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MANGO (Mangifera indica) AND PAPAYA (Carica papaya) PEELINGS FOR
FUEL BRIQUETTE
A Research Paper
Presented to the
Science & Mathematics Department
Integrated Developmental School
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
MICHELLE MAE Serate ROQUE
ALLYSAH AMEENAH Macakiling ISMAEL
March 2012
MANGO (Mangifera indica) AND PAPAYA (Carica papaya) PEELINGS FOR
FUEL BRIQUETTE
__________________
A Research Paper
Presented to the
Science & Mathematics Department
Integrated Developmental School
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
__________________
In Partial Fulfillment for the Course
Science Research
__________________
MICHELLE MAE Serate ROQUE
ALLYSAH AMEENAH Macakiling ISMAEL
October 2011
APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled “AVOCADO (Persea americana) AND MANGO (Mangifera indica) FOR FUEL BRIQUETTE”
prepared and submitted by
MICHELLE MAE Serate ROQUE and ALLYSAH AMEENAH Macakiling ISMAEL
Prof. Odyssa Natividad M. Molo
Adviser
_______________
Date
Panel Member Panel Member
_____________ ______________
Date Date
Technical Consultant (optional)
___________________
Date
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the Course in Science Research I/II.
Prof. Veronica C. Serate
Chairperson, Science & Research
____________
Date
Prof. Leila V. Bernaldez
Principal, IDS
Date
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
The Philippines is a tropical country that is abundant with nutritious and
refreshing fruits that Filipinos are fond of eating. Papaya and mango are two of the
most common fruits that could be found in some Filipino desserts. However, in the
process of consumption of these delectable fruits, the peelings that were acquired
are either wasted or thrown away. Brilliant minds have formulated a solution to
recycle these organic wastes and make them into something useful, a fuel briquette.
It is basically composed of organic materials and could be used like a charcoal.
Fuel is any material that can store energy and releases it through combustion.
The modern way of life is intimately dependent on the use of fossil fuels. However,
the increased consumption of nonrenewable resources may lead to the
overproduction of carbon dioxide, which is one of the major causes of global
warming. Excessive reliance on fossil fuels may cause it to be used up. The use of
fuel made from biodegradable wastes is ideal, since it recycles agricultural residues.
Fuel briquettes are used like coal, but are made from a combination of
organic wastes, shaped into blocks. Densification of fruit peelings and wood waste
into briquettes can provide a relatively high-quality alternative source of fuel, which
employ peelings of mango and papaya and sawdust. A high demand of firewood
would cause deforestation, and may affect the environment especially in the urban
areas. Fuel briquette is a block of compressed materials suitable for cooking.
The process of making charcoal briquettes from agricultural waste is not
new. Many institutions have experimented on different agricultural residues to find
out which raw materials are possible for charcoal making. The Nepal-based
Foundation for Sustainable Technologies is training people to make the briquettes,
thus enabling them to produce their own fuel. The Legacy Foundation and its
partners have tested the briquette making process in urban and rural areas such as
Malawi, Peru, Mali, Uganda, Haiti, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Nicaragua and the United
States. It is now being used in many places, such as Europe, Haiti, India and even
in the Philippines.
The purpose of this research is to provide an alternative fuel for heating. The
researchers decided to pursue this study because of the usefulness of the briquettes.
The idea that biodegradable wastes could actually be converted into useful fuel
briquettes aroused the interest of the researchers.
B. Statement of the Problem
Main Problem
When combined, can the peelings of mango and papaya be effectively utilized for
fuel briquettes?
Sub-problems
What will be the resulting calorific value of the briquettes if the treatments are
varied and sawdust is added? The specified treatments which concern the
composition of the briquettes are: mango peelings and sawdust, papaya peelings and
sawdust, mango peelings and papaya peelings, and mango peelings, papaya peelings
and sawdust. Is there a significant difference in the calorific values of the
briquettes?
C. Objectives of the Study
This study aims to evaluate and study the feasibility of the product. The
researchers determine this by measuring its calorific value. It also aimed to
determine the effect of sawdust in the briquettes.
D. Hypothesis of the Study
There is no significant difference in the calorific value of the briquettes when
the treatments are varied and when sawdust is added.
E. Significance of the Study
If the hypothesis is proven correct, the peelings that were acquired during the
consumption of mango and papaya during meals can be used, therefore reducing
excessive biodegradable waste while creating an alternative source of fuel for
cooking and heating. Farmers, fruit vendors, housewives, or anyone who has interest
in producing fuel briquettes will be provided with additional livelihood should they
decide to sell the briquettes. The fuel briquettes are also ideal for their personal use.
F. Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study is limited to the utilization of the peelings of mango and papaya
and sawdust. For the determination of the physical characteristics of the briquettes,
the study is limited to the determination of the calorific value of the briquettes. The
independent variable is the composition of the briquettes. This is set by the
researchers with the corresponding treatments: mango peelings and sawdust, papaya
peelings and sawdust, mango peelings and papaya peelings, and mango peelings,
papaya peelings and sawdust. The extraneous variable is the amount of liquid
removed in making the fuel briquettes using a strainer.
G. Definition of Terms
Calorific Value This is the amount of heat liberated by the
complete combustion of unit mass of a fuel
briquette (Dictionary of Physics, 1991)
Fuel Briquette It is an organic block of a flammable material
that is the output of this study.
Heat of Combustion the amount of heat released when the fuel briquette
undergoes complete combustion.
Mango Peeling It is the peeling of the fruit belonging to the
genus Mangnifera that is a main component in
the production of the briquettes.
Papaya Peeling It is the peeling of the fruit Carica papaya that is
a main component in the production of the
briquettes.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
Yearly, huge amounts of agricultural residues and forest waste are produced.
These are either wasted or burnt inefficiently in their loose form causing air pollution.
Faulty use of these biodegradable wastes may cause certain pollutions in the atmosphere.
Fortunately, these can be utilized for the production of fuel briquettes.
Fuel briquettes could be used as an alternative energy source for household use.
These are made from a combination of organic materials such as grass, leaves, saw dust,
rice husk or any type of paper. These materials are then compressed in a fuel briquette
press. The fuel briquette produced is environment-friendly since it utilized waste
materials. In comparison with fossil fuels, the briquettes are easier to produce because it
is a renewable source of energy. (Shrestha, N.D.)
Fuel briquettes are useful and can be used as an alternative substitute to coal and
charcoal. The briquettes are mostly composed of organic waste and other materials that
are biodegradable, and are commonly used as heat and cooking fuel. The composition of
the briquettes may vary due to the availability of the raw materials in an area. These
materials are compressed and made into briquettes. The briquettes are different from
charcoal because they do not possess large concentrations of carbonaceous substances. In
comparison to fossil fuels, the briquettes produce low net total greenhouse gas emissions
because the materials used are already a part of the carbon cycle. Environmentally, the
use of briquettes produces less greenhouse gases. (Wikipedia, 2011)
Fuel is a substance used to produce light, heat, or power. Most fuel materials unite
chemically with oxygen to give off light and substantial quantities of heat. In nuclear
reactors large amounts of energy are obtained by splitting the atoms of a fuel material.
(Encyclopedia Americana 2005)
Wood has been a source of fuel for mankind throughout the ages. Eventually
before the discovery of America, mankind has added coal to his fuel resources, and much
later, gases manufactured from coal and mineral oils. The common fuels differ much in
the heat which they give out when burned. While many factors are concerned in the value
of a fuel, the chief one is its heat of combustion, or calorific value. The calorific value of
a solid or liquid fuel is the heat given off in the combustion of one gram of the fuel.
(McPherson, 1942)
What should govern the choice of fuel? The ideal fuel should be cheap. It should
kindle readily and should have a high heat content. There must be little or no ash, and no
waste products that would become a nuisance. Few if any fuels meet all these conditions.
Local conditions and personal taste influence the consumer in his choice of fuel. (Dull,
1958)
Few people realize the degree to which energy systems affect the environment,
although many of us are becoming more aware of damage from specific activities.
Converting fossil and nuclear fuels into energy leads to air pollution, water pollution,
creation of solid wastes, land disruption, and aesthetic degradation. (The New Book of
Popular Science 1978)
Briquette, a small, compressed mass of charcoal or other flammable material,
often in the shape of a pillow or brick. Charcoal has been used from ancient times as fuel
for both cooking and industrial purposes, but the production of charcoal briquettes is a
relatively recent development taking place in the United States. Although they were first
made about 1920, charcoal briquettes were not manufactured in large quantities until
after 1950. In the late 1960's there were approximately 40 charcoal briquetting plants in
the United States, most of them east of the Mississippi River. Some plants manufactured
their own charcoal, but many purchased charcoal from small producers. Since 1960 some
briquettes have been made from carbonized coal, carbonized ignite, of a mixture of other
chars with wood charcoal. These materials are sold as charcoal briquettes but are inferior
to briquettes made from wood charcoal of good quality. Charcoal briquettes are made by
grinding lumps of charcoal to coarse powder, mixing the powder with a paste and passing
mix through a hot-air dryer, which hardens them by removing the water and fixing the
starch binder. Charcoal briquettes are used for fuel as a source of carbon in the same
manner as lump charcoal. Before 1940 nearly all charcoal in the United States was used
by industry for fuel, metallurgical processes or the production of chemicals. Since 1950
charcoal has been supplanted in these uses by oil and natural gas, and most charcoal is
used for outdoor barbecue cooking. The sale of briquettes in the United States in the late
1960's was estimated at 375,000 tons annually, and of lump charcoal about 100,000.
