Chapter 4

CELL PHYSIOLOGY

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/

OBJECTIVES

• I will be able to • compare the processes of diffusion, dialysis, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and

filtration.

• Discuss the active cell transport mechanisms responsible for movement of some materials through cell membranes.

• Compare and contrast passive and active cell transport processes.

• Describe the role of enzymes in cell metabolism.

• We will

• Outline the process of cellular respiration and discuss its importance.

• Discuss, compare, and contrast the four distinct phases of mitosis and meiosis.

• Discuss and give examples of how cells adapt to changing conditions and what kinds of changes may be harmful to the body.

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES (P. 91)

• Passive transport processes (Table 4-1)

• Diffusion (Figs. 4-1, 4-2, 4-3)

• Dialysis (Fig. 4-4)

• Separation of small from larger molecules

• Osmosis (Figs. 4-5, 4-6)

• Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (osmotic pressure)

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES (P. 91)

• Passive transport processes (Table 4-1)

• Facilitated diffusion (Fig. 4-7)

• Carrier mediated

• Filtration• Water passage by force of hydrostatic pressure

• Separate large from small

• Capillaries

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES (P. 91)

• Active transport processes (Table 4-1)

• Substances move against a gradient; using pumps• Endocytosis (Fig. 4-9)

• Phagocytosis

• Pinocytosis

• Exocytosis (Figs. 3-2, 3-5)

What do these words actually mean?

CELL METABOLISM/ENZYMES (P. 98)

• Enzymes reduce activation energy

• Regulate cell metabolism

• Chemical structure of enzymes (Fig. 4-10)

• Proteins• Active site

CELL METABOLISM/ENZYMES (P. 98)

• General functions of enzymes• Most enzymes are action-specific (Fig. 4-10)

• Chemical and physical agents activate or inactivate by changing shape (Figs. 4-11, 4-12)

• Allosteric effectors (give me some examples)

• End-product inhibition occurs

• Most enzymes catalyze reversible reactions

COMP-BOOK WRITING ASSIGNMENT

• Write 5-6 sentences

• Explain the similarities and differences between active and passive transport. Give examples of each and where in our body the process occurs.

CELL METABOLISM/ENZYMES (P. 98)

• General functions of enzymes

• Many enzymes are synthesized as inactive pro-enzymes (Fig. 4-11)

CATABOLISM (P.102)

• Overview of cellular respiration (Fig. 2-29)

• Glucose is broken down to yield stored energy

• Glycolysis (what is the fate of Pyruvic acid?) (Figs. 4-13, 4-14)

• Citric acid cycle (Figs. 4-14, 27-6)

• Electron transport system (Figs. 4-14, 27-7)

ANABOLISM (P.104)

• Building pathways

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (Figs. 4-15, 4-16)

• Double helix; transfers information; directs protein synthesis

• Genes = segment of DNA; codes for synthesizing one polypeptide (amino acid compound)

• Process of using tRNA to convert the mRNA strand into stings of amino acids

• proteins

• Converting DNA to mRNA to prepare for protein synthesis

ANABOLISM (P.104)

Transcription (Fig. 4-14; Table 4-2) Translation (Figs. 3-3, 4-18, 3-5; Table 4-2)

GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF CELLS (FIG. 4-19)

• Cell growth (p. 109)

• Production of cytoplasm (Table 4-2)

• Amount of cytoplasm doubles preparing for separation

• DNA replication (Fig. 4-20; Table 4-3)

• Chromosomes double

• Genetic material same in all cells (mitosis)

• Genetic material in haploid number (meiosis)

GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF CELLS

• Cell reproduction (p. 111)

• Cytokinesis (Fig. 4-22)

• Mitosis (Table 4-4; Fig 4-22)

• Prophase (Figs. 4-21; 4-22, B)

• Metaphase (Fig. 4-22, C)

• Anaphase (Fig. 4-22, D)

• Telophase (Fig. 4-22, E)

• Meiosis (Fig. 4-23) (Covered in more detail in Chapters 31–33)

• Meiosis I

• Meiosis II

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

• You will act out the phase of mitosis you are given.

• Shhhh it’s a secret and your classmates have to guess

• You will be in groups of 5-6 and everyone must participate.

MITOSIS

• Interphase• 46 chromosomes

MITOSIS

• Prophase• Chromosomes doubled (92)

MITOSIS

• Metaphase• Nucleus dissolves

• Microtubules attach

• Chromosomes align

at the middle

MITOSIS

• Anaphase• Separated chromosomes

pulled apart

MITOSIS

• Telophase• Microtubules

disappear

• Cell division

occurs

MITOSIS

• Cytokinesis• Two daughter cells are formed

• 46 chromosomes each

CYCLE OF LIFE: CELLS (TABLE 4-5)

• Different cells have different life cycles

• Aging creates cell numbers and function• Muscles atrophy

• Loss of skin elasticity

• Bone density

• Cardio and respiratory

THE BIG PICTURE: CELLS PHYSIOLOGY AND THE WHOLE BODY (P. 116)

• Most process occur at the same time throughout the body

• Genetic code dictates normal cell functions

MECHANISMS OF DISEASE (P. 116)

• Cellular Disease

• Disorders involving cell transport (Fig. 4-24)

• Cystic fibrosis

• Chloride ion pump in cell membrane are missing

• Salty and thick mucous secretions

• Duchenne muscular dystrophy

• Leaky cell membranes; false muscle growth

• Disorders involving cell membrane receptors

• Type 2 diabetes

• Insulin receptors less sensitive; cells starved for glucose located outside the cell but can not get in

MECHANISMS OF DISEASE (P. 116)

• Cellular Disease

• Disorders involving cell reproduction

• Cancer

• Disorders involving DNA and protein synthesis

• Sickle-cell anemia

• Abnormal hemoglobin production

• Infections

• Bacterial and viral damage to cells

The End

CELL METABOLISM/ENZYMES (P. 98)

• Classification and naming of enzymes (-ase)

• Oxidation-reduction enzymes (give me 2 examples)

• Hydrolyzing enzymes (Found where?)

• Phosphorylating enzymes (add or remove what?)• Enzymes that add or remove carbon dioxide (?)

• Enzymes that rearrange atoms within a molecule (?)

• Hydrases (what do they do with water?)