american imperialism chapter 18. what is imperialism? political, military, and economic domination...
TRANSCRIPT
American ImperialismChapter 18
What is Imperialism?
political, military, and economic domination (complete control) of strong nations over weak territories
Why Imperialism? Economic Causes
desire for raw materials & natural resources
need for new markets for American exports – U.S. was producing more goods than Americans could consume
Why Imperialism? Political / Strategic Causes
need to protect trade & U.S. interests abroad
to strengthen U.S. navy; needed for refueling stations abroad (navy bases)
USS Maine
Launched in 1889, the USS Maine was a modernized steel-plated, steam-powered
battleship.
The Spanish-American War
Causes of the Spanish-American WarPeople of Cuba & Philippines
wanted to rebel against Spain
Depression of 1890 in Cuba; 1895 Cubans revolted against Spain
Spanish used harsh tactics against Cubans (Gen. Valeriano “the Butcher” Weyler)
American press (“yellow journalism”) reported cruelties; Pulitzer & Hearst created sympathy for Cubans
American investments & property destroyed during Cuban revolt
“The Butcher” Weyler
Joseph Pulitzer,
journalist for New York
World
America Declares WarFeb 9, 1898 – DeLome
Letter printed in Hearst’s Journal – called McKinley weak & stupid
Feb 15, 1898 – USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor killing 266 American sailors; press blamed Spain - “War? Sure!”
McKinley asked Congress to declare war
April 19, Congress declared war & adopted Teller Amendment – US had no intention of annexing Cuba
“A Splendid Little War”
War fought on 2 fronts: Caribbean (Cuba & P.R.) Pacific (Philippines)
Commodore George Dewey led the naval destruction of Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines in May 1898; by Aug. Spanish troops surrendered
Emilio Aguinaldo led Filipino rebels against Spain
U.S. troops land in Cuba by June; T. Roosevelt led Rough Riders in Cuba – charged up San Juan Hill which opened way into Santiago harbor
Spanish-American War: Apr 25 - Aug 12, 1898; US won
Rough Riders
Treaty of Paris, 1898
1. Spain recognized Cuban independence (would become a U.S. protectorate)
2. U.S. paid Spain $20 mill. to give up the Philippines
3. Guam (Pacific) and Puerto Rico ceded to the U.S. Guam still U.S. possession; Puerto Rico is a
commonwealth
Effects of the Spanish American War
U.S. recognized as a world power & acquired an overseas empire (leads to debate over expansion)
U.S. annexation of Philippines led to Philippine-American War led by Emilio Aguinaldo (3 years; 216,000 Filipinos died & 5,000 Americans)
1946 - Philippines given independence U.S. made Cuba a “protectorate” (Platt
Amendment added to Cuba’s constitution) & soon gave Cuba independence
Work on this…Spanish-American War Review…Index Card:
List or draw 2 causes & 1 effect of the war
Spanish-American War
Causes & Effects
Debate over Expansion:Should U.S. annex Philippines
Imperialists supported expansionArguments:1. Americans needed new frontier2. New markets for American
manufactured goods3. New sources of raw materials4. Increase in military power5. Spread American ideals: Christianity,
democracy, capitalism6. American superiority – our “duty”
Debate Over Expansion: Should U.S. annex Philippines?
Anti-imperialists opposed expansion Arguments:1. Rejected nation’s foundation of
“liberty for all”2. Faced enough difficulties at home3. Threatened democratic foundations
(fear of large standing armies)4. Racism – might have to absorb people
of different races5. Expansion would cost too much6. Fear of competition in job market;
lower wages
New Lands Come Under U.S. Flag
Hawaii (1891) U.S. annexed after queen was deposed by a wealthy planter Sanford Dole & U.S. Marines
Guam (1898) Treaty of Paris, 1898Puerto Rico (1898) Treaty of Paris, 1898Midway Islands (1867) U.S. occupied &
annexed – for naval baseAlaska (1867) U.S. purchased from Russia for
$7.2 million (“Seward’s Folly,” “Seward’s Icebox”)
Samoa (1899) U.S. acquired base at Pago Pago
Philippines (1898) Treaty of Paris, 1898
Panama CanalWho: Theodore Roosevelt
What: waterway linking Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; greatly reduced travel time between U.S. coastlines
When: construction began 1904; finished in 1914
Why: for commercial and strategic advantages; facilitated trade; alternative to needing separate navies for each ocean (page 606 – 607)
How Did U.S. Acquire Rights to Build the Canal?
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty signed with Panama in 1904
Panama Canal Timeline: 1) 1903: U.S. negotiated treaty w/ Colombia
(Panama part of)2) Colombian gov’t stalled treaty demanding more money3) Roosevelt impatient – supported Panama’s revolt4) U.S. recognized Panama’s independence, negotiated treaty w/ Panama ($10 mill; $250,000 yearly lease for 10 mile wide strip)
Panama Canal Today
1978 Panama Canal Treaty negotiated during Jimmy Carter’s Presidency; canal gradually transitioned to Panama’s control
Transition completed in 2000 – Panama owns and operates canal today
Review: What is the Monroe Doctrine?
Issued by President Monroe in 1823
We (United States) won’t bother you (Europe), you don’t bother us (Western Hemisphere)
Roosevelt Corollary(To Monroe Doctrine)
Why? Europeans threatened intervention in W. Hemisphere (to collect debts, etc.)
When and how stated? In Dec. 1904 by Roosevelt in message to Congress
Central Message: if intervention in W. Hemisphere necessary, U.S. would intervene, not European nations
Roosevelt CorollaryWhen / Where / How Tested? Early 1900’s in Dominican
Republic, Nicaragua, Haiti, Virgin Islands – U.S. used various methods of intervention
Significance / Effect on U.S. – Latin American
Relations: Made U.S. the international police
power in W. Hemis.; led to U.S. intervention; damaged relations w/ Latin American nations
Latin America Diplomacy What does the word “diplomacy” mean?
managing or negotiating with other countries Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy Taft’s Dollar
DiplomacyWilson’s Moral Diplomacy
“Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick” - T. RooseveltOld African proverbDescribes Roosevelt’s foreign policy: - Use diplomacy, but have power to enforce
it and protect American interests - Intervention if necessary - “big stick” = the U.S. navy
Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Maintain orderly societies abroad by increasing American investment in foreign economies
“Substituting “dollars for bullets”
Taft’s foreign policy not as aggressive as Roosevelt’s
Wilson attempts a new direction:Moral Diplomacy
1912 Wilson criticized foreign policy under TR and Taft
Wilson: promised US would not seek new territory but would work to promote “human rights, national integrity & opportunity”
Still ordered interventions in Haiti, Dominican Republic & Mexico