improving maslow’s hierarchy of needs: new approach to ...€¦ · maslow’s hierarchy of needs...

Applied mathematics in Engineering, Management and Technology 1 (1) 2013:1-16 [email protected]

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Abstract: In this article Maslow's hierarchy of needs is reviewed with two viewpoints: critical and supportive. We try to extract and classify the relevant subject related to the research content after studying and analysis of documents. Thus, because of their common characters, the needs that have been cited from some scientists could be gathered and make some new levels.The new Maslow's hierarchy of needs has been presented in this research and we added three levels EPISTEMOLOGY, LOG and EROS (Freedom), Which the relation between the new levels has been introduced in the body of this article. According to discussed items we can now present a new model for human hierarchy of needs. Also, we use a mathematical approach to increase the validity of research. In this article we subject new model for human excellence. This model subjected that man in Eros is a free man because he is able to relatively control his needs. This is why he is moving in the direction of relative needless.

Keywords: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, EPISTEMOLOGY, LOG, EROS 1. Introduction Our subject of study in this article is hierarchy of needs both from structural and functional aspect. It considers the arrangements of needs and the relationship between its components and the whole needs of the person. It means that if a need does not shape in its proper place then its purpose is flawed. It means if the need doesn’t figure in places, its purpose is flawed, in other word overall disciplines encounter with problem and that ability comes to change. Where the power agreed to take, another form of power occurs. It means there is a relationship between power and need, new perspectives and relative certainty or probability that making shocks to needs may be positive or negative. We need an intelligent power which is related to wisdom. Whatever collective and personal wisdom increased, intelligence power will increase. In recent years, according to the new technologies the human needs and also the driving forces of needs whose fuel is Eros, have changed. Their definition also needs to be reviewed and revised. 2. Research background it has been more than sixty years that the Maslow hierarchy of needs is discussed in the field of psychology and management. In Table 1 some of the researches in the same field are listed:

Table 1: Research background Authors year Research subject Reference

Lawler & Porter 1967 The Effect of Performance On Job Satisfaction ]31[

Hall & Nougaim 1968 An Examination of Maslow's Need Hierarchy in an Organizational Setting. ]38[

Ghiselli & Johnson 1970 Need Satisfaction, Managerial Success, and Organizational ]32[

Improving Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: New Approach to needs hierarchy

Babak Nemati1

Department of Accounting and Management, Payam Noor university, Damavand, P.C.: 1658153764, Iran,

http://[email protected]

Applied mathematics in Engineering, Management and Technology 1 (1) 2013 B. Nemati

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Structure Brenner, Vincent C.,

Carmack, Claude W., and Weinstein, Mark G

1971 An Empirical Test of the Motivation-Hygiene Theory ]23[

Lawler & Suttle 1972 A Causal Correlation Test of the Need Hierarchy Concept. ]39[

Wahba & Bridwell 1976 Maslow reconsidered: a review of research on the need hierarchy theory. Organizational behavior and human

performance ]29[

Barling 1976 An Empirical Test of the Career Stages Alternative to Maslow's Need Hierarchy Concept in One Industrial Setting ]35[

Porat 1977 Guttmann Scale Test for Maslow Need Hierarchy ]36[

Sirgy, M. J. 1986 A quality-of-life theory derived from Maslow's developmental perspective: 'quality' is related to progressive satisfaction of a

hierarchy of needs, lower order and higher ]25[

Manning & Curtis 1988 Human Behavior: Why People Do What They Do. ]33[

Seeley 1992 Human needs and consumer economics: the implications of

Maslow's theory of motivation for consumer expenditure patterns

]27[

Heylighen 1992 A Cognitive-Systematic Reconstruction of Maslow's Theory of Self- Actualization. Behavioral Science ]28[

Soper, Milford & Rosenthal 1995 Belief when evidence does not support theory ]30[ Rowan 1999 Ascent and Descent in Maslow’s Theory ]24[

Benson & Dundis 2003 Understanding and Motivating Health Care Employees: Integrating Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Training and

