Import / ExportImport / Export

Aim of learning:Aim of learning:

In this unit, learners are expected to : In this unit, learners are expected to :

--learn the business terms and expressions --learn the business terms and expressions concerning international trade ;concerning international trade ;

--the business concepts concerning import --the business concepts concerning import and export business ;and export business ;

-- understand how to make and fill out -- understand how to make and fill out documents and forms concerning documents and forms concerning international trade. international trade.

Time required:Time required:

6 hours6 hours

Key VocabularyKey Vocabulary International trade is the exchange of goods and International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries.Depending services between different countries.Depending on what a country produces and needs, it canon what a country produces and needs, it can exexportport (send goods to another country) and (send goods to another country) and imporimportt (bring in goods from another country). (bring in goods from another country).

Governments can control international trade. ThGovernments can control international trade. The most common measures aree most common measures are tariffs tariffs (( 关税）关税） (or(or dutiesduties)) and and quotasquotas （配额）（配额） .. A tariff is a tax on i A tariff is a tax on imported goods, and a quota is the maximum quamported goods, and a quota is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a ntity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. These measures arecertain period of time. These measures are proteprotectionistctionist （贸易保护主义者）（贸易保护主义者） as they raise the pricas they raise the price of imported goods to 'protect' domestically proe of imported goods to 'protect' domestically produced goods.duced goods.International organisations such as theInternational organisations such as the WTOWTO (W (World Trade Organisation) andorld Trade Organisation) and EFTAEFTA (European Fr(European Free Trade Associationee Trade Association 欧洲自由贸易联盟 欧洲自由贸易联盟 ) regulate ) regulate tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between metariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries.mber countries.

Concept: trade protectionismConcept: trade protectionism

指在对外贸易中实行指在对外贸易中实行限制进口限制进口以保护本国商品在国内市场免以保护本国商品在国内市场免受外国商品竞争，并向本国商品提供各种优惠以增强其国际竞受外国商品竞争，并向本国商品提供各种优惠以增强其国际竞争力的主张和政策。争力的主张和政策。在限制进口方面，主要是采取在限制进口方面，主要是采取关税壁垒关税壁垒和和非关税壁垒非关税壁垒两种措施。两种措施。前者主要是通过前者主要是通过征收高额进口关税征收高额进口关税阻止外国商品的大量进口；阻止外国商品的大量进口；后者则包括采取后者则包括采取进口许可证制、进口配额制进口许可证制、进口配额制等一系列非关税措等一系列非关税措施来限制外国商品自由进口。施来限制外国商品自由进口。这些措施也是经济不发达国家保护民族工业、发展国民经济的这些措施也是经济不发达国家保护民族工业、发展国民经济的一项重要手段。对发达国家来说则是调整国际收支、纠正贸易一项重要手段。对发达国家来说则是调整国际收支、纠正贸易逆差的一个重要工具。逆差的一个重要工具。

QuotaQuota配额配额是指一国政府在一定时期内对某些敏感商品的进口或出口是指一国政府在一定时期内对某些敏感商品的进口或出口进行进行数量或金额上的控制数量或金额上的控制，其目的旨在调整国际收支和保护国，其目的旨在调整国际收支和保护国内工农业生产，是非关税壁垒措施之一。内工农业生产，是非关税壁垒措施之一。

配额可分为进口配额和出口配额两大类。配额可分为进口配额和出口配额两大类。进口配额进口配额，是指进口国对某些产品的进口价格或数量设定的限，是指进口国对某些产品的进口价格或数量设定的限制，其目的是保护国内生产商免受低价格进口产品的影响。进制，其目的是保护国内生产商免受低价格进口产品的影响。进口配额按照管理方式可分口配额按照管理方式可分绝对配额和关税配额绝对配额和关税配额。。出口配额出口配额，是指出口国对某些产品出口施加的数量限制，其目，是指出口国对某些产品出口施加的数量限制，其目的是保护国内生产者和消费者免受这些产品临时短缺的影响，的是保护国内生产者和消费者免受这些产品临时短缺的影响，或者通过减少特定产品的供应量来提高其国际市场价格。或者通过减少特定产品的供应量来提高其国际市场价格。

绝对配额绝对配额是指在一定时期内，对某些商品规定一个最高进口数是指在一定时期内，对某些商品规定一个最高进口数量或金额。一旦达到这个最高数额就不准进口。绝对配额又分量或金额。一旦达到这个最高数额就不准进口。绝对配额又分两种形式两种形式 .. 。。

Ways of Dealing in Export Import TradeWays of Dealing in Export Import Trade In our country import and export transactions may be cIn our country import and export transactions may be carried on in various ways and forms according to the intearried on in various ways and forms according to the international trade requirements.rnational trade requirements.

