed. By 1800,

several inventions had modernized the cotton industry.

1733 – John Kay – “Flying Shuttle”

A shuttle sped back and forth on wheels. The flying shuttle, a boat-shaped piece of wood to which yarn was attached, doubled the work a

weaver could do in a day.

1764 – James Hargreaves – “Spinning Jenny”

A spinning wheel used to weave yarn. It allowed a spinner to work 8 threads at a

time.

1769 – Richard Arkwright – “Water Frame”

Used water-power from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels.

Richard Arkwright:“Father of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Father of the Factory

System”

Inventions Spur Technological AdvancesInventions Spur Technological AdvancesBritain’s textile industry would be the first to be transformed. By 1800,

several inventions had modernized the cotton industry.

1779 – Samuel Crompton – “Spinning Mule”

Combined the features of the spinning jenny and the water frame to make thread that was

stronger and finer.

1787 – Edmund Cartwright - “Power Loom”

Run by water-power. Sped up weaving.

What were the advantages and What were the advantages and disadvantages of these new machines?disadvantages of these new machines?

Cloth merchants could boost profits by speeding up production Needed to be run by __________ The machines were large and expensive. This took the work of spinning and weaving out of the house and into the factory. Progress in the textile industry spurred other technological inventions.

Cloth merchants could boost profits by speeding up production Needed to be run by __________ The machines were large and expensive. This took the work of spinning and weaving out of the house and into the factory. Progress in the textile industry spurred other technological inventions.

waterpowerwaterpower

1765 – ___________ – “Steam Engine”

Need for a cheap, convenient source of power was met with the invention of the steam engine.

James Watt

Improvements in TransportationImprovements in TransportationRoad Transportation

John McAdam – Paved Roads – Early 1800s

Equipped roadbeds with a layer of large stones for drainage. On top, he placed a smoothed layer of crushed rock. Previously, rain and mud often made roads impassable and men were known to

drown in potholes.

Steam Locomotives George Stephenson – “The

Rocket” - 1829

Impact of the RailroadsImpact of the Railroads Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport material and finished products.

Railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners.

Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport material and finished products.

Railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners.

Impact of the RailroadsImpact of the Railroads

The railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities.

By making travel easier, railroads encouraged people to take distant city jobs.

The railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities.

By making travel easier, railroads encouraged people to take distant city jobs.

Conditions in the in the Coal MinesConditions in the in the Coal Mines

18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

18801880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners

19141914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

Working Conditions Were

Harsh:

• There were rigid schedules with

_______________

________long 12-14 hour work days and

few breaks

Work was the same day after day, week after week.

Conditions in the Cotton MillConditions in the Cotton Mill

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

Girl at Weaving Machine in Textile MillGirl at Weaving Machine in Textile Mill

Girls in Box FactoryGirls in Box Factory

• Women and children were _________________

• Wages were low

paid less than men

Glimpse of the Outside WorldGlimpse of the Outside World

What types of things do you think this young girl dreams of as she looks What types of things do you think this young girl dreams of as she looks out the factory window?out the factory window?

II. New energy sources were found that would help work new machines and inventions.

A. Traditionally, __________ and _________ labor were used to do work.

B. _________ and ________ had been used to move wheels that would then move machine parts in mills.

C. Then, _________ was discovered to burn hotter and longer than wood and was used to create steam that would then be compressed in engines in order to move parts of machinery such as rotors or levers.

D. Henry Bessemer discovered that coal could be used to heat mineral ore and remove the iron. Then he discovered that smelting coal and iron made ________. This became known as the _____________________.

human animal

Wind water

coal

steelBessemer process

Children At WorkChildren At Work

There were high injury rates. Frequent accidents _____________________(Ex: lost limbs in machines)

The FactoryThe Factory

There was no ___________.

