(I'm) going to (do)

I am going to do something = I have already decided to do it, I intend to do it:• A: There's a movie on TV tonight. Are you going to watch it?

B: No, I'm going to write some letters.• A: I heard that Lisa won some money. What is she going to do with it?

B: She's going to buy a new car.fl This cheese looks awful. I'm not going to eat it.

I am doing and I am going to doWe normally use I am doing (present continuous) when we say what we have arranged to do -for example, arranged to meet somebody, arranged to go somewhere (see Unit ISA):

• What time are you meeting Amanda this evening?• I'm leaving tomorrow. I have my plane ticket.

I am going to do something = I've decided to do it (but perhaps not arranged to do it):• "The windows are dirty." "Yes, I know. I'm going to wash them later." (= I've decided

to wash them, but I haven't arranged to wash them)• I've decided not to stay here any longer. Tomorrow I'm going to look for another

place to live.Often the difference is very small, and either form is possible.

You can also say that something is going to happen in the future. For example:

The man can't see the hole in front of him.He is going to fall into the hole.When we say that something is going to happen, thesituation now makes us believe this. The man is walkingtoward the hole now, so he is going to fall into it.

situation now future happening

going to

^

Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain. (The clouds are there now.)I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (I feel terrible now.)

I was going to do something = I intended to do it but didn't do it:» We were going to travel by train, but then we decided to drive instead.>' Peter was going to take the exam, but he changed his mind.• I was just going to cross the street when somebody shouted, "Stop!"

You can say something was going to happen (but didn't happen):• I thought it was going to rain, but then the sun came out.

/ am doing with a Future Meaning Unit 18A I will and I'm going to Unit 22

Exercises19.1 Write a question with going to for each situation.

1. Your friend has won some money. You ask:(what / do with it?) J^haf^ars^QU^gomg^

2. Your friend is going to a party tonight. You ask:(what/wear?) _

U N I T

19

3. Your friend has just bought a new table. You ask:(where / put it?)

4. Your friend has decided to have a party. You ask:(who/invite?)

19.2 Read the situations and complete the dialogs. Use going to.1. You have decided to write some letters this evening.

Friend: Are you going out this evening?You: No,

2. You're taking piano lessons, but you have decided to quit soon.Friend: You don't seem to enjoy your piano lessons.

You: I don't.3. You have been offered a job, but you have decided not to take it.

Friend: I hear you've been offered a job.You: That's right, but

4. You are in a restaurant. The food is awful, and you've decided to complain.Friend: This food is awful, isn't it?

You: Yes, it's disgusting.5. You have to call Sarah. It's morning now, and you intend to call her tonight.

Friend: Have you called Sarah yet?You: No, _

19.3 What is going to happen in these situations? Use the words in parentheses.1. There are a lot of black clouds in the sky. (rain) Jts_gajrjg_tojrain.__2. It is 8:30. Jack is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8:45, but the trip takes 30

minutes, (late) He _3. There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. A lot of water is coming in through the hole,

(sink) The boat _4. Erica is driving. There is very little gas left in the tank. The nearest gas station is far

away, (run out) She _ ,

19.4 Complete the sentences with was/were going to + one of these verbs:call fly- have play quit

1- We2. We3. I4. When I last saw Bob, he

decided not to.5. We

but we decided to drive instead._ tennis yesterday, but it rained all day.

. John, but I decided to write him a letter instead.his job, but in the end he

couldn't come, so we changed our minds.a party last week, but some of our friends

39

We use I'll (= I will) when we decide to do something at the time of speaking:• Oh, I left the door open. I'll go and shut it.» "What would you like to drink?" "I'll have some orange juice, please."• "Did you call Julie?" "Oh no, I forgot. I'll call her now."

You cannot use the simple present (I do /1 go, etc.) in these sentences:H I'll go and shut the door, (not I go and shut)

We often use I think I'll... and I don't think I'll. . . :• I'm a little hungry. I think I'll have something to eat.• I don't think I'll go out tonight. I'm too tired.