1. Trade may be carried on according to 1. Trade may be carried on according to Trade AgreemTrade Agreement, Trade and Payment Agreement, Exchange of Goodent, Trade and Payment Agreement, Exchange of Goods and Payment Agreements and Payment Agreement etc. signed between the gove etc. signed between the governments concerned. This is chiefly the case with countrirnments concerned. This is chiefly the case with countries such as DPRKes such as DPRK （朝鲜）（朝鲜） , USSR, USSR （前苏联）（前苏联） , Romania, Romania（罗马尼亚） （罗马尼亚） and other East European countries. and other East European countries. （政府（政府间贸易间贸易 // 采购）采购）

2. The export and import of goods may be made accordin2. The export and import of goods may be made according to the terms of the contract of sale made between the pg to the terms of the contract of sale made between the parties concerned arties concerned (( 直接贸易） 直接贸易）

3. Barter Trade. 3. Barter Trade. （以货易货贸易）（以货易货贸易）All imports are to be made against a corresponding(--eqAll imports are to be made against a corresponding(--equal) value of exports. This mode of export trade was wideual) value of exports. This mode of export trade was widely used during the early days after liberation to break the ly used during the early days after liberation to break the blockade (blockade ( 封锁）封锁） imposed against our country. imposed against our country.

4. Compensation trade. (4. Compensation trade. ( 补偿贸易）补偿贸易）Payments of imports (chiefly machinery and equipment fPayments of imports (chiefly machinery and equipment for a factory) are to be made or a factory) are to be made by productsby products of the particular of the particular factory during certain years of its production according tfactory during certain years of its production according to agreement.o agreement.

5. Processing trade. 5. Processing trade. （来料加工贸易）（来料加工贸易）Imports of raw materials, packing materials are to be re-Imports of raw materials, packing materials are to be re-exported after processing or manufacturing.exported after processing or manufacturing.

6. Consignment trade 6. Consignment trade 寄售寄售Goods are exported by an exporter (the Goods are exported by an exporter (the consignorconsignor 发货发货人人 ) to an importer abroad (the ) to an importer abroad (the consignee consignee 收货人收货人 and, pand, payment is made by the importer only after the goods havayment is made by the importer only after the goods have been sold . A certain percentage of commission for the e been sold . A certain percentage of commission for the importer and other agreed expenses are importer and other agreed expenses are deducteddeducted （扣（扣除）除） from the from the sale proceedssale proceeds （销售收入）（销售收入） according to thaccording to the agreement. ) This kind of trade is chiefly used to start ee agreement. ) This kind of trade is chiefly used to start exports of goods of new designs, new production or inventxports of goods of new designs, new production or invention, new brands etc.ion, new brands etc.

7. Exclusive sales agreement. 7. Exclusive sales agreement. （包销）（包销）The exporter may conclude an exclusive sales agreemenThe exporter may conclude an exclusive sales agreement with an importer abroad. He may also establish his own t with an importer abroad. He may also establish his own branch office and employ his own sales organization abrbranch office and employ his own sales organization abroad. He may act through a subsidiary company there whioad. He may act through a subsidiary company there which is created under the laws of the foreign country in quech is created under the laws of the foreign country in question. Or, he may combine with other traders in a stion. Or, he may combine with other traders in a joint sejoint selling organizationlling organization (or joint venture), a (or joint venture), a consortiumconsortium （联（联盟）盟） or an export group.or an export group.

8 Agency arrangements. (8 Agency arrangements. ( 代理）代理）The peculiar feature of this L/C form of exporting is that The peculiar feature of this L/C form of exporting is that (the exporter (the exporter enters into direct relationsenters into direct relations with the custom with the customers abroad, ers abroad, by means ofby means of a contract a contract procuredprocured （（ got/got/ 获获得）得） and and concluded(concluded( 签订签订 )) on behalf ofon behalf of the exporter by a the exporter by a representative who representative who residesresides (--live) abroad and is not his e (--live) abroad and is not his employee.) mployee.) TheThe remunerationremuneration(( 薪酬） 薪酬） of the representative or of the representative or indepindependent agentendent agent is usually based upon a commission on the is usually based upon a commission on the purchase price of the exports. purchase price of the exports.

