Imperialism

Nations compete to control the pre-industrial world

The new industrial economy in Europe required more raw

materials and new markets in which to sell manufactured

products.

What is imperialism?

Imperialism occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation

or region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life.

Why did Europe lead the way in imperialism in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s?

• Nationalism = European nations, such as France, Great Britain, Germany, and Italy became unified and wanted to build up their nations through industrialization.

• Industrialization = required more natural resources to power their industries. European nations began to look to other continents for a fresh supply of resources.

Three types of imperialism

• Colonies

• Protectorates

• Spheres of influence

Colonies

• Direct rule by one country over another

• Replace local elites with officials from the mother country

• Settlement colonies• Dependent colonies

Britain’s American coloniesare an example

India

• British East India Company

• British colony

• Division of society based on race/ethnicity

• What did it do?

• Jewel in the crown of the British Empire

• How were Indian people treated?

MUTINY IS ………… An act of rebellion against authority!

• http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/timeline/6/

It was decided to introduce the more accurate muzzle loading Lee-Enfield Rifle. One way to speed up the loading process was the introduction of a paper cartridge with the bullet sitting on the exact quantity of powder needed. The loader was required to bite open this paper cartridge to expose the powder.

The Mutiny Begins ! ….• 1857 - The outbreak of fighting begins

between the British East India Company and the Sepoys.

• It took over 1 year to gain control over India once again.

• Why didn’t the Muslims and Hindus take this opportunity to UNITE against the British?

•Because the Muslims and Hindus were so split ! They did not like each other, nor the idea of uniting as one. Hindus did not want Muslim Mughals to be restored to power.

SEPOY MUTINY Turning point

• 1858 - British Government takes full control of India. This area was called “The Raj”

• “The Raj” – The term used to describe Britain's control over India between 1757-1947

• They promised other Indian states would remain free, but this promise did not hold up.

Social Class in IndiaIn the photograph at the left, a British officer is waited on by Indian servants. This reflects the class system in India.British ArmySocial class determined the way of life for the British Army in India. Upper-class men served as officers. Lower-class British served at lesser rank and did not advance past the rank of sergeant. Only men with the rank of sergeant and above were allowed to bring their wives to India. Each English officer’s wife attempted to re-create England in the home setting. Like a general, she directed an army of 20 to 30 servants.

Nationalism Surfaces in India…

• Nationalism: Devotion or loyalty to ones own nation.

• Not only is there a separation between castes, but also a separation between British and Indian people!

• Ram Mohun Moy – “Father of Modern India” , believed arranged marriages and caste system needed to be changed.

• Many Indians adopt western ways and call for social reforms

• Indians resent being second-class citizens in own country

Nationalist Groups Form…

• Indian National Congress (1885) and Muslim League (1905) form.

• Nationalists angered by partition of Bengal (split: half Hindu/half Muslim)– pressure forces Britain to divide it

differently

Sepoy Mutiny Fuels Racism ! • “It is this consciousness of the

inherent superiority of the European which has won for us India. However well educated and clever a native may be, and however brave he may prove himself, I believe that no rank we can bestow on him will cause him to be considered an equal of the British officer” - Lord Kitchener

“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

The Scramble for Africa

The Scramble for Africa

• The Berlin Conference

• Nationalism leads to competition

• European conflicts spill over into their colonies

WAR Cause Outcome

BOER WARBackground:

The Boers (Dutch farmers) came to South Africa in the

1600s. They discovered gold and diamonds

•The British came to South Africa in the 1800s. They wanted the resources the Dutch possessed.•War broke out•The British set up concentration camps where thousands of women, children as well as Africans died because of malnutrition.

•Boers lost the war to the British• Boers also lost thousands of women and children from the concentration camps. •Thousands of native Southern Africans lost their lives

Suez Canal

Protectorates

• A country or region that is controlled by a more powerful country

• Markets are only open to that country

• Similar to mercantilist practices

Korea became a protectorate of Japan

Spheres of Influence

• Economically confined by a dominant nation

• Territory keeps its own government

China up to 1914

WAR Cause Outcome

OPIUM WARS

Background:•By the 1830's, the English had become the major drug-trafficking criminal organization in the world•The British grew opium in India, then shipped tons of opium into China, which it traded for Chinese manufactured goods and for tea. •This trade had produced, quite literally, a country filled with drug addicts.

•The Chinese finally grew tired of the effect a society addicted to opium, was having.•War broke out when Chinese ships attempted to turn back English merchant vessels, carrying opium, in November of 1839; •The English then sent warships in June of 1840.

• The Chinese, with old-style weapons and artillery, were no match for the British gunships.

• Finally, in 1842, the Chinese were forced to agree to a peace treaty, which favored the British and signed the Treaty of Nanking =

1. Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese

2. Open several ports to British trade

3. Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong

4. Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China

Wars of ImperialismThose who resisted 19th Century European Imperialism

WAR Cause Outcome

BOXER REBELLION

Who were the Boxers?•A groups of farmers in northern China •Created a secret society known as the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists", called the "Boxers" by Western press. •Members of the secret society practiced boxing (hence the nickname, the "Boxers") which they believed would make them impervious to bullets.

•Boxers wanted to rid China of all foreign influence•By late 1899, Boxers were massacring Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians.•An international force of 2,100 American, British, Russian, French, Italian, and Japanese soldiers were sent to subdue the "rebellion."

•Boxers were defeated•The Boxer Rebellion weakened the Chinese emperor (couldn’t defeat the imperialists) and hastened the Republican Revolution of 1911 that overthrew the boy emperor and made China a republic

CHINA

BRITAIN

U.S.A.

RUSSIA

Summary of motivations

• Economic

• Political

• Religious

• Exploratory

• Ideological

Japan

• In 1853, the U.S. sent a fleet of ships under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan in order to open it to trade.

• Soon, Britain, Russia, and Holland negotiated similar treaties.

Japan

• However, Japan remained a dominant imperialist country in

Asia

• By 1940, they controlled many Asian

markets

Effects of imperialism

• Industrial countries become wealthy. powerful, and greedy

• Native culture & economy in colonies diminishes

• Infrastructure & technology increase in non-industrial countries

What were the effects of late 19th century and early 20th century imperialism?

• Competition between European nations for control of Africa and Asia. In Africa this competition for land became known as the “Scramble for Africa.”

• The spread of European ideals (language, religion, political and economic control) throughout the world. The idea of Social Darwinism served as an “excuse” for expansion. Social Darwinists argued that social progress came from “the struggle for survival” as the “fit”- the strong- advanced while the weak declined.

• Resistance to imperialism by colonized nations = armed conflicts and rise of nationalism.

Be Sure to Review

• http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/imperialism/index.cfm

• Go through each region on the left side bar of website.