In spoken English, the negative of will is usually won't (= will not):ti I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.

Do not use will to talk about what you have already decided or arranged to do (see Units18-19):

K I'm leaving on vacation next Saturday, (not I'll leave)• Are you working tomorrow? (not Will you work)

We often use will in these situations:

Offering to do somethingU That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it. (not I help)

Agreeing to do something" A: You know that book I lent you? Could I have it back if you're finished with it?

B: Of course. I'll give it to you this afternoon, (not I give)

Promising to do something^ Thanks for lending me the money. I'll pay you back on Friday, (not I pay)M I won't tell anyone what happened. I promise.

Asking somebody to do something (Will you . . . ?)Will you please be quie t? I'm trying TO concentrate.

• Will you shut the door, please? 20

You can use won't to say that somebody refuses to do something:• I've tried to give her advice, but she won't listen. (= she refuses to listen)• The car won't start. I wonder what's wrong with it. (= the car "refuses" to start)

Shall I . . . ? Shall we ... ?Shall is used in the questions Shall I. . . ? / Shall we .. . ? to ask somebody's opinion(especially in offers or suggestions):

• Shall I open the window? (= do you want me to open the window?)• "Where shall we have lunch?" "Let's go to Marino's."

We also use should in the same situations:• Should I open the window?• Where should we have lunch?

Will Unit 21 I will and I'm going to Unit 22

Exercises20.1 Complete the sentences with /'// + an appropriate verb.

1. I'm too tired to walk home. I think JJJLtgke-2. "It's a little cold in this room." "You're right.3. "We don't have any milk." "We don't?4. "I don't know how to use this computer." "OK,5. "Would you like tea or coffee?" " _

a taxi._ on the heat."

and get some."

_ coffee, please. "__ you a postcard."6. "Good-bye! Have a nice trip." "Thanks. _

7. Thanks for lending me your camera. _ _ it back to you onMonday, OK?

8. "Are you coming with us?" "No, I think _ _here."

20.2 Read the situations and write sentences with / think I'll .... or / don't think I'll ....

1 . It's a little cold. You decide to close the window. You say:

2. You're tired, and it's getting late. You decide to go to bed. You say:I think _ .

3. A friend of yours offers you a ride in his car, but you decide to walk. You say:Thank you, but I think _ .

4. You arranged to play tennis today. Now you decide that you don't want to play. You say:I don't think _ .

5. You were going to go swimming. Now you decide that you don't want to go. You say:

U N I T

20

20.3 Which is correct? (If necessary, study Units 18-19 first.)

1. "Did you call Julie?" "Oh no, I forgot. i-eati:/I'll call her now." (I'll call is correct.)2. I can't meet you tomorrow afternoon. I'm playing / I'll play tennis. (I'm playing is correct.)3. "I meet / I'll meet you outside the hotel in half an hour, OK?" "Yes, that's fine."4. "I need some money." "OK, I'm lending / I'll lend you some. How much do you need?"5. I'm having / I'll have a party next Saturday. I hope you can come.6. "Remember to get a newspaper when you go out." "OK. I don't forget /1 won't forget."7. What time does your train leave / will your train leave tomorrow?8. I asked Sue what happened, but she doesn't tell / won't tell me.9. "Are you doing / Will you do anything tomorrow evening?" "No, I'm free. Why?"

10. I don't want to go out alone. Do you come / Will you come with me?

20.4 Complete the sentences with /'//// won't /Shall I... ? /Shall we... ? + an appropriateverb.

1. A: Where AholL^s.ha(/e_ lunch?B: Let's go to the new restaurant on North Street.

2. A: It's Mark's birthday soon, and I have to get him a present. What _him?

B: I don't know. I never know what to give people.3. A: Do you want me to put these things away?

B: No, it's OK. . it later.4. A: Let's go out tonight.

B: OK, where _ ?5. A: What I've told you is a secret. I don't want anybody else to know.