9. Export and/or import trade may be possible through 9. Export and/or import trade may be possible through tetender nder （投标）（投标） (or bid), auction (or bid), auction （拍卖）（拍卖） landland ( ( 达成）达成） cocommodity exchange transactions or at mmodity exchange transactions or at international fairsinternational fairs. .

Lead inLead in 1 Listen to an economist from the Organisatio1 Listen to an economist from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmenn for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECDt (OECD －经合组织－经合组织 ) explaining why countries t) explaining why countries trade, and answer the questions.rade, and answer the questions.1 What does the speaker compare countries to?1 What does the speaker compare countries to?2 What activity does he give as an example?2 What activity does he give as an example?3 Why does it make sense for countries to trade?3 Why does it make sense for countries to trade?

2 Look at this history of the European Union o2 Look at this history of the European Union on page 86.n page 86. Have any other countries joined?Have any other countries joined?

3. In pairs, do the quiz on page 87. 3. In pairs, do the quiz on page 87. Keys Keys 1 France (549,000 square km)1 France (549,000 square km)2 Germany (81.14 million inhabitants) 2 Germany (81.14 million inhabitants) 3 Ireland (15. Ph p.a.)3 Ireland (15. Ph p.a.)4 Netherlands (forecasts are W inhabitants per square k4 Netherlands (forecasts are W inhabitants per square km tor 2020)m tor 2020)5 Germany (approximately 1 7,5% of France's total export5 Germany (approximately 1 7,5% of France's total exports goes to Germany)s goes to Germany)6 Germany (approximately 10.2% of Sweden's exports go6 Germany (approximately 10.2% of Sweden's exports goes to Germany)es to Germany)7 a) United Kingdom7 a) United Kingdomb) Franceb) Francec) Germanyc) Germanyd) Spaind) Spain

8 a) Most: France (more than 1,5 million tonnes) Least; L8 a) Most: France (more than 1,5 million tonnes) Least; Luxembourguxembourgb) Most: United Kingdom (approx. 40 kg per head p.a.) Lb) Most: United Kingdom (approx. 40 kg per head p.a.) Least: Spaineast: Spainc) Most: Italy (approx. 58.5 litres per head p.a.) Least: Irelc) Most: Italy (approx. 58.5 litres per head p.a.) Least: Irelandandd) Most: Greece (7.70 smoked per head per day) Least: Ned) Most: Greece (7.70 smoked per head per day) Least: Netherlandstherlands9 France9 France10 Finland (76% of land is covered in forest) 10 Finland (76% of land is covered in forest) 11 Germany (approx. 7,000 magazines) Stem, Der Spiegei11 Germany (approx. 7,000 magazines) Stem, Der Spiegei 12 Finland ' 12 Finland ' 1133 Netherlands (36 1/2, days per year, compared to 22 in Netherlands (36 1/2, days per year, compared to 22 in Portugal and Greece) Portugal and Greece) 14 Netherlands: Royal Dutch Petroleum 14 Netherlands: Royal Dutch Petroleum

Reading Reading Companies can choose from various methods to establisCompanies can choose from various methods to establish their products in a foreign market. One h their products in a foreign market. One optionoption(( 选择）选择） is to start by working with local experts such as is to start by working with local experts such as sole agesole agentsnts （独家代理）（独家代理） or or multi-distributorsmulti-distributors （多家经销商）（多家经销商） , w, who have a ho have a specialist knowledge(specialist knowledge( 专业知识）专业知识） of the markeof the market and sell t and sell on behalf ofon behalf of the company. This often the company. This often leads toleads to th the company opening a e company opening a local branchlocal branch （本地分公司）（本地分公司） or or salsales officees office （销售办事处）（销售办事处） . Another option is to sell, or giv. Another option is to sell, or give permission to use e permission to use patentspatents （专利）（专利） andand licences licences （许可（许可证）证） for their products. They may wish to start by manuffor their products. They may wish to start by manufacturing in the export market in which case they can eithacturing in the export market in which case they can either set up aer set up a local subsidiary local subsidiary ( ( 本地子公司）本地子公司） or a or a joint ventjoint ventureure （合资企业）（合资企业） with a local partner.with a local partner.

