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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
A highlighter is a form of a felt-tip marker pen which can be used to draw
consideration to certain sections or words or sentences of documents or books
by marking them with translucent, see-through colors. It is an essential stationary
item for students as well as working people. The ink used in a highlighter pen or
in any other pens plays an important part in defining the reading experience and
comprehension, as well as the visual impact of the written message, to the
person reading them. The ink, is of no small importance, and in the end, it is the
one that determines the significance of the pen itself.
Ink is one of the most important components of writing tool today. There
are several brands of ink today in the market. However, all inks consist of a
colorant (the substance that provides the ink with color) and a vehicle (the liquid
or paste that carries and binds the ink to a surface). The selection of ink is an
important decision one must make in terms of the performance of one’s pen. The
wrong ink means a pen that one may struggle with to use.
This study attempts to find an alternative source of ink that can be used as
a highlighter, and at the same time, making it affordable to students.
Achiote (Bixa orellana) is a shrub or small tree that has an orange-red
pulp that covers the seed which is used to produce a yellow to orange
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commercial dye for food coloring.
It is this dye that interests the researcher to pursue the possibility of
transforming it into an alternative source of highlighter ink.
B. Statement of the Problem
This study explored an alternative to the commercially manufactured, yet
environment friendly, highlighter ink from the seed of Achiote fruit. Specifically,
the study answered the following problems:
1. What are the characteristics of the different samples of highlighter
ink in terms of:
a. Color
b. Odor
c. Texture
2. Which of the different ink samples produced is most acceptable?
3. Is there a significant difference on the characteristics and
acceptability of the different samples of highlighter ink?
4. What is the effectiveness of the most acceptable sample of
highlighter ink in the following type of paper:
a. Pad paper
b. Bond paper
c. Notebook paper
d. Book paper?
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5. Is there a significant difference on the effectiveness on the
highlighter ink in the different type of paper?
C. Hypotheses
The following are the hypotheses of the study:
1. An alternative highlighter ink can be produced from the seeds of an
Achiote plant which has a quality-like performance with those of
commercially manufactured highlighters in the market today.
2. The quality of the ink, in terms of color, odor and texture has the
kind of specifications that maximizes the writing experience of the
writer.
a. The alternative ink has the ability to be permanent.
b. The ink does not dry immediately due to the viscosity of
the ink
D. Objectives of the Study
The following are the objectives of the study:
1. To be able to produce an alternative source of ink that is cheap and
easy to be manufactured, especially by the students themselves.
2. To determine the potential of the Achiote pigments as alternative
color for highlighters.
3. To be able to produce an ink that is compatible with any paper
surface.
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E. Significance of the Study
This study mostly benefits the students, as well as working people, whose
daily routine is to make use of a pen as part of their daily activities. The product
of this experiment may give them an alternative source for pen ink or
highlighters.
This study may give an alternative source of livelihood for those who are
willing to manufacture ink or highlighter from Achiote plant. This is an added
income or another business venture to augment one’s income.
This study may benefit other researchers to look for other sources of
cheap ink, as conditions by the characteristic of the Achiote plant.
This study may also benefit the community and the environment for the
added re-plantation of Achiote plant due to its ink source.
F. Scope and Delimitations
The researchers used Achiote (Bixa orellana) seeds as the source of
pigment for possible ink for highlighters. It involved laboratory trial and error
methods in determining the appropriate proportion for a workable highlighter ink.
The quality of the highlighter ink in terms of its applicability and
acceptability to different surfaces of writing papers, and also its physical
characteristics, i.e., odor, color and texture were determined. Some faculty and
thirty MSU-Integrated Developmental School students chosen at random
assessed the characteristic and acceptability of the different highlighter ink
samples. The chemical composition and shelf-life of the highlighter ink were not
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included in the experimentation. The product development was performed in the
chemistry laboratory while the product evaluation was done within the school
premise for the school year 2011-2012.
G. Definition of Terms
Achiote It is the substance that was used to produce a
yellow orange or light orange highlighter ink. It
is the experimental subject of the study.
Alcohol It is a colorless, acid liquid that was mixed to
the Achiote powder.
Color It was the variable that was being determined.
Effectiveness To try if it is effective on the different kinds of
paper.
Glycerin It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that
mixed to the Achiote powder.