B: Don't worry. _ anybody else.6. A: I know you're busy, but can you finish this report this afternoon?

B: Well, , but I can't promise.

41

Will (2)

We do not use will to say what somebody has already arranged or decided to do in thefuture:

» Ann is working next week, (not Ann will work)« Are you going to watch TV this evening? (not Will you watch)

For I'm working . . . and Are you going to .. . ? see Units 18-19.

But often, when we talk about the future, we are not talking about what somebody hasdecided to do. For example:

This is a very long line! Don't worry. We'll get in.

We'll get in does not mean wehave decided to get in. Joe issaying what he knows or thinkswill happen. He is predicting thefuture. When we predict a futurehappening or situation, we usewill/won't.

• Jill has lived abroad a long time. When she comes back, she'll find a lot of changes.» "Where will you be this time next year?" "I'll be in Japan."• That plate is very hot. If you touch it, you'll burn yourself.• Tom won't pass the exam. He hasn't studied hard enough.• When will you find out how you did on the exam?

We often use will ('11) with:

probably * I'll probably be home late tonight.(I'm) sure * Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.(I) think * Do you think Sarah will like the present we bought her?(I) don't think 9 I don't think the exam will be very difficult.(I) guess • I guess your parents will be tired after their trip.(I) suppose « When do you suppose Jan and Mark will get married?(I) doubt • I doubt you'll need a heavy coat in Las Vegas.I wonder * I wonder what will happen.

After (I) hope, we generally use the present:^ I hope Carol calls tonight.S I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.

/ will and I'm going to Unit 22 Will be doing and will have done Unit 23 Will Unit 20 Shall Unit 20D

Exercises21.1 Which is correct (or more natural) in these sentences?

1. Ann isn't free on Saturday. She'll work / She's working. (She's working is correct.2. I'll go / I'm going to a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come, too?3. I think Amy will get / is getting the job. She has a lot of experience.4. I can't meet you this evening. A friend of mine will come / is coming to see me.5. A: Have you decided where to go on vacation?

B: Yes, we will go / we are going to Italy.6. You don't have to be afraid of the dog. It won't hurt / It isn't hurting you.

U N I T

21

21.2 Complete the sentences with will ('II) + one of these verbs:be be come get like look meet passDon't worry about your exam. I'm sure you _JLggss__Why don't you try on this jacket? It __I want you to meet Brandon sometime. I think you

nice on you.him.

wet.offended if I don't go.

1.2.3.4. It's raining. Don't go out. You _5. They've invited me to their house. They _6. I've invited Sue to the party, but I don't think she _ _ .7. I wonder where I _ _ 20 years from now.8. Good-bye. I hope we _ _ again soon.

21 .3 Put in will ('II) or won't.1. Can you wait for me? I _jvo£ZJL_ _ be very long.2. You don't need to take an umbrella with you. It _ rain.3. If you don't eat anything now, you _ _ be hungry later.4. I'm sorry about what happened yesterday. It _ _ happen again.5. I've got some incredible news! You _ _ never believe what happened.6. Don't ask Amanda for advice. She __ _ know what to do.7. There's no more bread. I guess we _ _ have to go to the store before we eat.8. Jack doesn't like crowds. I don't think he __ __ come to our party.

21.4 Where do you think you will be at these times? Write true sentences using one ofthese:

I'll be ... I'll probably be .1. (next Monday night at 7:45)2. (at 5:00 tomorrow morning)3. (at 10:30 tomorrow morning)4. (next Saturday afternoon at 4:15)5. (this time next year) _

I don't know where I'll be ... I guess I'll be ...