Technology. ]34[

Reiss & Havercamp 2005 Motivation in Developmental Context: A New Method for Studying Self-Actualization ]37[

3.Literature

- Maslow's Pyramid

Maslow's hierarchy of basic Needs of human beings is in the form of a pyramid with 5 floors. Lower floors of the pyramid indicate the more critical and simpler needs and upper floors the more complicated but less vital ones. [2] The needs in higher levels are considered only when the lower ones are resolved.. When a person is promoted to higher levels, the needs in lower levels are not important for him anymore. When requires a need in lower levels, he increases its priority temporarily but never comes back to lower levels.[1]

Table 2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level in Hierarchy Maslow Need Description

5 Self-Actualization Needs 4 Self-Esteem or Ego Needs 3 Love and Belonging Needs 2 Need for Safety and Security 1 Biological and Physiological needs

-Evolution model of Maslow hierarchy


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Although Maslow’s final model cites seven hierarchical levels of needs, early expressions cited only the first five levels and it is the more primitive expression of Maslow’s model that remains most

familiar and most commonly referenced. Maslow identified the most basic needs as physiological ones and added others in ascending order as provided in Table 2. [41]

Table 3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – 1970 Expression [41] Level in Hierarchy Maslow Need Description

7 Aesthetic Needs 6 The Desire to Know and Understand 5 Self-Actualization Needs 4 Self-Esteem or Ego Needs 3 Love and Belonging Needs 2 Need for Safety and Security 1 Physiological Needs

“Our traditional organizations are designed to provide for the first three levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs: food, shelter, and belonging. Since these are now widely available to members of industrial society, our organizations do not provide significantly unique opportunities to command the loyalty and commitment of our people. The ferment in management will continue until organizations begin to address the higher order needs: self-respect and self-actualization.” [41] [42]

table4: Adapted 8 level Hierarchy of Needs diagram, based on Maslow’s theory (1990) Level in Hierarchy Maslow Need Description

8 Transcendence 7 Self-actualization 6 Aesthetic needs 5 Cognitive needs 4 Esteem needs 3 Belongingness and Love needs 2 Safety needs 1 Biological and Physiological needs

4. Expressing the problem and the necessity for research

If we review the past of humanity we observe that it has gone through three main periods: first period, the period of agriculture, The infrastructure of which is land. , next Period began with the industrial revolution called Industrial age that Factories were the main infrastructure. And now we are living at post industrial age that knowledge and wisdom are the main infrastructure. At this age human knows highest level of their wisdom. Due to this thinking, human cultures and insights are at the higher level of its long way human evolution history. In this condition it will be difficult for human beings to accept the superiority of other people upon himself like the past. The situation in current era is such that a person is subordinate of some people and boss for some other people simultaneously. This role conflict has confused people and their needs. According to the explanations given about the age of wisdom in this research, we seek to answer the following questions:

1- Regarding 8 levels of Maslow hierarchy of needs, could any human being reach to such perfection that does not have any need?

2- Does Maslow hierarchy of needs satisfy all of human being needs?


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3- Whether Maslow’s model could be improved? Answering the above mentioned question can introduce a new model for improvement of human needs.

5. Research method and concept model research Determination of information collection methods in every project and research is directly related to the nature, purpose of the research and study and also its executive strategies. In this case, which is a scientific research with a vast scope, our research method would have the library and mathematical approach. So by studying the documents and records, different intuitive, deductive, judgment, comparative and combination methods would be used to analyze the information.