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Highlighter A felt-tip pen which used to mark documents
with a vivid, translucent color. It is the
dependent variable/product of the study.
Highlighter Ink A liquid or semi-liquid material used for writing,
printing, and drawing.
Odor A smell desired for the product.
Texture A something desired If it is smooth or not
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES
A highlighter is a felt-tip pen which is used to draw attention to sections of
documents by marking them with vivid, translucent color. It is a fluorescent
marker used to mark important passages of text. It is used to take notes in
textbooks and it highlights the words that are important so that the words can be
easily identified.
Highlighters, by definition are just felt-tip pens filled with transparent
fluorescent ink. Sidney Rosenthal in 1952 was the first to invent felt-tip pen and
the device he used was squat glass bottle filled with ink and wool felt wick and
tip. Thus, the "magic marker" was born, so named for its ability to mark up any
surface. Despite his new invention, Sidney's Magic Marker Corporation was
never particularly successful given the large amount of competition and
innovation by others, and consequently, he was forced to sell the "Magic Marker"
brand name to Binney& Smith in 1989.
In 1962, the modern fiber-tipped pen was invented by Yukio Horie of the
Tokyo Stationary Company in Japan. These pens used bamboo for the fiber
(though synthetic fibers later replaced the bamboo) and were the first to use dyes
rather than inks to get their pigment.
In 1963, the Avery Corporation created the first "Hi-Liter" by introducing
translucent-ink into the cartridge. The pen came in various pastel shades but in
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1978, they introduced the first fluorescent colors. The first fluorescent color,
coincidentally, was yellow which is why we stereotypically think of highlighters
being yellow.
Highlighter ink compositions can be prepared which provide improved
abilities to reduce smear during highlighting. Highlighter ink compositions can
include an acid buffer having a pKa from about 2 to about 6, a highlighter
colorant, and a liquid vehicle. The image for highlighting can be formed on the
substrate using any conventional printing technique, such as ink-jet printing or
other printing techniques. Application of the highlighter ink compositions of the
present invention to a printed image results in a reduced degree of image smear,
particularly when the image was produced by an ink-jet printing process. Further,
the acid buffer can be configured for reducing mobility of specific ink-jet
colorants. In this way, the highlighter ink composition can be specifically tailored
for reducing smear of various printed inks.
Ink is a liquid or semi liquid material used for writing, printing, and drawing.
It consists of a mixture of coloring matter-usually a pigment or dye-plus a vehicle,
or carrier that may be simply water or a natural or synthetic chemical compound.
Some ink formulas also contain additives to impart special properties demanded
by the method of application, the material to which the ink is applied (called the
substrate) or some other factor.
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Figure 1. Achiote Seeds
Egyptian writing inks are the oldest of all inks. Mummies dating as far back
as 2500 B.C. were found wrapped in linen marked with an ink made of iron oxide.
Early hieroglyphics (picture symbols) were written with inks made of soot, water,
and vegetable gums.
Medieval monks invented a kind of ink much like our present blue-black
ink. They used crush galls (a lumpy growth found on the trunks of some trees)
mixed with iron salts such as copperas or green vitriol.
The development of Johann Gutenberg’s press in the 1400’s brought a
need for printing ink. At first printers use water-based writing inks. But these
flowed too freely and wouldn’t stay on the type. Very quickly the printers learned
that inks mixed with boiled linseed oil worked much better. This type of ink
became the standard printer’s ink and remained so for over 400 years.
Since the 1940’s the development of inks has accelerated because of new
products such as ballpoint pen and marking pens. New processes, such as the
replacement of linseed oil in printer’s ink with petroleum products and glycerin,
have provided inks that reproduced color better and dry faster. Even in today’s
computer age, ink remains an important tool in communication and the
preservation of information and knowledge.
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All inks have the same basic composition: a colorant which is either
suspended or dissolved in a liquid of some type. Colorants can be either
pigments or dyes, and the difference between a pigment and a dye is the particle
size. Pigments have much larger particles than dyes. Pigments and dyes also
require different solvents, or liquids. Dyes are typically dissolved in water or
water-soluble substances, whereas pigments are usually suspended in oils or
petroleum distillates. Some inks have a mixture of dyes and pigments. While a
basic ink only requires two ingredients, most inks have additives that give the ink
additional qualities, such as buffering agents to control the pH of the ink or
fungicides to prevent fungal growth.