^^

21.5 Write questions using Do you think.. .will... ? with one of these verbs:be back cost get married happen like rain

1. I bought Rosa a present. _^o_^oi./_J^}/f2A2. The weather doesn't look very good. Do you _3. My car needs to be fixed. How much4. Sarah and David are in love. Do _5. "I'm going out now." "OK. What time6. The future is uncertain. What

43

/ will and I'm going to E

Future actionsStudy the difference between will and going to:

Sue is talking to Erica:

That's a great idea.Let's have a party. We'll invite some

people from work.

will ('11): We use will when we decide to dosomething at the time of speaking. Thespeaker has not decided before. The partyis a new idea.

SUE

decisionnow

I'll.

past now future

Later that day, Erica meets Dave:

Sue and I have decided to havea party. We're going to invite somepeople from work.

going to: We use (be) going to when wehave already decided to do something.Erica had already decided to invite somepeople from work before she spoke to Dave.

ERICA

decisionbefore

I'm going to ...

past now future

Compare:• "Daniel called while you were out." "OK. I'll call him back."

but "Daniel called while you were out." "Yes, I know. I'm going to call him back."» "Anna is in the hospital." "Oh, really? I didn't know. I'll go and visit her tonight."

but "Anna is in the hospital." "Yes, I know. I'm going to visit her tonight."

Future happenings and situations (predicting the future)Sometimes there is not much difference between will and going to. For example, you can say:

• I think the weather will be nice later.» I think the weather is going to be nice later.

When we say something is going to happen, we think this because of the situation now:» Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain, (not It will rain - We can see the clouds now.)m I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick, (not I think I'll be sick - I feel terrible now.)

Do not use will in situations like these. (See also Unit 19C.)

In other situations, will is more usual:» Tom will probably arrive at about 8:00.» I think Jessica will like the present we bought for her.

I'm going to Unit 19 Will Units 20-21

Exercises22.1 Complete the sentences using will ('II) or going to.

1. A: Why are you turning on the television?B: I'm going to watch _ the news. (I / watch)

2. A: Oh, I just realized that I don't have any money.B: You don't? Well, don't worry. _

3. A: I have a headache.B: You do? Wait a second and _

4. A: Why are you filling that bucket with water?B: _ the car. (I / wash)

5. A: I've decided to paint this room.B: Oh, really? What color

6. A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping?B: Yes, _ _ something for dinner. (I / buy)

U N I T

22you some. (I / lend)

an aspirin for you. (I / get)

it? (you / paint)

7. A: I don't know how to use this camera.B: It's easy. you. (I / show)

it now. (I / do)A: Did you mail that letter for me?B: Oh, I'm sorry. I completely forgot.A: Has Dan decided what to do when he finishes high school?B: Oh, yes. Everything is planned. _ _ a few months off (he / take)

and then _ _ classes at the community college, (he / start)

22.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences using will ('II) or going to.

I . The phone rings and you answer. Somebody wants to speak to Jim.Caller: Hello. May I speak to Jim, please?

You: Just a moment. JJLgeL ______ _____ him. (I / get)2. It's a nice day. You've decided to take a walk. Before going outside, you tell your friend.

You: The weather's too nice to stay indoors. _ ____ awalk. (I / take)

Friend: That's a good idea. I think ____ ____ ____ you. (I / join)3. Your friend is worried because she has lost an important letter.

You: Don't worry about the letter. I'm sure _ _____ _ it.(you / find)

Friend: I hope so.4. There was a job advertised in the newspaper recently. At first you were interested, but

then you decided not to apply.Friend: Have you decided what to do about that job that was advertised?

You: Yes, ________________________ ________ for it. (I / not / apply)5. You and a friend come home very late. Other people in the house are asleep. Your

friend is noisy.You: Shh! Don't make so much noise. _ _ everybody

up. (you / wake)

you. (I / take) What

John has to go to the airport to catch a plane tomorrow morning.John: Ann, I need a ride to the airport tomorrow morning.Ann: That's no problem,

time is your flight?John: 10:50.Ann: OK, then _ at about 8:00. (we / leave)Later that day, Joe offers to take John to the airport.Joe: John, do you want me to take you to the airport?