1. Read the text on page 89 about BARCO, a Belgian elect1. Read the text on page 89 about BARCO, a Belgian electronics firm. Which of the methods mentioned above did ronics firm. Which of the methods mentioned above did BARCO use to establish itself on the Indian market?BARCO use to establish itself on the Indian market?

Vocabulary ( Text)Vocabulary ( Text) long-term market opportunitieslong-term market opportunities －长期市场机会－长期市场机会 digital projector digital projector －数码投影机－数码投影机 assemble assemble on the spoton the spot －现场组装－现场组装 shift in strategic focus shift in strategic focus －战略目标的转移－战略目标的转移 emergenceemergence －－ The act or process of emerging.The act or process of emerging. 浮现，出浮现，出现：现： high value high value nicheniche market market －高利润空间的细分市场－高利润空间的细分市场 specialist display systemspecialist display system －专业展示系统－专业展示系统 kits kits for video monitorsfor video monitors －视频监视器－视频监视器成套设备成套设备 television stationtelevision station －电视台－电视台 local agentlocal agent －本地代理－本地代理 sales and services office sales and services office －销售与服务办事处－销售与服务办事处 assembly plantassembly plant －组装工厂－组装工厂 component factorycomponent factory －零部件（生产）工厂－零部件（生产）工厂

exploit potentialexploit potential －开发潜能、潜在的市场－开发潜能、潜在的市场 obstacles—difficulty obstacles—difficulty 障碍障碍 bureaucracy bureaucracy －－官僚－－官僚 import dutyimport duty －进口关税－进口关税 tax barriertax barrier －税收壁垒－税收壁垒 normal working toolnormal working tool －常用的办公工具－常用的办公工具 paperworkpaperwork －－－－ Work involving the handling of reports, letters, anWork involving the handling of reports, letters, and forms.d forms.涉及处理报告、信函和表格的文书工作（此处指申请审批手续）涉及处理报告、信函和表格的文书工作（此处指申请审批手续） cultural hurdlecultural hurdle －文化障碍－文化障碍 deceptivedeceptive －－ Deceptive or tending to deceive.Deceptive or tending to deceive.骗人的骗人的 complexitycomplexity －－ The quality or condition of being complex.The quality or condition of being complex.复杂复杂 sensitivitysensitivity －－ The quality or condition of being sensitive.The quality or condition of being sensitive. 敏感敏感 stratastrata of society of society －社会阶层 （－社会阶层 （ stratumstratum 的复数）的复数） subcontinentsubcontinent －－ A large landmass, such as India, that is part of a cA large landmass, such as India, that is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an iontinent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity.ndependent entity.次大陆次大陆 outweighoutweigh －－ To be more significant than; exceed in value or importTo be more significant than; exceed in value or importance:ance:胜过，超过 胜过，超过 The benefits outweigh the risks.The benefits outweigh the risks.

2 Read the text again and list the advantages and 2 Read the text again and list the advantages and disadvantages of exporting to India.disadvantages of exporting to India. vast –big vast –big dominance –big advantage dominance –big advantage 优势优势economy car sectoreconomy car sector －经济型轿车市场－经济型轿车市场 upper-range carupper-range car －较高档的汽车－较高档的汽车 opt for opt for －－－－ choose choose argue –claim argue –claim 宣称宣称 ban ban －－－－ forbid forbid 禁止禁止 grant license grant license －－授予许可证 －－授予许可证 Vocabulary Vocabulary 1 Find words in the text which have a similar meaning to the words a1 Find words in the text which have a similar meaning to the words and expressions listed below.nd expressions listed below.KEYS:KEYS: 2 assembled 3 a shift 4 niche market2 assembled 3 a shift 4 niche market 5 5 exploit exploit 66 obstacles 7 . Bureaucracy 8 delays obstacles 7 . Bureaucracy 8 delays

2 Complete the following passage, which describes the experience o2 Complete the following passage, which describes the experience of the French car manufacturer Peugeot in the Indian market, with f the French car manufacturer Peugeot in the Indian market, with words from key vocabulary, Reading and Vocabulary 1, in the corwords from key vocabulary, Reading and Vocabulary 1, in the correct form on page 90.rect form on page 90.