Figure1: research conceptual model 6.Maslow’s hierarchy of needs shortcoming (defect) Einstein’s thought as a person who had the knowledge and awareness about the direction of science could guide us to the needs beyond the ones that Maslow has noticed. He said:” I want to know how God created this world. I'm not interested in this or that phenomenon, in the spectrum of this or that element. I want to know His thoughts, the rest are details.” [43] Could we place this need in the last level of Maslow’s needs? Or what about Hawking’s idea that says in order to find a final theory we have to know God’s idea. In which level of Maslow‘s need we can place it? However, Einstein was the Theorist of uncertainty principle, and was dealing with probabilities who believed: “God does not play dice” or "God does not play dice with the universe" [43] In this case we have to look for some new definitions for some of our feelings and needs which have not been seen until now In this approach, using Einstein’s idea, we have to change our view towards God:” God is subtle but he is not malicious.” [43] This sentence is a confess about ignoring a real role in the hierarchy of needs and that is the role of God. Hielin (1992) also admits that there is a defect in Maslow’s hierarchy. He has studied Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from an independent system viewpoint. Hielin believed that self-actualization should be defined and formulated again. He understood this level and in response to the chaos has been interpreted to terminal, and to introduce its three components: material, cognitive, subjective He believes that weakness in responding to the needs is because of two reasons. One scarcity or lack of resources and other knowledge incompetence. The first analysis is derived from Maslow’s hierarchy and the second; he believes is missing in the hierarchy of Maslow. Empowerment of society as a way to overcome the first reason and strengthening cognitive and intellectual with education is possible through in the society. In 1970 Maslow has added cognitive level to his proposed hierarchy which shows his awareness of its defect. In his research he has mentioned some needs which could be placed in the higher levels of his hierarchy. Some examples are: Perfection (balance and harmony) Wholeness (unity) . . . Reiss (2005) after studying the hierarchy of Maslow, Reiss proposed some new factors:

Study documents related to the

research

Study and analysis of presented

methods related to the research.

Extract and classify the subjects related

to the research

Suggesting suitable method for current and future researches.


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Table 5. Reiss’s 16 Basic Desires (Adapted from Reiss, 2004 and Have camp and Reiss, 2003.[41]

Reiss’ Dimensions of Motivation Dimension Name Intrinsic Feeling Basic Goal (Core Value) Acceptance positive self-regard approval (inclusion) Curiosity wonderment desire for knowledge / cognition (truth) Eating satiation desire to eat (sustenance / desire to live) Family love desire to raise children (family values) Honor loyalty desire for sound character (following a traditional moral code) Idealism compassion desire to improve society (justice, altruism) Independence freedom desire for autonomy (self-reliance) Order stability organization (precision, cleanliness) Physical Exercise

vitality muscle movement (strength)

Power self-efficacy desire to influence (leadership, glory, dominance) Romance lust/beauty sex (sensuality) Saving ownership collection (frugality) Social Contact belonging / fun desire for peer companionship (groups) Status self-importance desire for prestige, stature (social class) Tranquility inner peace /

relaxation desire for personal safety (prudence, avoidance of anxiety, fear and pain)

Vengeance vindication retaliation (self-defense, engage in competition)

Of course some of the researchers also understood the lack of the hierarchy of needs in the field of social science. Adler and Chen (2009) have paid attention to social rewards and have described Maslow behavior with the needs of communication and social reward. Porter (1979) Unlike Maslow, Porter has seen autonomy as a separate need. Maslow counts it as subset to self-actualization [21]. 7.Discovering new needs of organization Abraham Maslow introduced his famous pyramid in his book of motivation and character in 1954. He was influenced by the atmosphere and situation of that time. The organization theory entered in the realm of biology science With putting forward the following idea:” Employees are people with complex needs that if we want them to do their duties effectively and conduct their activities properly in the work place, their needs should be satisfied.” [3] According to Figure 3 in the 1950 Human capital and manufacturing was a main value for human But according to the figure, today awareness and knowledge are the major human assets. The result is a need for a revision of Maslow pyramid.