John: No thanks, Joe. me. (Ann / take)

45

3. She used to be very lazy, but sheworks very hard these days.

4. She didn't use to like cheese, butshe eats lots of cheese now.

5. She used to have a dog, but it diedtwo years ago.

6. She didn't use to drink tea, but shelikes it now.

7. She never used to readnewspapers, but she reads anewspaper every day now.

8. She used to have lots of friends,but she doesn't see many peoplethese days.

9. She used to be a hotelreceptionist, but she works in abookstore now.

18.1

2. How long are you staying?3. When are you going?4. Are you going alone?5. Are you traveling by car?6. Where are you staying?

18.2

2. 'm working (am working) late or'm working (am working) until 9o'clock

3. I'm going (I am going) to thetheater with my mother.

4. I'm meeting (I am meeting) Juliaat 8 P.M.

18.3

Sample answers:2. 'm going (am going) to the park

tomorrow morning3. I'm not doing (I am not doing)

anything tomorrow night.4. I'm playing (I am playing) soccer

next Sunday.5. I'm going (I am going) to the

movies this afternoon.

18.4

3. 're having (are having)4. opens5. 'm not going (am not going); 'm

staying (am staying)6. Are you doing7. 're going (are going); begins8. does this train get9. 'm going (am going); Are you

coming10. is coming; 's flying (is flying);

arrives; 'm meeting (am meeting)

11. 'm not using (am not using)12. does it end

19.1

2. What are you going to wear?3. Where are you going to put it?4. Who are you going to invite?

19.2

2. I'm going to quit (I am going toquit) soon.

3. I'm not going to take (I am notgoing to take) it

4. I'm going to complain (I am goingto complain).

5. I'm going to call (I am going tocall) her tonight.

19.3

2. 's going to be (is going to be) late3. is going to sink4. 's going to run out (is going to run

out) of gas

19.4

2. were going to play3. was going to call4. was going to quit5. were going to have

20.12. I'll turn3. I'll go4. I'll show or I'll help or I'll teach5. I'll have or I'll take6. I'll send or I'll mail7. I'll give or I'll bring8. I'll stay or I'll wait

20.2

2. I'll go to bed3. I'll walk4. I'll play tennis today5.1 don't think I'll go swimming.

20.3

3. I'll meet4. I'll lend5. I'm having6.1 won't forget7. does your train leave8. won't tell9. Are you doing

10. Will you come

20.4

2. shall I get3. I'll do4. shall we go5. I won't tell6. I'll try

21.1

2. I'm going3. will get4. is coming

5. we are going6. It won't hurt

21.22. 'II look (will look)3. 'II like (will like)4. 'II get (will get)5. 'II be (will be)6. 'II come (will come)7. 'II be (will be)8. 'II meet (will meet)

21.32. won't 5. 'II (will) 7. 'II (will)3. 'II (will) 6. won't 8. 'II (will)4. won't

21.4Sample answers:2. I'll be in bed.3. I'll probably be at work.4.1 guess I'll be at home.5.1 don't know where I'll be.

21.5

2. think it'll rain (it will rain)3. do you think it'll cost (it will cost)4. you think they'll get married (they

will get married)5. do you think you'll be back (you

will be back)6. do you think will happen

22.1

2. I'll lend (I will lend)3. I'll get (I will get)4. I'm going to wash (I am going to

wash)5. are you going to paint6. I'm going to buy (I am going to buy)7. I'll show (I will show)8. I'll do (I will do)9. He's going to take (He is going to

take); he's going to start (he isgoing to start)

306 ANSWER KEY TO EXERCISES

22.2

2. I'm going to take (I am going totake); I'll join (I will join)

3. you'll find (you will find)4. I'm not going to apply (I am not

going to apply)5. You'll wake (You will wake)6. I'll take (I will take); we'll leave (we

will leave); Ann is going to take

23.12. b 3. a; c 4. b; d 5. c; d 6. c

23.2

2. We'll have finished (We will havefinished)

3: we'll be playing (we will beplaying)