Workers were fired for being sick, working too slow, or for no reason at all.

job security

Fish CuttersFish Cutters

Living Conditions for New Working ClassLiving Conditions for New Working ClassUrbanization:

Cities became more common and more populated – some ___________________

Urbanization:

Cities became more common and more populated – some ___________________doubled or tripled in size

Living ConditionsLiving Conditions

Rear View of a Rear View of a Tenement Tenement BuildingBuilding

• People migrated to cities looking for work, especially unemployed farmers due to the ______________.Enclosure Acts

Working class Working class neighborhood in neighborhood in Industrial LondonIndustrial London

• Cities were dirty and dangerous. There was a lack of sanitation laws, no fire and police departments, no running water.

Families inside a tenement buildingFamilies inside a tenement building

Life In a Tenement HouseLife In a Tenement House

Change in Social StructureChange in Social Structure

• The ______________Aristocratic nobles and landowners still had wealth and power

• The New Capitalist Upper Class (New Rich or Nouveau Riche)They were ____________ who used their money to buy

and build factories and run large businesses.

Traditional elite

entreprenuers

The Industrial New Rich, or Nouveau Riche

The Industrial New Rich, or Nouveau Riche

• The New Middle Class Professionals, investors, ___________ They were financially stable, educated,

and they aspired to become upper class.

merchants

Middle-Class (rich) American family in Paris.

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Many unemployed craftsmen and weavers began destroying the

machines that had taken their jobs.

These attackers became known as

Luddites, supposedly

followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore

figure.

The New Working ClassPoor, unskilled,

_________________, no political power. No

longer peasant farmers

uneducated

1. Use three words to describe your emotions as you view each painting

The Wanderer above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich, 1818

The Stone Breakers by Gustave Courbet,

1849

Do Now:

2. How does each painting reflect the changing world of the Industrial Revolution?

Art reflects people’s emotions and concerns of

their time!

_____________ – Artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late

18th century and stressed strong emotion,

imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art

forms, and rebellion against social conventions.

The Wanderer above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich

Romanticism

_____________ – Artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the mid 19th century as a rejection of Romanticism. Subjects are neither historical, religious or

heroic.  Usually portray ordinary people doing ordinary things and does not idealize their struggle for existence.

_____________ – Artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the mid 19th century as a rejection of Romanticism. Subjects are neither historical, religious or

heroic.  Usually portray ordinary people doing ordinary things and does not idealize their struggle for existence.

Realism

The Stone Breakers by Gustave Courbet, 1849

Reactions to Poor ConditionsReactions to Poor Conditions• Workers began to gather together to express their concerns• Peterloo Massacre – 1819, worker rally was ended by soldiers who killed 11 people and injured 400.• This led to a real fear from those in power of the possibility of revolution.

• Workers began to gather together to express their concerns• Peterloo Massacre – 1819, worker rally was ended by soldiers who killed 11 people and injured 400.• This led to a real fear from those in power of the possibility of revolution.

• Workers formed Labor Unions seeking better wages and working conditions. • Workers organized and threatened to strike or boycott. • Eventually, laws were passed that stopped child labor, set shorter working hours,

and safer working conditions were introduced.

• Workers formed Labor Unions seeking better wages and working conditions. • Workers organized and threatened to strike or boycott. • Eventually, laws were passed that stopped child labor, set shorter working hours,

and safer working conditions were introduced.

Labor Unions Labor Unions

Evolutionary Change

Evolutionary Change

New Government Functions

• Public education for children until

age 12

• Wider welfare measures to increase workers’ standard of living (Higher wages, less hours)

• __________________ – Gave the Parliamentary right to vote to

most middle-class men

• Chartist Movement – 1830-1850

• Reform Act of 1857 – Gave universal Male suffrage

• Representation of the People Act 1928 – Women’s suffrage

New Government Functions

• Public education for children until

age 12

• Wider welfare measures to increase workers’ standard of living (Higher wages, less hours)

• __________________ – Gave the Parliamentary right to vote to

most middle-class men

• Chartist Movement – 1830-1850

• Reform Act of 1857 – Gave universal Male suffrage

• Representation of the People Act 1928 – Women’s suffrage Chartist Movement

Workers wanted equality and participation in political system.

Reform Act of 1832

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

× People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.

× Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

× Tried to build perfect communities, or Utopias.

× People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.

× Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

× Tried to build perfect communities, or Utopias.

MARXISM – COMMUNISMMARXISM – COMMUNISM