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Figure2: evolution of human knowledge 8. Necessity of Modification in Maslow’s pyramid For the formation of needless organizations there must be a revised in Maslow pyramid. Because self actualization is not suitable for the formation of such organizations But for achieving this, we should pass lower levels, according to Maslow theory [4]. the reason of correction of Maslow hierarchy in this paper is due to the fact that Development of human societies over time and new perspectives and new technologies are changing the human personality Typically, So new definitions of human character should be provided. Maslow pyramid is a model that illustrates the hierarchy of human character accurately and it can be revised according to the situation of societies today and add more layers of character to it [6],[5] As known, the levels of Self-actualization and Self-esteem were added to the revised model in 1970. This was due to the new trend that started from Physics and continued towards the role and depth of soul. Maslow considers self-actualization as a process not as an end to a status. A person is constantly in the process of getting near to their unique capabilities. We have to claim that the human being is much propelled towards spiritual values nowadays, so adding new layers to Maslow’s pyramid is mandatory. Referring to figure 3 we can understand how much his values have changed from physical to intellectual and notional over the past 50 years and with time passing knowledge has become his main capital. Maslow himself believed that there should be some revisions in his proposed model, so he put forward Metaneeds. He argues that there are some needs that will be in the level of self-actualization but could be placed in higher levels either [40]. we think that we can add new layers to this model. Authors of this article suggest three needs of Epistemology, log and Eros (Freedom) which could be arranged as the following table, according to Maslow’s Metaneeds:

Table 6: implementation of the Maslow metaneeds proposal with proposed levels

Proposed level Metaneeds of Maslow Metaneeds of article authors

Eros or freedom

Wholeness (unity) Perfection (balance and harmony)

Completion (ending) Liveliness (spontaneity)

Uniqueness (individuality)

Unrealistic optimism

Omniscience Omnipotence

Invulnerability

1985

Produce

Ground

Worker

Asset

Quality

Service

Information

Wisdom 1990

1975

1970

1960

1950

1940

1930

Physics

Thought


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Playfulness (ease) Autonomy (self-sufficiency)

log

Simplicity (essence) Egocentrism

Truth (reality) Meaningfulness (values)

……

epistemology Justice (fairness) Beauty (rightness of form) …….

In the suggested new model in this research, new levels of human needs are expressed which can lead man to relative needlessness. In this model we have focused much on satisfying spiritual needs. In the following part each of suggested needs of Epistemology, Log and Eros and their relations are explained in detail.

• Epistemology Science as a fact can be studied from two aspects. First existential and ontological which is related to science itself, its origin and ….. And has no relation with fact. The second is narrative aspect of science and knowledge which considers the relation between science and realism and possibility of reaching reality and matching with it. [12]The first one is considered in “ontology of knowledge” and the second-which is our discussion- is considered in Epistemology. Our knowledge about future is always associated with uncertainty and the probability of change in future always exists. That it would not be as our expectations and predictions. [11] According to this view, the human needs will be accompanied by uncertainty and could not be predicted. With this thought we can ask the following questions about human needs and answering these questions could shape our view in this article. Is there a higher level of need? If the answer is yes, could it achieve? If it is achievable, is it definite and for certain? If it is for certain, what are the tools to achieve? Whether this certain knowledge is conforming to the fact? What is the criterion for its conforming and correct meaning? To answer these questions we can take benefit from the principle of relativity in Epistemology which is described below:

• Epistemology of Relativity

View of epistemology, this means recognizing the relativity of human knowledge from the view of Epistemology, which could be contemplated in the form of human needs. Absolute truth (i.e., complete and consistent reflection of reality in human consciousness, in its components and in his relationship) exists only in the ideal form of human consciousness (or the regulator idea). So this is the reason why the human needs are relative. The vision depends on the location and position; the perspective from which this formulation can be achieved, although we see a gradual process of identifying needs and we are always adding to human knowledge, however, this process is infinite and incomplete, because it depends on historical trends. Recognizing the need for any finite, this is in the process and is able to reflect parts of the overall process. Or even the threat of loss understands the potential needs.

• Epistemology and its relation to aesthetic

The fact is that people are affected by their surroundings. Herzberg states: people are dissatisfied by the poor environment by rarely are satisfied by good environment. ' [44] This prominently reveals the necessity of living in good environment. Good environment can be considered with the different parameters the beauty of the environment can be considered among the most obvious features of a good environment. Human being who cares for a beautiful environment . . ., does not need to place it in the hierarchy of needs? So this was the reason that Maslow discussed aesthetic after dealing with desire to know. In all judgments about beauty, emotions of a passive person are considered which causes the same feeling of joy or pain in the observers.