4. I'll be working (I will beworking).

5. the meeting will have ended6. he'll have spent (he will have

spent)7. you'll still be doing (you will still

be doing)8. she'll have traveled (she will have

traveled)9. I'll be staying (I will be staying)

10. Will you be seeing

24.1

2. goes3. 'II tell (will tell); come4. see; won't recognize (will not

recognize)5. 's (is)6. 'II wait (will wait); 're (are)7. 'II be (will be); gets8. is9. calls; 'm (am)

24.2

2. 'II give (will give) you my addresswhen I've found (I have found) aplace to live or ... when I find aplace to live

3. 'II come (I will come) straighthome after I've done (I have done)the shopping or ... after I do theshopping

4. Let's go home before it startsraining.

5.1 won't speak (will not speak) toher until she's apologized (she has

apologized) to me or ... untilshe apologizes to me

24.3

2. you go or you leave3. you're finished (you are finished)

with it or you're finished readingit or you've finished reading (youhave finished reading) it

4. you've decided (you have decided)or you decide

24.4

2. If3. When4. if5. If

25.1

3. can4. been able to5. be able to

6. when7. if8. if

6. can7. be able to

25.2Sample answers:2. to be able to run fast3. like to be able to play a musical

instrument4. never been able to get up early

25.3

2. could run3. can wait4. couldn't eat (could not eat)5. can't hear6. couldn't sleep (could not sleep)

25.4

2. were able to find it3.1 was able to finish it4. was able to get away

25.5

4. couldn't (could not) or wasn'table to (was not able to)

5. was able to6. could or was able to7. was able to8. could or was able to

9. were able to10. couldn't (could not) or wasn't

able to (was not able to)

26.1

2. could have fish

3. could give her a book4. You could call her now.5. We could go [and see him] on

Friday.

26.22. could 6. can3. can or could 7. can or could4. could 8. could5. could

26.3

2. could have gone3. could apply4. could have gone5. could come

26.4

2. couldn't have gone out (couldnot have gone out) for dinner[because he had to work onFriday night]

3. could have played tennis[because he had Mondayafternoon off]

4. He couldn't have lent (couldnot have lent) him $50[because he ran out of moneylast week].

5. could have gone to her party[because he didn't do anythingon Saturday night]

6. He couldn't have fixed (could nothave fixed) her washing machine[because he doesn't knowanything about machines].

27.1

2. must3. must not4. must

5. must not6. must

27.2

3. be4. have been5. go or have gone6. be going7. have taken or have stolen8. have been9. be following

27.3

3. It must have been very expensive.4.1 must have left it in the restaurant

last night.5. The exam must not have been

very difficult.

ANSWER KEY TO EXERCISES 307

Will and going to; shall 11.1Will + infinitive and going to + infinitive are commonly used to talk about the future. Sometimesthe difference between them is very small:

• John'll / John's going to meet us in the restaurant at 8 o'clock.• Will you / Are you going to come back this evening?

However, going to is preferred in spoken English (where it is often pronounced /gana/) and will ispreferred in formal written English. (For other uses of will see Units 18 and 19.)

In B-D below we focus on where there is a meaning difference.

We use going to rather than will when we PREDICT that something will happen in the futurebecause we have some evidence for it now. It may be that we predict an event that is just about tohappen on the basis of something that we feel, see (etc.) now:

• 'What's that matter with her?' 'She thinks she's going to faint.'or it may be that we can predict an event because we have been told that it will happen:

• Did you know that Bob and Kath are going to get married?

However, if we make a prediction based on our opinion or our past experience we use will:• Why not come over at the weekend? The children will enjoy seeing you again.• I imagine the stadium will be full for the match on Saturday.

When we talk about INTENTIONS or DECISIONS about the future that were made some timebefore we report them, we prefer going to or the present continuous (see Unit 12):

• 'Who's arranging the party?' 'Jo's going to do it.' (= this has been planned)• Toni told me that she's going to move back to Spain. (= reporting an intention)

However, notice that in a formal style, we use will rather than going to to talk about future eventsthat have been previously arranged in some detail:

• The meeting will begin at 10.00 am. Coffee will be available from 9.30 onwards.