KEY:KEY: 2 assemble 3 niche market 4 delays 5 tariffs2 assemble 3 niche market 4 delays 5 tariffs 6 obstacles 76 obstacles 7 licenceslicences

Vocabulary development:Vocabulary development:compound adjectives 1compound adjectives 1

Complete the phrases on page 90 , using words from A and B. TherComplete the phrases on page 90 , using words from A and B. There is sometimes more than one correct answer, and some words e is sometimes more than one correct answer, and some words may be used more than once.may be used more than once.

KEY:KEY: b old-fashioned typewriter c short-term opportunities b old-fashioned typewriter c short-term opportunities d low-budget advertising e well-known personality d low-budget advertising e well-known personality

f high-level decision-making f high-level decision-making g user-friendly software g user-friendly software h well-trained staffh well-trained staff

Listening : The InvoiceListening : The InvoiceThe InvoiceThe Invoice invoice invoice －发票－发票 metropolitan metropolitan －大城市的－大城市的 boulevard boulevard －－大道－－大道 lane lane －小巷－小巷 tennis racket tennis racket －－网球拍－－网球拍 Ex-works priceEx-works price －－工程交货价－－工程交货价 freight charges freight charges －－运费－－运费 warehouse warehouse －－货舱 －－货舱 insurance from warehouse to warehouse insurance from warehouse to warehouse 仓至仓保险仓至仓保险 C.I. F C.I. F －－ cost, insurance and freight cost, insurance and freight 成本、保险加运费价成本、保险加运费价 cardboard cardboard －纸板－纸板 cartoncarton －硬纸箱、盒－硬纸箱、盒 import/export license import/export license －－进出口许可证－－进出口许可证 (shipping ) marks—(shipping ) marks—嘜头嘜头 per proper pro －由代表，经代理人－由代表，经代理人 (per procurationem)(per procurationem) total amount payabletotal amount payable －应付总金额－应付总金额

Keys Keys 2. 699 2. 699 3. 160 3. 160 4. 120 4. 120 5. 40 5. 40 6 14,ooo pounds6 14,ooo pounds7. 500 pounds 7. 500 pounds 8 90pounds 8 90pounds 9. 14,590 pounds 9. 14,590 pounds 10 .1610 .1611. 10 11. 10 12.BRX 43 199912.BRX 43 1999

11TapescritptTapescritpt By looking at the invoice number 699, you will notice thBy looking at the invoice number 699, you will notice that on the 7th May 1999, the Metropolitan Tennis Equipmeat on the 7th May 1999, the Metropolitan Tennis Equipment Company of Los Angeles shipped a totalnt Company of Los Angeles shipped a total of of 160 tennis r160 tennis rackets to Champion Sport Ltd. in London. The shipment inackets to Champion Sport Ltd. in London. The shipment included 120 of the GX12 model priced at £78 and 40 of thecluded 120 of the GX12 model priced at £78 and 40 of the 'Tennis Pro' model at £116, for a total of £14,000. The cost 'Tennis Pro' model at £116, for a total of £14,000. The cost of freight was £500 and the insurance from warehouse to of freight was £500 and the insurance from warehouse to warehouse was £90. Hence, the total amount to be paid by warehouse was £90. Hence, the total amount to be paid by the UK importer was £14,590. The rackets were packed in the UK importer was £14,590. The rackets were packed in 16 cardboard cartons, 10 per carton, on which the words M16 cardboard cartons, 10 per carton, on which the words MET CS LTD. LONDON 1-16 were written. The import liceET CS LTD. LONDON 1-16 were written. The import licence number was BRX 43 1999. The invoice was signed by nce number was BRX 43 1999. The invoice was signed by an official of the exporting company, Mr Robert Morales.an official of the exporting company, Mr Robert Morales.

