1760-1840

Before THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Lived differently then today.• 9 out of 10 people lived in rural areas.• No electricity, no telephones, no cars etc.• Ordinary people make things by hands they

needed.• Slow pace• No education• Quiet world

The origins of the industrial revolution

The industrial revolution definition

• A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.

• The Industrial Revolution, beginning in Great Britain, quickly spread throughout the world.

• This time period saw the mechanization of agriculture and textile manufacturing and a revolution in power (i.e., steam ships and railroads)

• Had a massive effect on social, cultural and economic conditions.

Why it happened in BritainThere are three main factors why the industrial revolution occurred in Britain.

•Coal•woodenergy•There policies on scientific development allowed innovators to create and improve without having permission from the state.science

•the government played a very important role•No other nation had a naval power anywhere near that of Britain during this periodfinance

• "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary

people have begun to undergo sustained growth.“

• It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of

iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade

expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads

and railways.

THE INNOVATIONS

• The Steam Engine : invented by James Watt in 1785

• Key power source• A steam engine is a heat engine that performs

mechanical work using steam as its working fluid

• The Railway : A meaningful symbol of the new age which in turn had consequences for architecture - stations, bridges, tunnels.

• The Steam Boat : An important means of transportation which in turn had consequences for mass migration from across the globe.

The Importance of the Industrial Revolution For Architecture

• The need for fancy architecture left and the need for industrial architecture took place

• Instead of beautifully made buildings that were designed to impress buildings were made with just the industry in mind.

• No fancy types of architecture just plain architecture that was created to make sure that the facility worked efficiently.

• This movement made it possible for production to become easier and for more people to have many different types of architecture to choose from.

Materials used during industral revolution

Cast iron

Wrought iron

glass

Cast iron• For a long time before the industrial revolution the

most used metal was pig iron.• However with the industrial revolution the price of

cast iron decreased considerably and by 1850 use of cast iron increased dramatically.

• How is it made?• Improving pig iron by using coke as a fuel.

• How was it used in the building industry?• Due to its strength in compression it was used as

columns in factories• Cast iron also replaced the use of wood columns in

factories and mills.

Gardeners warehouse, Glasgow, 1856

Wrought iron• Wrought iron reached its production peak in the 1860s

when most of it was being used to make ironclad ships and railways

• However the technology only allowed for small sections to be made, thes esmall sections were the riveted to create beams and trusse smostly used in the construction of bridges.

• How was it made• Wrought iron was, like cast iron, derived from pig iron.• The major difference was its lower carbon content, at the

time it was considered pure iron because its carbon content was considerably lower than cast iron.

• How was it used in the building industry?• Wrought iron did not see glory days like cast iron, it was

used primarily in flooring and roofing systems and was therefore mostly covered.

Wrought iron floor beam - 1780s

Glass

• How was it used in the building industry?• The new system of blowing glass meant that

larger windows could be used in the building industry creating larger windows for factories to allow the workers to more natural sunlight.

• A major advantage of the new process was that glass panels could be made in bigger sizes

Crystal palace, a look at a large scale project

• The crystal palace was the main exhibition hall that would host the great exhibition now known as “world expo”.

• The building was a simple rectangular shape measuring 563.27m long and 124.36m wide save an extrusion on the north side measuring 14.63m deep and 285.29m long. The highest point of the building is 20.12m above the floor level.

Iron Bridge, the first approach to metal construction

• When it opened in 1779 over the river seven it was revolutionary

• It was the first large construction to be built entirely of metal. It was the beginning of the industrial revolution in architecture and inspired everything from bridges to skyscrapers.

• With a span of 30.5 meters and a clearance below of 18 meters it was a huge project.

Residential design• During the industrial revolution urbanization was very important to the

changing of British architecture• The layouts of back to back houses were extremely compact with a

basement.• A lobby/living space and an upstairs room, the kitchen and toilets were

communal and often shared between 16 households. • house could have from 1 to 3 families living inside and even possible

animals.

Improved back to back houses