When we state a decision made at the moment of speaking, we prefer will:• 'Is that the phone?' 'Don't worry. I'll get it.' • It's late. I think I'll go to bed now.

We can use will or going to with little difference in meaning in the main clause of an if-sentencewhen we say that something (often something negative) is conditional on something else - it willhappen if something else happens first:

• If we go on like this, we'll / we're going to lose all our money.• You'll / You're going to knock that glass over (if you're not more careful).

However, we use will (or another auxiliary), not going to, when we describe a future event thatfollows another. Often 'if has a meaning similar to 'when' in this kind of sentence:

• If you look carefully, you'll (or can) find writing scratched on the glass.• If you move to your left, you'll (or may) be able to see the church.

Shall (For other uses of shall, see Unit 25.)We can use shall (or shan't) instead of will (or won't) in statements about the future with I andwe, although it is more common to use will/won't:

• When I retire, I shall/will have more time for my painting.• The stronger we are, the more we shall/will be able to help others.

Mn current English we don't use shall/shan't with other subjects (it, she, they, etc.) when we talk' about the future.

11.2

12345

11.3 Make an-telephoni

Will: willingness: Will: habits = Shall: permission and offers:

.Sometimes

:nt that

land

re talk

EXERCISES

11.1 Choose will ('11) or (be) going to, whichever is correct or more likely, and one of these verbs.(B&C)

UNIT

11

collapsere-open

eat enterretire see

explode haveshow be sick

ncreasewalk

leave paint phone

1 Get out of the building! It sounds like the generator .̂ ..̂ ouig .to explolf.. .....2 Tim .............................. early before he reaches 65. He mentioned it at the meeting recently.3 'I think I .............................. home across the park.' That's a good idea.'4 Next year, no doubt, more people .............................. the competition as the prize money

increases.5 'Can we meet at 10.00 outside the station?' 'Okay. I .............................. you there.'

b future 6 Don't sit on that bench, I .............................. it.ust about to 7 I'm not feeling well. In fact, I think I .............................. !

8 'Closed over the New Year period. This office .............................. on 2nd January.' (Sign on anoffice window)

9 I'm sure you .............................. a good time staying with Richard.10 We .............................. with Tim tonight. He's asked us to be there at 7.00.1 1 'The 2.35 to Bristol .............................. from platform 5.' (Announcement at railway station.)12 I wouldn't walk across that old bridge if I were you. It looks like it ...............................131 read in the paper that they .............................. the price of gas again.14 Do you like my new solar watch? Here, I .............................. you how it works.15 'Dr Jackson isn't in his office at the moment.' 'In that case, I .............................. him at home.'

ctime11.2 Complete the sentences with will ('11) or (be) going to and an appropriate verb. If both will and

going to are possible, write them both. (D)

1 If you're ready, I ....ILSxptaiM... how the equipment operates.Bture events 2 I warn you that if I see you here again, I .............................. your parents.

3 If we don't leave now, we .............................. the train.4 If you decide to contact Jane, I .............................. you her address.5 If you stand in the rain much longer, you .............................. cold.6 He's seriously hurt. If we don't get help immediately, he .........................7 If you want to leave this afternoon, Joe .............................. you to the station.

sentence ^ ^ vou v's^ Bernard 'n Vienna, I'm sure you .............................. very welcome.

11.3 Make any necessary corrections or improvements to the underlined parts of this extract from atelephone conversation. Mark and Jo are discussing their holidays. (B, C & E)

M:

J:M:

J:

M:

Have you got a holiday planned?

Ruth has asked me to visit her in Kenya.

Kenya! Sound brilliant. You're going to1 have a great time.

How about you?