(Jenner, 1978)
The mango is a fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous
tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae
(Wikipedia 2011)
The papaya or otherwise known by its common name papaw is the fruit of the plant
Carica papaya, the sole species in the genus Carica of the plant family Caricaceae.
(Wikipedia 2011)
Sawdust is a made by cutting lumber with a saw, then resulting into fine particles
of wood. It is considerably flammable and has a variety of practical uses. (Wikipedia
2011)
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
The determination of the calorific value of the briquettes is done with the use of a
bomb calorimeter. The briquettes are made from mango and avocado peelings with
sawdust. The treatments were varied so the results may be compared. The researchers
will determine if there is a significant difference in the calorific values of the briquettes.
B. Materials and Equipments
Materials Mango Peelings
Papaya Peelings
Sawdust
Knife
Chopping Board
Crucibles
Mortar and Pestle
Measuring Cup
Equipments
Analytical Balance
Bomb Calorimeter
Blender
Hair Dryer
C. Experimental Set-Up
Component Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4
Mango Peelings 75g 0g 75g 50g
Papaya Peelings 0 75g 75g 50g
Sawdust 75g 75g 0g 50g
150 g = each briquette
D. General Procedure
Mango peelings, papaya peelings and sawdust are collected then weighed using
an analytical balance. Use mortar and pestle to pound the peelings. Combine the raw
materials with the specified treatments and place in a blender for 10 minutes. Separate the
liquid present in the briquettes using a strainer, and place 150g of the mixture in a
measuring cup. Mold the briquettes and dry for 10 minutes using a hair dryer.
Preparation of Raw Materials
Remove the peelings of mango and papaya using a knife. Collect sawdust. Weigh
the raw materials using an analytical balance.
Making the Fuel Briquettes
The raw materials are weighed and combined with the specified treatments. Use
mortar and pestle to pound the peelings. Separate the excess liquid present in the
briquettes using a strainer. Mould the resulting briquettes and dry using a hair dryer.
Evaluation of the Fuel Briquettes
Calorific Value
A weighed sample of the briquette is placed in a bomb calorimeter to determine
its calorific value. Three samples are taken for each of the treatments.
E. Procedures/Instrument in Data Gathering
A bomb calorimeter will be used for the determination of the calorific value of the
fuel briquettes.
Calorific Value
Parameter
s
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4
S
1
S
2
S
3
A
V
S
1
S
2
S
3
A
V
S
1
S
2
S
3
A
V
S
1
S
2
S
3
A
V
Calorific Value
F. Statistical Tools for Data Analysis
For this research the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used in order to determine if
there is a significant difference in the mean calorific values of the briquettes.
The following formulas will be used:
S2B = ∑ni(Xi - XGM)2 for the between-group variance denoted by S2
B
k- 1
S2W = ∑(ni - 1)si
2 for the within-group variance denoted by S2W
∑(ni - 1)
F = S2B F test value
S2W
Where
ni = number of samples in a treatment
Xi = sample mean of each treatment
XGM = grand mean or the mean of all the values in the samples
Sample calculation:
Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3
Hi: At least one mean is different from the others.
Critical value: 4.07 (level of significance = 0.05)
MP & SD PP & SD MP & PP MP & PP &
SD
20 19 18 21
21 22 17 23
24 20 19 24
X = 21.6 20.3 18 22.7
S2 = 4.3 2.3 1 2.3
Grand Mean = 20.7
S2B = 36.78
S2W = 2.35
F = 15.65
The decision is to reject the null hypothesis, since 15.65 > 4.07.
There is enough evidence to reject the claim that there is no significant difference in the
mean calorific values of the briquettes.
COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS
…………….......
BRIQUETTE MAKING TESTING THE PRODUCT
CALORIFIC VALUE
Mango and Papaya
Peelings with Sawdust
Mango and Papaya Peelings
Papaya Peelings and
Sawdust
Mango Peelings and
Sawdust