Reading: The bill of Lading Reading: The bill of Lading bill of lading bill of lading －提单－提单 简称简称 B/LB/L ，在对外贸易中，运输部门承运货物时签发给发货人的一种凭证。收货，在对外贸易中，运输部门承运货物时签发给发货人的一种凭证。收货人凭提单向货运目的地的运输部门提货，提单须经承运人或船方签字后始能生效。人凭提单向货运目的地的运输部门提货，提单须经承运人或船方签字后始能生效。是海运货物向海关报关的有效单证之一。是海运货物向海关报关的有效单证之一。 提单的功能提单具有以下三项主要功能：提单是证明承运人已接管货物和货物已提单的功能提单具有以下三项主要功能：提单是证明承运人已接管货物和货物已装船的货物收据对于将货物交给承运人运输的托运人，提单具有货物收据的功能。 装船的货物收据对于将货物交给承运人运输的托运人，提单具有货物收据的功能。 editionedition －－版本－－版本 consignee consignee －－收货人、收件人－－收货人、收件人 notify addressnotify address －－通知地址－－通知地址 charter partiescharter parties －租船合同、契约－租船合同、契约 telefax telefax －电传－电传 vessel vessel －－ ship ship 船舶船舶 port of discharge/unloading port of discharge/unloading －卸货港－卸货港 shipper shipper －－托运人、发货人 （－－托运人、发货人 （ carrier carrier 承运人）承运人） porcelain itemsporcelain items －瓷器产品－瓷器产品 Christmas decorationsChristmas decorations －圣诞节装饰品－圣诞节装饰品 rice cookerrice cooker －饭煲－饭煲 as peras per －－ according to according to 按照按照 freight freight －－－－ 11 ）运费 ）运费 22 ）） -goods -goods 货物 货物 3)3) 货运货运 freight advance freight advance －预付运费－预付运费

received on account of –received on account of – 从…帐户收取从…帐户收取time used for loading time used for loading －装货时间－装货时间 in apparent good order and conditionin apparent good order and condition （货物）表明状况（货物）表明状况良好良好 load …on board load …on board －－装（货）上船－－装（货）上船 thereto(=to there) thereto(=to there) －其中， 那中间－其中， 那中间 / hereto(= to here)/ hereto(= to here) 附附次、此中 （ 次、此中 （ thereof = of there , hereof = of here )thereof = of there , hereof = of here ) get the goods specified aboveget the goods specified above －获得以上指定、规定的货－获得以上指定、规定的货物物 measure measure －尺寸、体积－尺寸、体积 contentscontents －包装物内的货物－包装物内的货物 IN WITNESS whereof IN WITNESS whereof －特此证明－特此证明 the Master the Master －船长－船长 the Agent of the said vessel the Agent of the said vessel －以上所提到船舶的代理人－以上所提到船舶的代理人 tenor and date tenor and date －进程与日期－进程与日期 be be accomplished accomplished – be used to take goods – be used to take goods 被用以提货被用以提货 void void －－ invalid invalid 无效无效 overleaf overleaf －－ on the back of on the back of 在背面、见次页在背面、见次页 conditions of carriageconditions of carriage －－货运条件－－货运条件 place and date of issue place and date of issue －签发地点与时间－签发地点与时间 freight payable –freight payable – 应收运费应收运费

Reading : keys Reading : keys 2-5 G B F C 6—7 H E A D2-5 G B F C 6—7 H E A D

Language focus: The FutureLanguage focus: The FutureThe futureThe future 1.F 2.c 3.e 4.a 5.b 6.d1.F 2.c 3.e 4.a 5.b 6.d

Language focus: Practice ----- Keys:Language focus: Practice ----- Keys: 1. will get1. will get2.am going to leave2.am going to leave3. will have3. will have4. are going to need4. are going to need5.are going to visit 5.are going to visit 6.will be6.will be

Describing trends Describing trends

considerable change—big changeconsiderable change—big change

striking change —obvious/significant changestriking change —obvious/significant change

Keys :Keys :

a. slightlya. slightly

b. graduallyb. gradually

c. steadilyc. steadily

d. sharplyd. sharply

e. dramaticallye. dramatically

f. suddenlyf. suddenly

Describing Treads: Practice 1 ( p.94)Describing Treads: Practice 1 ( p.94)

KeysKeys

1.1. steadilysteadily

2.2. sharply/ suddenly/ dramaticallysharply/ suddenly/ dramatically

3.3. SlightlySlightly

4.4. GradualGradual

5.5. Sudden/sharp/dramaticSudden/sharp/dramatic

6.6. slightslight

Describing Treads: Practice 2—keys (p.95)Describing Treads: Practice 2—keys (p.95)

b. to level off: in April and Septemberb. to level off: in April and September

c. to remain stable: throughout September and c. to remain stable: throughout September and OctoberOctober

d. to reach peak: at the end of Januaryd. to reach peak: at the end of January

e. to stand at: at the end of the yeare. to stand at: at the end of the year

Describing Treads: Practice 3—keys (p.95)Describing Treads: Practice 3—keys (p.95)

c: Sales fluctuate from May to September.c: Sales fluctuate from May to September.

b. Sales remained stable from September to b. Sales remained stable from September to November.November.

a. Sales stood at 10,00 in December.a. Sales stood at 10,00 in December.

d. Sales leveled off at about 8,000 in April.d. Sales leveled off at about 8,000 in April.