Well, I expect I shall2 go away if I can spare the time, but myboss shan't3 be very happy if I take off more than a few days.I imagine that my parents shall4 probably go to Mexico again,to see their friends there, but I don't think I shall5 be able togo with them. They've told me theyjll6 learn Spanish beforethey go this time... Look, I'm sorry, Jo, but someone's atthe door. I'm going to7 call you back tomorrow morning.

Okay, HI8 speak to you then.

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Key to exercises

4 Production of wool hasdeclined by a million tonnessince 1985.

UNIT 9

UNIT 10

9.1had foundaskedhad overflowedhad leftrememberedhad diedlookedresigned

9.21 By the time I got to the party,

most people had gone home.2 When Glen opened the book,

some pages fell out.3 When we went back to look

for the fox, it had disappeared.4 When she picked up her bag,

the handle broke.

9.32 I had meant to call my parents3 She hadn't expected to see

David again4 She had wanted to leave the

meeting early5 I had hoped for a relaxing day

9.41 had typed ('typed' is also

possible)...gave2 came...started3 had checked...went4 turned...caught5 collapsed...phoned6 had eaten ('ate' is also

possible)...picked

9.5order of eventRoy went with Neil - Roy'smother thought...Roy stayed behind — Neilbelieved...Roy vanished - they realised...

order of accountRoy's mother thought... - Roywent with Neil(-> Roy had gone with Neil)Neil believed... — Roy stayedbehind(-> Roy had stayed behind)They realised... - Roy vanished(-> Roy had vanished)

10.12 had been cycling quite fast3 had been smoking a cigar (or ...

smoking cigars)4 hadn't been attending classes5 hadn't been paying his bills6 hadn't been trying to steal the

car

10.2Suggested verbs are given.\ a had been carrying ('had

carried' is also possible);b had carried

2 a had applied; b had beenapplying ('had applied' is alsopossible)

3 a had flown; b had beenflying

4 a had been working ('hadworked' is also possible);b had finally worked

(The past simple could be used inIb, 2a, 3a, and 4b.)

10.31 had been suffering ('had

suffered' is also possible)2 had seen3 had been fighting ('had fought'

is also possible)4 had known5 had been talking ('had talked'

is also possible)6 had broken down7 we had always agreed (Notice

the word order here: 'had'comes before 'always')

1O.41 a They finished renovating the

cathedral before I went toMoscow, b They were stillrenovating the cathedral whenI went to Moscow.

2 a Clara was still crying.b Clara was no longer crying.

UNIT

11.1The most likely verbs are given.

1 's going to explode. (B:prediction — evidence)

2 's going to retire (C: reportinga previous decision)

3 '11 walk (C: 'will' is morelikely here if this is a decisionmade at the moment ofspeaking; if the decision wasmade some time beforespeaking, 'going to' would beused)

4 will enter (B: prediction -opinion)

5 '11 see (C: spontaneousdecision)

6 'm going to paint(C: intention or a previousdecision)

7 'm going be sick!(B: prediction - evidence)

8 will re-open(C: intention - formal writtenstyle. Notice that in aninformal spoken style wewould prefer 'going to'. 'Will'is also preferred because aprevious detailed arrangementis involved.)

9 '11 have (B: prediction -opinion)

10 're going to eat. (C: a previousdecision)

11 will leave (C: intention -formal style)

12 's going to collapse. (B:prediction - evidence)

13 're going to increase (C:reporting a previous decision)

14 '11 show (C: spontaneousdecision)

15 '11 phone (C: spontaneousdecision)

11.22 I'll / I'm going to tell3 we'll / we're going to miss4 I'll give5 you'll / you're going to catch6 he'll / he's going to die.7 will drive8 you'll be (made)

11.31 will is more likely here

(B: prediction - opinion)2 •/ (will or '11 are also possible)3 won't4 will or'115 / (will or 'II are also possible)6 're going to is more likely here

(C: reporting a previousdecision)

7 '11 (C: spontaneous decision)8 /

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