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In any place or situation that empathy is not felt, associating the images and visions are not practical. In fact, who use them is desirable and enjoyable and we as observers can enjoy the same feelings in

ourselves. Hume believes . . . . Are called aesthetics. [14] It is correct that we- because of empathy- enjoy many things like other people, but this is not because of personal benefit or advantage. The feeling of enjoy for the owner is caused by the benefits he gets but for us it is derived from the sense of owning by the owner.. Useful home only as a component of the house is designed so that residents are well served, we will create a sense of beauty. In fact Hume thinks that usefulness is a beautifying quality that changes into a formal or superficial quality and is considered only from the aspect of pure appearance. [15] Generally we can say that the beauty of Hume is calm Reflective Impression. The term is necessary for presenting the outline of his epistemology He believes that All our perceptions are divided into imaginations and impression. Impressions are data through the experience and wish them all the feelings, interactions with our emotions and passions. Imaginations are mild mental forms of impressions. [16]

• Log

Maslow said: What a man can be should be. This need is called Theology. [45] But Einstein’s curiosity about God’s way of thinking is not necessarily what people want to be. But it is the need of man to understand the meanings which still exists as a black box in his thoughts. According to Frankl theory, human have fundamental motivation, and it (the will is focused on meaning). Frankel freedom means the freedom of three things: 1- instincts 2- blood and habits 3- environment [7] the following question is raised in this regard that helps to understand the meaning and log. • How can human beings find meaning of life? Victor Frankl believes that a healthy and mature man is ? Being a complete human means joining to something beyond yourself. Man only can experience evolution when he makes a meaning realized in his life.enetics and evironment.rol is determining factoruch.uty for them. Psychologists’d in the form Frankl suggest 3 ways to bring meaning to life:

1. If people create something, His life will be meaningful, here people will ask themselves: Why am I alive? 2. Man considered the meaning of life in his style of experiencing life or loving someone. Here he asks himself: for whom am I alive? 3. Man understands the meaning of life while struggling with huge problems. Our attitude toward pain and discomforts, when we face an unchangeable fate( a non-curable disease, one of our dear people’s death, a frustrating situation, . . .) Here the meaning of life is revealed. The man asks himself: why should not I have a positive attitude towards the inevitable fate? [8]

Meaning is in life and it can be searched and discovered, But man does not want to create and build it in his thoughts. The human is looking for the meaning of life and is not its creator.. Meaning is not a tool to succeed in motives or an excuse to achieve the goals. Realization of meaning itself is the goal.. The reason of diseases and mental disorders is meaningless of life. Working too much is not the cause of mental diseases but the reason is a meaningless life. [9]. Victor Frankl believes that when we face a situation that we cannot change, we are expected to change ourselves, grow and become mature and go far beyond ourselves. In logotherapy the freedom of human spirit is discussed. Humans are not dominated by algebraic rules. Man is free to choose his attitude in different situations. Decision making is assigned to human. [10] Nothing has the power to determine how a person should think or behave. Human are always responsible for their actions and words. 9.Relation between logotraphy and Aesthetic Aesthetic view of Aristotle: Aristotle describes beauty in his essay. It is a very complicated description which could be made simpler as follows: beauty is a thing that is valuable itself, meanwhile it provides pleasure. Aristotle describes beauty according to two characteristics. . First Aristotle interprets beauty as a thing that its value is


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inherent and not related to its effects. Second he explains beauty as a thing that provides pleasure. In other words, beauty is not only something valuable but something that brings pleasure and admiration.

First feature formed “intrinsic value” and the second “pleasurable” defined in related chapter. Aristotle’s definition was in line with the common Greek idea.

