physiology: introduction &cell anatomy

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In the name of God Physiology: Introduction &Cell Anatomy Moradian MD, MPH, PhD candidate Tehran University of Medical Sciences [email protected] 2015

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Page 1: Physiology: Introduction &Cell Anatomy

In the name of God

Physiology:

Introduction &Cell Anatomy

Moradian MD, MPH, PhD candidate

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

[email protected]

2015

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معرفی سایت

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معرفی سایت

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معرفی سایت

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يبثع

MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

SIXTH EDITION

Lodish • Berk • Kaiser • Krieger • Scott • Bretscher

•Ploegh • Matsudaira

© 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company

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مقدمه

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Anatomy

ana: separate, apart from, and temnein, to

cut up, cut open

‌اي ‌ك‌است‌پسشكي‌/زيست‌شبسي‌عهى‌از‌شبخ‌زذ‌يجدات‌ثذ‌سبختبر‌ث ‌آ‌اج‌ساء‌ارتجبط‌‌

يي‌پردازد

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An Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomy

‌‌‌ثب‌را‌ثذ‌اجساء‌ارتجبط‌يعلا‌ك‌ثذ‌سبختبر‌عهى‌بي‌آري‌ف‌ايرز‌كذ‌يي‌يشخص‌شكبفي‌كبنجذ

‌‌آيذ‌عهى‌اي‌كك‌ث‌ى‌ثرداري‌تصير‌پيشرفتاست

Physiology

عهى‌عهكردبي‌ثذ‌يجدات‌زذhttp://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

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ذف‌فيسينژي

تشريح‌عايم‌فيسيكي‌‌شييبيي‌ك‌يسئل‌خبستگب،‌‌.رشذ‌‌اداي‌حيبت‌ستذ

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سبختبر‌ثذ‌يجدات‌زذ

سطح شيميايي1.(Proton, Neutron, electrons)اتم

(Two or more atoms joined together by either covalent or ionic bonds)ملكىل

:ملكىلهاي مهم بدن

پرتئي‌ب،‌اسيذ‌بي‌آييكرثيذراتب

نيپيذب‌،‌اسيذ‌بي‌چرةاسيذبي‌کهئيک

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سبختبر‌ثذ‌يجدات‌زذ

(احذ‌اصهي‌حيبت)كچكتري‌سبختبر‌احذ‌عهكردي‌ثذ‌:‌سهل‌.2

:ثبفتب.‌3‌اي‌از‌سهل‌بي‌يك‌شكم‌ثب‌يادي‌ك‌آب‌را‌احبع‌كردذ‌‌يك‌ دست

عهكرد‌يشخص‌دارذ:ارگب.4

‌اي‌از‌د‌يب‌چذ‌ثبفت‌ك‌در‌كبر‌ى‌كبر‌ييكذ‌تب‌فعبنيت‌خبصي‌ يجعرا‌اجبو‌دذ

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سبختبر‌ثذ‌يجدات‌زذ

‌اي‌از‌يك‌يب‌چذ‌ارگب‌ك‌ثراي‌يك‌ذف‌يشخص‌:‌دستگب. 5 يجع:بي‌يبذ‌دستگب.‌يجع‌فعبنيت‌بيي‌را‌اجبو‌يي‌دذ

Skeletalاسكلتي system

Muscularماهيچه اي system

Nervousعصبي system

Endocrineترشحات درون ريز system

Cardiovascularقلبي عروقي system

Respiratoryتنفسي system

Digestiveهاضمه system

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‌‌Homeostasisستبزي‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌

حفظ‌شرايظ‌ايستب‌يب‌ثبثت‌در‌يحيظ‌داخهي‌ثذ...،‌گهكز‌CO2ژتيك،‌تفس‌‌:‌دستگب‌كترني(،فشبرCO2)پبسخ‌خلاف‌يحرك‌اني:‌فيذثك‌يفيخريسي‌‌قهت،‌نخت‌شذ‌)بپبيذاري‌:‌فيذثك‌يثجت

(خ،‌زايب،‌پيبو‌عصجي‌‌ي‌سذيى

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Endocrine System and Homeostasis

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Control of Endocrine Function

Feedback mechanisms:

A. Positive

B. Negative

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Positive Feedback

Not common

Classic example:

Action of OXYTOCIN

on uterine muscle during

birth.

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Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting

•In positive feedback an initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the

change in the original condition. For instance:

Damage to blood vessel wall will cause release of chemicals.

