industrial geography. the “pre-industrial” world industrial development occurred before the...
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INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY
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The “Pre-industrial” World
• Industrial development occurred before the Industrial Revolution– India and China– European commercial companies
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The Industrial Revolution
• Growing European domestic markets & a lacking labor force
• Increased transportation and communications
• Steam-power for ocean-going vessels
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The Location Decision
• Secondary industries are less dependent on resource location
– Distance decay
• Weber's model: the “least cost theory”– Minimization of three critical expenses
1. Transportation costs
2. Labor costs
3. Agglomeration
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Factors of Industrial Location
• Market mechanism and relationships between supply and demand
• Raw materials– Transportation costs affect industry location
• Labor– Cost of labor still looms large in location of
industry
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Factors of Industrial Location
• Transportation– Crucial factor
• Infrastructure– All services offered by an area or city
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Factors of Industrial Location
• Energy
• Other factors– Clustering– Political stability– Taxation policies– Environmental conditions
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RESOURCE GEOGRAPHY
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Major Industrial Regions
• Only a few countries are major industrial economies
• Mapping industrial concentrations bring out certain primary industrial regions– Each consists of one or more core areas
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First-round Industrialization: Through World War I
• Beginning global industrial patterns in Europe– Changed between late 18th & early 20th centuries– Britain’s colonial empire– Industrial Revolution spread to the mainland
• Belgium
– Were largely transformed between the late-eighteenth and early-twentieth centuries by diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
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Paris
German Silesia
German Saxony
German Ruhr
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First-round Industrialization: Through World War I
• Manufacturing in North America– Began in New England– Began early in New York– Natural resources– Developed transportation systems– Coal reserves widely spread– Catching up with Europe ~end of WW I
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Mid-20th Century Industrialization
• Oil and Gas– US oil & gas
consumption = high per capita
– Dependence on external fuel supplies affects 3 of 4 world industrial regions
– Largest oil & gas reserves?
• Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Russia
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Mid-20th Century Industrialization
• North America– Escaped industrial destruction of WW I– Had a new global political stature– Highly-developed infrastructure and workforce– Emerged from Depression with industrial
dominance
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Mid-20th Century Industrialization
• Europe– Rapid post-WW I recovery– The Rühr became Europe’s greatest industrial
complex– Saxony anchored by Leipzig and Dresden– Silesia– World War II destroyed lots of its infrastructure– Late 1950s rebound– European colonial empires were disintegrating
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Mid-20th Century Industrialization
• The former Soviet Union– Ukraine– Would have probably developed anyway...– St. Petersburg (Leningrad)– The Volga began development in mid-1930s– The Volga post-World War II– Urals region– Siberia– Port of Vladivostok– New port of Nakhodka
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Mid-20th Century Industrialization
• Eastern Asia– Japan– Japan’s four key
industrial districts• The Kanto Plain• The Kansai District• The Kitakyushu District• The Toyama District
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• China– Has a substantial
resource base• The Northeast
District• The Northen
Industrial District• Shanghai and the
Chang (Yangzi) District
• The Guangdong District
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Mid-20th Century Industrialization
• The larger context– Industrialization in the Northern Hemisphere
throughout resource-rich zone– Industrial concentration was spotty elsewhere– Northern Hemisphere Industrial Zone– Other areas have significant resources, but
lack population & technology
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The Late 20th Century and Beyond
The “Four Tigers” South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore
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The Late 20th Century and Beyond
• Other parts of the Pacific Rim– China’s coastal provinces– East Asia becoming the world’s most productive
industrial cluster– China’s growing economy– The Three Gorges Dam will change the
economic and environmental landscape– Northeast District has become China’s rustbelt– Russia’s Far East is enjoying industrial growth
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The Late 20th Century and Beyond• Secondary industrial regions
– Only Brazil and Mexico have substantial manufacturing industries– The maquiladora district
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The Late 20th Century and Beyond
• Secondary industrial regions– The North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)– The Free Trade Area of the Americas
• Thoughts?? Implications??
– Industrial development in India
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Discussion Question
So far, in 21st century, United States’ reliance on foreign energy resources is greater than in the 1970s. Why?