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Presentation on a Term Paper:Impact of Cell Physiology

Cell Physiology

Physiology derived from two Greek world ‘Pysis’ means ‘Nature or origin’ and ‘logia’ means ‘Study of’

Cell physiology is the biological study of the activities which take place in a cell to keep it alive

Objectives

Define cellular physiology. Explain the different levels of function within the human body and

plant body. Explain the basic structure and functions of the cell. Describe the functions and characteristics of several tissue types.

History of CellScientists Country Contribution Year

Robert Hooke England First observed cell on oak tree cork

1665

Anton ven Leeuwenhoek

Netherland First build double-convex lens (270-295x P) to see a living cell

1674

Matthias Schleiden

Germany First told that plants are composed of cell

1838

Theodor Schwann

Germany First told that animals are composed of cell

1839

Cell Theory

Old version All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. Cells come from pre-existing cells.

New/ Modern Version Energy flow occurs within cells. Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell. All cells have the same basic chemical composition.

Methods and Materials

I collect all information by secondary source such as Class lecture Library book Internet Note book provided by our course instructors

Cell Types

There are basically two types of cell-1. Prokaryotic cell (Bacteria and Blue Algae)2. Eukaryotic cell (Plant and Animal Cell)

Cell Components

Cell Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Mitochondria Lysosomes Microfilaments and microtubules Vesicles

Cell Components (Continued)

Cell Membrane Present in Eukaryotic cell Semi-permeable lipid bilayer Maintain cell chemical homeostasis Protects cell inert organelles Provide cell a specific shape

Cell Components (Continued) Nucleus

Control house or brain of the cell Small circular dense object, clearly visible

with a microscope Holds genetic materials Helps in creating ribosomes and RNA Participate actively in cell division

Cell Components (Continued)

Cytoplasm Fluid like material between cell membrane and nucleus Site of cellular reactions Contain 80% water Has two parts: Cytosol and organelles Holds cell organelles in place

Cell Components (Continued) Mitochondria

Power house of cell Site of ATP (energy) production

for all cellular activities Site of hormonal signaling Site of electron transport Helps in creating sperm cell and

ovules

Cell Components (Continued) Endoplasmic Reticulum

Production factory of the cell Two types:

1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Ribosome attached with the outer membrane)

2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (No ribosome attached with the outer membrane)

Exchanger of molecules by osmosis, diffusion Protect cell from toxic substance by

detoxification Site of lipid and glycogen synthesis

Cell Components (Continued)

Golgi Complex Post office of cell Modify, sort and package macromolecules Create lysosomes Three types (Structurally):

1. Cisternae2. Vesicle3. Vacuole

Secret carbohydrate for creating cell wall

Cell Components (Continued)

Lysosome Sac like organelle, sometimes called

suicide bag Round and small Contain digestive enzymes Stomach of the cell Surrounded by protein

Cell Components (Continued)

Microfilaments and Microtubules Thin fiber function as cooperative members of the

cytoskeleton Make up structure such as flagella, centrioles and

spindle fibers Interaction with myosin for muscle contraction Help support cell structure

Cell Components (Continued)

Vesicles a fluid- or air-filled cavity or sac in cell

enclosed by a lipid bilayer Store and transport substances throughout

the cell Plant cell have larger vacuoles

Physiological Processes

Physiological processes that take place within the cell are given below: Autophagy- The process whereby cells "eat" their own internal

components or microbial invaders. Adhesion- Chemical process through which cells held together. Cell division- Process of reproduction through two major types-

mitosis (asexual reproduction) and meiosis (sexual reproduction). Cell signaling- Regulation and signaling of hormones and

neurotransmitters DNA repairing RNA and protein transcription

Cell Abnormalities

It also can be termed as genetic disorder mainly caused by chromosomal aberration, X-Y linked dominant and recessive, mitochondrial abnormalities. Due to cell abnormalities different types of body disorder, disease, finally result in cancer or cancer cell development in the body. Some common examples are- Cancer- Abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or

spread to other parts of the body Hemophilia- Hereditary genetic disorder that impairs the body

ability to control blood clotting. Canavan Disease: Progressive damage to nerve cells in the brain Menkes Disease: X-linked recessive disorder, affects copper level in

the body cause copper deficiency.

Summery

Cell physiology is a biological science in which one study about cells, tissues and the functions of organs and organ system to learn how the body works. As a cell physiologist, ones concern is with discovering disease mechanism to help develop cures for neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, AIDS, tuberculosis and other body disorder. These helps one to become a good research scientist. So this presentation bearing a short introductory information about cell physiology aiming the significance of it.

Conclusion

Cell physiology is the sub-division of biology that examines the mechanisms, chemical processes and internal structure of cells. Cell physiologists focus on the most complex processes happening in a cell to determine how it affects regular body functions. The work of a physiologist includes discovering new treatments for maladies and measuring species physiological tolerance to extreme conditions. As cytology deals with the function and activities of cellular level and molecular biology it is very much important for a cytologist to have a clear sense or knowledge about cell physiology.

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