Chemicals will trigger blood clotting

Clotting process increases release of chemicals

More chemicals means accelerated clotting

Accelerated clotting means more chemicalshttp://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

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Negative Feedback

Most common control

mechanism

Level of hormone in

blood or body’s return

to homeostasis shuts

off loop at

hypothalamus and

pituitary

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سهل

ست‌‌سيتپلاسىاكتپلاسى،‌اذپلاسى:‌سيتپلاسىياد‌تشكيم‌دذ‌سهل:‌پرتپلاسى

آةانكترنيت‌ب‌ب پرتئيچرثي‌ب

كرثيرات‌ب

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آة

درصذ‌ز‌ثذ85‌تب‌‌75(كبتي‌آي)حم‌اتى‌‌يهكل‌ثبردار:‌گشتبر‌د‌قغجي

كشش‌سغحي،‌ظرفيت‌حرارتي‌ثبلا،‌ثبثت‌:‌اتصبلات‌يذرژيدي‌انكتريك‌ثبلا

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يبيع‌خبرج‌سهني

يحيظ‌داخم‌ثذآة‌ثذ1/3‌

سذيى،‌كهر،‌ثي‌كرثبت،‌اكسيژ،‌گهكز،‌اسيذبي‌چرة،‌اسيذبي‌آيي،‌دي‌اكسيذكرث،‌ياد‌زايذ

ژ‌ثب‌پلاسب

يبيع‌داخم‌سهنيپتبسيى،‌ييسيى،‌فسفبت•

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‌ب ي

پتبغين، هيصين، فػفبت، غلفبت، ثي كسثبت

غدين، كلس، كلػين

قؽ كفبكتز، فعبليت الكتسيكي اقجبضي

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پستئيي ب

: غبختوبي

(هيكستثل)فيلاهبى بی داخل غلل

(كلاضى، الاغتيي)بی خبزج غلل فيجسيل

(بی ؾيويبيي كبتبليص اكؽ)آصين ب : عولكسدی

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چسثي

قبثليت حل دز حلال چسثي

(چسثي خثي)فػفليپيد، كلػتسل، تسی گليػسيد

غؿبء

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كسثيدزات ب

تغري

گليكپستئيي: غبختوبى

پليوس بهحلل گلكش: گليكضى

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غبختبز فيصيكي غلل

غؿبءچسثي

پستئيي

كسثيدزات

ػتغؿبء

ػتك زيجشم

غيتپلاغن داز، صبف)ؾجك آدپلاغوي (دا

دغتگب گلطی

ليصشم ب

پساكػيصم

شيكل بی تسؾحي

هيتكدزی

تثل/فيلاهبىhttp://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

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غؿبء

(دزصد 4 ب چسثي غبيس 3 ،كسثيدزات13كلػتسل ،25 فػفليپيد ،55 پستئيي )پستئيي چسثي

دغتگب ليصشم هيتكدزی، ادپلاغوي، ؾجك ػت، غلل،گلطی

غلل غؿبءبهتس 10

لاي د چسثي

(يدزفة) چسة اغيد ،(آة دز هحلل) فػفبت :فػفليپيد

گليكپستئيي :پستئيي

اكؽ گيسد، غللي، ثيي اتصبل هفي، ثبز :گليككبليع) كسثيدزات(ايوي

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غبختبز فيصيكي غلل

غؿبءپستئيي

كسثيدزات

ػتغؿبء

ػتك زيجشم

غيتپلاغن داز، صبف)ؾجك آدپلاغوي (دا

دغتگب گلطی

ليصشم ب

پساكػيصم

شيكل بی تسؾحي

هيتكدزی

تثل/فيلاهبى

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غيتپلاغن

غيتپلاغن(پستئيي هحلل، الكتسليت، گلكش)غيتشل

داز، صبف)ؾجك آدپلاغوي ، دغتگب گلطی، (داليصشم ب پساكػيصمهيتكدزی،

گلجل چسثي، گسال گليكضى، زيجشم شيكل بی تسؾحي

تثل/فيلاهبى

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ؾجك آدپلاغوي

تثل شيكل

غؿبء چسثي د لاي

هبتسيكع آدپلاغوي

غتص پستئيي- RNA(: زيجشم)دا داز غتص ليپيد: صبف

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دغتگب گلطی

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ليصشم

دغتگب گازؼ

غبختوبى آغيت ديد، ذزات غرايي خزد ؾد، : ضنهاد بخاغت

: اغيد آهي، گليكضى: پستئيي) آصين بی يدزلاش(اغيدچسة گليػسل: گلكش، چسثي

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پساكػيصم

خدتكثيسی

اتصبل اكػيطى ث يدزضى: اكػيداشكبتبلاش+ پساكػيديدزضى

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شيكل تسؾحي

تسؾح هاد يط

ثعد اش دغتگب گلطی

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هيتكدزی

هتزخب

غؿبء دلاي

ATP: اكػيد هاد غرايي

DNA: خد ؾجي غبش

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تثل -فيلاهبى

اغكلت غللي•

پستئيي•

ازتجبعي: اكتيي ثيسى غلل•

هبيچ: اكتيي هيشيي•

تبضک اغپسم غلل: هيكستثل•

بی هيتشی دک•

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NUCLEUSػت

DNA هحل

فؿسد DNA :كسهبتييهيتش ايتسفبش، :غللي چسخ

كتسل غيتپلاغن، آصين بی پستئيي تليد كد :ضى

هثل تليد

هبفر) دزي ،(ادپلاغوي ؾجك اداه) ثسي :ػت غؿبء(بهتس9

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NUCLEUS ػت

Site of DNA (In

chromosomes)

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DNA REPLICATION

The double helix

“unzips”