• EROS ( freedom) Maslow states that it is a wonder that experimental sciences have such a defect in considering love. Psychologists’ silence in this regard seems very strange, because we may think that it is a task or duty for them. Our duty here is very clear. We should understand love, we have to be able to train it, create and predict it. Otherwise the world will be drowned in hostility and suspicion [1]. Sternberg knows love as a strange phenomenon because despite all the progress than man has made in all fields, his knowledge of love has not developed much. Despite the fact that poets, philosophers, writers and psychologists have a common experience in understanding love, still human knowledge has not made a significant progress in this regard. [17]

• Eros and logotheraphy theory In logotherapy love is not a phenomenon of birth. It means that it is not a phenomenon derived from other main phenomenon. Love is not a promoted sexual instinct. It is a main primitive instinct like sexual instinct. Sexual desire is normally a mood of love and it could be a mount for love when it is allowed, pure and even holy. So love is not a side effect of sexual desire but sexual desire is a path to comprehend the ultimate companion which is love. [18] Frankl says, The salvation of man is through love and in love [19] In this research love means getting released from any non- divine constraints which could be meant that love is satiety from any needs that takes human in captive(Eros). Generally freedom is meant by this. And by non-divine constraints we mean spiritual divine and reasoning. So we can give another definition for love: Love (Eros) is ivy which furls around reasoning. Instead of fading it away it activates it. It is said in the hierarchy of Maslow that the human goes through the levels layer by layer. In the improved model we assume that the latest version is acceptable and we have only added the 3 mentioned levels to it. We have also discussed the relation between them. From our study and research results we can conclude that when a man is in the level of epistemology and can achieve the level of aesthetic, he can be introduced as “creator human”. This means that when a person has got to point of complete knowledge about his environment and a thorough understanding of his environment’s needs, he is able to offer ways and strategies to meet his existing needs. In the next stage the human who has reached the level of aesthetic and can comprehend the meaning as Frankl has pointed out, this person is called ‘Erosmatic human”. This means that besides knowing his environment he has been able to decrease his needs to the minimum. But he is still in need and is not free from non-divine constraints. All prophets are in this level. But who ever can reach to meaning and pass towards love or freedom is “super met human” and we can say that he has achieved total freedom or relative needlessness.

Figure3: relationship between proposal levels 1- Creator man: A man who is able to pass the previous stages up to level of aesthetic and in order to achieve it he

needs to create 4 factors of balance, symmetry, proportionality and interaction. 2- Erosmatic human: according to the frankl theory: The salvation of man is through love and in love

Epistemology Aesthetic Logotherephy EROS (freedom)

1- Creator human 2-Erosmatic human 3-Super Meta human


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3- Super Meta human: To define this phrase we must answer this question that "Why human who is in Eros, is free? The reason is that a man in Eros is a free man because he is able to relatively control

his needs. This is why he is moving in the direction of relative needless. According to discussed items we can now present a new model for human hierarchy of needs as in the following figure:

10. Mathematical approach In such cases, one can suggest this assumption that the individuals, whose requirements (needs) have been satisfied throughout their lives, especially during the first years, have gained an exceptional power to tolerate the present or future deprivation of these requirements. And this is just because they have gained a healthy and strong personality structure due to the satisfaction of those basic requirements (needs). Another doubt that may arise is the assumption that all the requirements are in a situation that the next requirement (need) emerges only when the previous one is completely (100%) satisfied. However, as we approach the higher levels in the requirement priority, the percentage of satisfaction will reduce. It can be said that for a normal citizen there might be 58% for physiological needs, 70% for security needs, 50% for emotional needs, 40% for reverence and respect needs, and 10% for self-fulfillment. About the meaning of an emerging requirement (need), after a dominant one is satisfied, it should be mentioned that this phenomenon is not an instantaneous and sudden one; however it is a phenomenon that has gradually developed, and this fact will manifest itself for all the individuals in all aspects of life in one way or another.

