Economic GeographyPart III Structural Change in American and

Canadian Cities Industrial Location Theory and

Manufacturing Dynamics Geography of Agriculture: Land Use and

Contemporary Trends

Spatial Evolution of the American Metropolis Phases of urban development Prior to 1850: pedestrian city

Horse car era Conventional Railways Trackside manufacturing corridors

Street car era 1890-electricity and traction motor Inter-urban Railways/Radial Railways Streetcar suburbs/Industrial satellites

Spatial Evolution of the American Metropolis Recreational automobile from 1940 (?)

NY, NJ, Mass, Penna Turnpikes - tolls Queen Elizabeth Way 1939 Interstate Highway Act 1956 Rapid suburban expansion-residential

Freeway Era from 1970 Suburban commerce/employment Reverse commuting

Eras of transportation technology and changing urban morphology

Trolley Film

Omnibus→horse car Steam locomotion- not in city streets

ElevatedsCable cars

Electric streetcar by 1890sRapid growth large cities and smallOff-peak service to recreational areas

3rd Avenue and 5th St. South, 1912

Opening of Rotary Beach, Henderson Lake, 1926

13th St North, Streetcar suburb

Westminster Village, Failed BRZ

Streetcar loop City edge,

1912-1947

Working class housing ribbon served by streetcar line

St Basil’s School, 1914

PCC Car Toronto Harbourfront High density

waterfront redevelopment

Obsolescence of working port facilities

Suburbanization: What is new? North American City

Positive income/status-distance gradientLow densityAuto orientedUrban policy

Federal-state/provincial-municipal levels of intervention

Inner city/inner suburban stability in Canada Decline in U.S. Outer suburban growth

U.S. Policies Favour Suburban Growth in Contrast to Canada Housing finance

FHA/VA mortgage guarantees Mortgages tax deductible in U.S.

1956 Interstate Highway Act Inner city freeways Beltways – irony! Transit ridership low Cheap fuel dependence

Inner city housing projects Urban social caricature of U.S.-Canadian contrast ‘White flight’ & ‘Tipping point’

vs. Multiculturalism, diversity, gentrification