New bases pair up

with the old ones

The molecule

replicates itself

Two identical copies

each with one old

strand and one new

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ػتك

فبقد غؿبء

RNA

پستئيي بی زيجشهي

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اتقبل غؿبيي

اش غؿبء ( هحلل دز چسثي)عجز هػتقين هقداز كوي اش هاد ليپيدی

عول اختصبصي(: كببلي، حبهل)پستئيي بی غؿبيي

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ااع اتقبل

غيسفعبل

(گلكش)اتؿبز تػيل ؾد : ثب اغط حبهل

(ذز كچك، هحلل دز چسثي: اغوص)اتؿبز غبد : ثدى حبهل

فعبل

پتبغين، آدغيتش، اگصغيتش-پوپ غدين: ATPهصسف هػتقين

ن اتقبلي ( : ث ؾكل غيس هػتقين ATPهصسف )ثبي (كلػين-غدين)، هتقبثل(اغيدآهي-گلكش، غدين-غدين)

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پتبسيى‌-پپ‌سذيى

لگس: گليكپستئيي: ثتبآلفب

خسج غ غدين، زد د پتبغينATP

http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wpكتسل حجن

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پپ‌كهسيى

شجك‌سبركپلاسي‌عضلات

غشبي‌ييتكذريسهنبي‌عضه‌قهت

ي‌كهسيى‌2خرج‌ATP

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پپ‌يذرژ

پلاغوبيي، غؿبیهيتكدزی ليصشم،پستئيب تجصييدزضى يى خسج

ATP

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اتقبل هبكسهلكل ب

آدغيتش

هبيع: پيغيتش

جبهد: فبگغيتش

اگصغيتش

ATP

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پديد بی الكتسيكي غؿبء

:كببل ب

(پتبغين -غيس فعبل: )ؿتي

حػبظ ث اختلاف پتبػيل د طسف غؿبء: داز لتبضی دزيچ

اغتيل كليي )اتصبل هجت تغييس ؾكل : داز ليگبدی دزيچ(زد غدين

داز كؿؿي كلػين: دزيچ

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فعبليت الكتسيكي غؿبء

هيلي لت -200تب -5: اختلاف پتبػيل

mv -90: عصجي تحسيك ؿد

پيبم الكتسيكي: تغييس دز پتبػيل

زد غدين : دپلازيصاغيى

Overshoot :30 +mv (كببل پتبغين)زپلازيصاغيى

اتؿبز ثيؽ اش حد پتبغين ث خبزج: يپسپلازيصاغيى

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Resting Potential

In a resting neuron

there is a difference in

electrical charges on

the outside and inside

of the plasma

membrane. The

outside has a positive

charge and the inside

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RESULTS IN:

A net positive charge outside &

a net negative charge inside.

Such a membrane is

POLARISED

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Action Potential

When the cell membranes

are stimulated, there is a

change in the permeability

of the membrane to

sodium ions (Na+).

The membrane becomes

more permeable to Na+

and K+, therefore

sodium ions diffuse into the cell down a concentration

gradient. The entry of Na+ disturbs the resting potential

and causes the inside of the cell to become more

positive relative to the outside.http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

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DEPOLARISATION

As the outside of the cell

has become more positive

than the inside of the cell,

the membrane is now

DEPOLARISED.

When enough sodium ions

enter the cell to depolarise

the membrane to a critical

level (threshold level) an

action potential arises

which generates an

impulse.

In order for the neuron to

generate an action potential

the membrane potential must

reach the threshold of

excitation.

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All-or-None Principle

Throughout depolarisation, the Na+

continues to rush inside until the action

potential reaches its peak and the

sodium gates close.

If the depolarisation is not great

enough to reach threshold, then an

action potential and hence an impulse

are not produced.http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

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فعبليت الكتسيكي غؿبء

تحسيك بپريسی

هطلق

(تعداد كوي كببل غدين ث حبلت عبدی ثبشگؿت اد)ػجي

تحسيك بپريسی، غيبپع: يك جت ثدى حسكت پيبم

m/s 100تب 1: غسعت

حسكت جؿي دز هيليي داز دز گس زاي

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Refractory Period

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Speed of Nerve Impulses

Impulses travel very rapidly along

neurones. The presence of a

myelin sheath greatly increases the

velocity at which impulses are

conducted along the axon of a

neuron. In unmyelinated fibres, the

entire axon membrane is exposed

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Speed of Nerve Impulses

Impulses travel very rapidly

along neurons. The presence

of a myelin sheath greatly

increases the velocity at which

impulses are conducted along

the axon of a neuron. In

unmyelinated fibres, the entire

axon membrane is exposed

and impulse conduction is

slower.

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Page 87: Physiology: Introduction &Cell Anatomy

فعبليت الكتسيكي غؿبء

كصاز: تحسيك پريسی كبؽ پتبػيل : كوجد كلػين

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Page 88: Physiology: Introduction &Cell Anatomy

Animation:

The Nerve Impulse

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Page 89: Physiology: Introduction &Cell Anatomy

Animation:

Chemical Synapse

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