Love Like

(Figure4: Hierarchical needs Nemati 2013)


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According to Maslow, the lower levels, in case of lack of satisfaction, will affect much more than the upper levels on the individual behavior. In case of lack of satisfaction of the requirement, the individual’s behavior changes and the next levels will work. The effect of the requirement on the individual can be changed through education. The general formula of Maslow’s behavior function will be discussed here: Behavior function

1 x>1

R , y(x)= x x 1+

∀×∈ ≤

where a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j and k are the variables that refer to each class of Maslow’s requirement priorities, such as: physiological, security, social, self-fulfillment, acceptability of knowledge, and finally aesthetic. The range of their variations is between 0 to 1. 0 is for complete lack of satisfaction, and 1 is for complete satisfaction of each level (variable). Ei, for I=a, b, …, k, are fixed values that get a fixed value, according to the nature of the individual, and can be determined through cognitive psychology or analysis of special questionnaires predicting the type of motivating factor of the person. This function is a general form that defines the entire behavior of an individual, according to the degree of satisfaction of his physiological, …, and eros requirements (need). The power above each parenthesis shows the intensity of the requirement factor and for each of the eleven classes of Maslow requirements the intensity is shown with this power figure. For example, the first class (level) of the physiological requirements has got the highest power (11), and the rest of the requirements have got a certain power accordingly. In this formula, the first four parentheses will never equal to zero. Since there is a fixed number in each parenthesis

(0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8) and in case of satisfaction of each level of requirement, the amount of the function i

1( )Y(i+ )ε for

i=a, b, c, d will get their least amount, that is 1. (If a=1, then we will have y (a+Ea)=1, …). And thus, for the first and fourth levels of Maslow priority, we will have: (0.9)7(0.7)6,(0.5)5, and (0.8)4. It can be justified that, these are instinctive requirements, and will never equal to zero. They always exist, though with some rarity in many people.

g

f

e

d

c

b

a

k

J

i

h


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By contrast, the requirements of levels 5, 6, and 7 may be equal to zero because these requirements may not exist in some individuals.

In discussing the systems, we also consider them as either static or dynamic. Static refers to constant systems, while dynamic discusses changing ones. Any complicated system tries to live and coordinate itself with the change that occurs in its environment and thus gradually develops itself. Otherwise, the outside world’s pressures and encroachments will force it to run into the risk of complete destruction and disorder. A system must have the two characteristics of “dynamism” and “constancy”. Although these two characteristics are contradictory, their concurrent existence shows that the structures and behaviors of an open system, while renewing its components continuously, remain constant and unchanged. The subject of static and dynamic mathematics on the state-demined systems shown by the differential equations is as follows:

11 1 n

dx(x ,...,x )

dt

= ∫

M M n

n 1 ndx

(x ,...,x )dt

= ∫

The above functions are value functions, when x1, x2 , … ,xn functions are all zero. If the variables do not change with time, the system is constant (fixed), but when at least one of the variables changes with time, then it is called a dynamic system. In behavioral science and in our subject, the instinct can be attributed to static systems, and the ingenuity to dynamic systems. The ingenuity in behavior leads to selection. For example, consider the honey bees from the beginning of their creation. They build their hive in a hexagonal shape, and this cycle will continue up to the end of the world. This is an instinctive act, which is in the nature of honeybees, and will never change (a constant system). But the same honeybees make choices among two flowers, and prefer one of them to the other to make honey. Then it can be said that the ingenuity has led to selection (a dynamic system). In this respect the holy Quran says: “… And Lord inspired the bees to make their hives on mountains, trees and ceilings and then feed on sweet fruits feed and sweet smelling nectar of the flowers, and follow the path of the God, and then will produce a sweet sherbet that is sanative to the people.” When the index Ei in the above formula is equal to 1, then the function (I+Ei) gets 1, and in this case some of the behavioral variables in the function will be zero, and accordingly less important. By contrast, when this index (Ei) is assumed to be zero, then we have assigned great importance or much higher importance to the behavioral variable in the function. Of course this case depends on the value we have chosen for i, (i=a, b, c, …, k). The above function can be approximated as the following function, about which we continue our discussion and analysis: (1)