Skill FocusSkill Focus

Writing Writing There was a rise or an increase of 3% in the There was a rise or an increase of 3% in the

unemployment rate between 1998 and 2000.unemployment rate between 1998 and 2000. The number of shares traded on the stock market The number of shares traded on the stock market

rose / increased by 15 million between November rose / increased by 15 million between November and December 2001.and December 2001.

The number of people employed in the UK The number of people employed in the UK shipbuilding industry decreased / fell from 25,000 shipbuilding industry decreased / fell from 25,000 to 8,000 1982 and 1987.to 8,000 1982 and 1987.

Listening Listening

Keys Keys 1. stood at1. stood at

2. a sharp increase2. a sharp increase

3.reached 3.reached

4. a sharp decrease 4. a sharp decrease

5. dropped5. dropped

6. a slight rise 6. a slight rise

7. fell7. fell

8. a dramatic rise8. a dramatic rise

9. reached a peak9. reached a peak

10. falling10. falling

Listening 1—tapescriptListening 1—tapescript ( p96) ( p96)In 1 987 the export figures In 1 987 the export figures stood atstood at 400 mil 400 million Finnish markkaa. There was a lion Finnish markkaa. There was a sharp isharp increasencrease betweeni 987 and 1989 when figur betweeni 987 and 1989 when figures es reachedreached over 800 million. This was follo over 800 million. This was followed by a wed by a sharp decreasesharp decrease between 1989 and between 1989 and 1990 when Finnish paper exports to japan 1990 when Finnish paper exports to japan droppeddropped to 400 million. There was a to 400 million. There was a slight slight riserise between 1990 and 1991 when exports between 1990 and 1991 when exports hit the 450 million mark but they hit the 450 million mark but they fellfell again again to 400 million in 1992. Between 1992 and 1to 400 million in 1992. Between 1992 and 1995 there was a 995 there was a dramatic risedramatic rise and exports and exports of paper to japan of paper to japan reached a peakreached a peak of 1,300 of 1,300 million in 1995, before million in 1995, before fallingfalling again to und again to under 1,000 million in 1997.er 1,000 million in 1997.

TAPESCRIPT:TAPESCRIPT:Graph 1—WoodGraph 1—Wood We can see on this graph that wood We can see on this graph that wood exports remained stable between 1990 and 1992 at aroexports remained stable between 1990 and 1992 at around 50 million Finnish markkaa. Between 1992 and 19und 50 million Finnish markkaa. Between 1992 and 1994 there was a sharp increase to 500 million where ex94 there was a sharp increase to 500 million where exports levelled off until 1996, then they increased dramports levelled off until 1996, then they increased dramatically again and reached a peak of 850 million by 19atically again and reached a peak of 850 million by 1997.97.Graph 2—MachineryGraph 2—MachineryOn this second graph we see that machinery exports dOn this second graph we see that machinery exports declined gradually between 1990 and 1992. Between 19eclined gradually between 1990 and 1992. Between 1992 and 1995. however, exports of machinery rose cont92 and 1995. however, exports of machinery rose continually. In 1993 they were at 400 million and in 1994 thinually. In 1993 they were at 400 million and in 1994 they had risen to 550 million. They reached a peak of 70ey had risen to 550 million. They reached a peak of 700 million in 1995. After that, figures fell slightly to aro0 million in 1995. After that, figures fell slightly to around 650 million in 1und 650 million in 1996996 and levelled off at that numbe and levelled off at that number untilr until

Graph 3—ChemicalsGraph 3—ChemicalsOn this third graph we notice that exports On this third graph we notice that exports of chemicals remained stable from 1990 to of chemicals remained stable from 1990 to 1992 at 100 million Finnish markkaa. From 1992 at 100 million Finnish markkaa. From 1992 to 1993 there was a slight increase to 1992 to 1993 there was a slight increase to 150 million. After that, exports of chemica150 million. After that, exports of chemicals continued to rise steadily from 1993 to 1ls continued to rise steadily from 1993 to 1997. In 1995 they had reached 210 million, 997. In 1995 they had reached 210 million, and in 1996, they reached a peak of 250 miland in 1996, they reached a peak of 250 million and stood at this level in 1997.lion and stood at this level in 1997.

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