For 0<x<1, 0<y<1, … , 0<m<1 Z is a descending function, so by adding any amount to x, y, …, u, the amount of Z will be reduced. In this formula

with the highest power belongs to physiological requirements, to security, and with the

lowest power is for aesthetic requirements. Each of these requirements and their related formula, have a curve. For example the physiological requirements (needs) have a curve as shown below:


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Two important points should be noted here: first the behavioral function Z (formula) is arranged to use 7 variables (x, y, …, u). Each class (level) of Maslow priorities acts independently, and it is assumed that the requirements do not affect each other. Second if we have a close look at the slope of each of these diagrams, we will find out that for the a mounts of 1 > x > 0, …, 1 > u > 0, the slope of the curve in function compared with the same points

on the curve of is steeper, and the slope of is steeper than , and so on, … .

We continue our discussion in two ways: if we assume that all individual’s requirements are satisfied and they go to higher levels according to Maslow’s theory, the behavior of the individual at first follows the function.

When the limit of this function tends to zero (when x 1→ , then1 -1 0x

→), the function becomes active,

and when it is adequately satisfied, the limit of the function tends to zero, and the function will become

active. And similarly, when every requirement is satisfied, we will have the behavioral function on the highest level of Maslow’s pyramid. The final limit of behavioral function (Z) is a numeric amount that is close to zero and it is the time when all the requirements have been satisfied. If we draw the above observations as diagrams, they are illustrated as follows:

11 10

EROS

m

m


14

Notice that in every one of the above curves, the slope of the curve for the amounts less than one in each step will reduce. This is the same meaning of the reduction of intensity of requirements relative to the lower levels. Another approach is to assume that after a certain percent of each level has been satisfied, we go to the next level. In such a case, theoretically, we can attribute the percentage of increase or decrease of Z (behavioral function), with different proportions, to each one of the priorities. For example, a change in behavior that amounts to Z can be considered a µ percent change only in physiological needs or β percent change in security needs, and so on. Thus, in order to produce a Z amount of change in an individual’s behavior, we may be able to invest as much as µ percent in his physiological need, or invest as much as β percent in his security need, and so on.It is obvious that the percentage of µ is less than β and β is less than ϕ and ϕ is less than … . 11.Conclusion With regard to the fact that in all management definitions control is a determining factor and also in previous structures and after the third millennium factor of control seems determining in the aimed progress. Human needs are in direct relation with the factor of control. So it is necessary to study the material and spiritual needs of human kind. It is obvious that he is affected by genetics and environment. The personality of fathers, mothers, other relatives and friends, also preschools, nurseries and schools have important role in formation of human character. Of course scientific centers, universities and media have great role in shaping the character of individuals. Hence they are determining in needs. From the beginning of third millennium, internet and satellites also have had great impact in shaping the characters, behaviors, values, beliefs and faith of people and caused to form a risk and a risk allocation mechanism between the individual, group, society and organization. So the necessity of design and express of behavior management from childhood to maturity and social maturity is felt. These items will be discussed in the next articles. With this notion, PMBOK standard and fuzzy logic which considers the fuzzy set theory approach to unknown phenomenon could be of use. With this deduction process of writing formulation could be studied from a known input to an output using fuzzy logic. This process can model the behavior and function of a need system in the form of rule-oriented and fuzzy systems. Obviously, deduction and elicitation of fuzzy systems are the main part of fuzzy an non-fuzzy modeling which will be discussed in future articles. Our suggestion is to have a thorough study on three types of fuzzy inference systems as the first pure fuzzy systems and fuzzy Takady Sokono Kank and fuzzy systems with fuzzy and non-fuzzy modeling regarding probable predictions of needs and needlessness.

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In this article we have tried to study the viewpoints of Abraham Maslow (Metaneeds) considering researches from other experts and researchers and have been done with mathematical approach. Of

course an intense field study should be done in this regard which was mentioned in the beginning of conclusion. We are impatiently waiting for the works of other scholars and scientists in this field. References

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