Achiote, sometimes called roucou or annatto, is a derivative of the
achiote trees of tropical regions of the Americas, used to produce a yellow to
orange food coloring and also as a flavoring. Its scent is described as "slightly
peppery with a hint of nutmeg" and flavor as "slightly nutty, sweet and peppery".
Achiote's Latin designation (Bixa orellana L.) was named after the Spanish
conquistador Francisco de Orellana during his exploration of the Amazon River.
Annatto has long been used by indigenous Caribbean and South American
cultures. It is believed to originate in Brazil. It was probably not initially used as a
food additive, but for other reasons, such as body painting, repelling insects, and
to ward off evil. The ancient Aztecs called it Achiote, and it was used for Mexican
manuscript painting in the sixteenth century. In the Caribbean islands, both fruit
and tree are popularly called Achiote or Bija. In India, annatto is known as
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"sindoor" and is considered auspicious for married women. Applying annatto to
the forehead next to the hairline indicates that a woman is married.
Achiote has had many uses over the centuries in Latin America and the
Caribbean, including as a food dye, body paint, treatment for heartburn and
stomach distress, sunscreen and insect repellent. As a food additive, Achiote has
the E number E160b. The fat soluble part of the crude extract is called bixin, the
water soluble part is called norbixin, and both share the same E number as
Achiote. Achiote seed contains 4.5-5.5% pigments, which consists of 70-80%
bixin.
RELATED STUDIES
Rulona (2008) used Gumamela flower to produce ink. The study revealed
that after 5 trials, the ink produced met the desired objective. The color of the
highlighter ink produced is dark red due to the dye use and it dries quickly. It was
recommended that other parts of the Gumamela plant be used to produce
highlighter ink.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
The research employed experimental research design to develop
highlighter ink from Achiote seeds. Trial and error was done to arrive at an
acceptable product. Three samples were prepared and evaluated using a Score
Card and a Hedonic Scale by a panel of teachers and students that picked
through convenience sampling.
B. Materials and Equipment
Materials:
• 2 graduated cylinder • 2 stirring rods
• 6 pieces of 50 mL beaker • 2 g Achiote powder
• Cotton buds • Strainer (white cloth)
• Dropper
Equipments:
• Analytical balance
Chemicals
• 20 mL alcohol
• 20 mL glycerin
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C. Experimental Set-up
Table 1. Components of the Ink from the Achiote PlantComponents Sample A Sample B Sample C Control
Achiote extract (g) 1 1 1 0
Glycerin (mL) 10 5 0 10
Alcohol (mL) 0 5 10 10
D. General Procedure
Obtaining
Achiote powder was gathered. After which, it was strained using white
cloth. Then, weighed 1 g each using the analytical balance.
Ink Formulation and Testing
The Achiote powder was then mixed with alcohol and glycerin in different
proportions and was tested on different types of writing material such as: book
paper with computer print, pad paper with pen writings and bond paper with
computer print.
E. Product Development
Trials were conducted to achieve the desired extract. Teacher-evaluators
were asked to evaluate the product per trial and were asked to give suggestions
for the enhancement and improvement of the product.
F. Sampling Design
The panel of evaluators was chosen through convenience sampling. Thirty
IDS students were chosen to evaluate the product.
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G. Procedures/ Instruments in Data Gathering
Score cards for sensory evaluation were used by the evaluators. The
Score Cards will contain the possible and preferred characteristics of the different
ink samples. The Hedonic Scale was used for the general acceptability of the
different ink samples.
H. Product Evaluation
The researchers utilized the Score Card and the Hedonic Scale as the
main instruments in gathering data needed for product evaluation. The
evaluators were asked to rate the desirable characteristics of each sample
product by using numerical rating from 1 – 5, where 5 is the highest and 1 is the
lowest. Specific descriptions per characteristics were laid out in Table 2 for easy
evaluation and minimize biases.
Table 2. Score CardRating Color Texture Odor
5 Orange Very Smooth Very Pleasant4 Light Orange Smooth Pleasant3 Dark Orange Neither Smooth Neither Pleasant2 Yellow Rough Unpleasant1 Very light Yellow Very Rough Very Unpleasant
The Hedonic Scale was used to determine the general acceptability of the
different samples of highlighter ink. The evaluators were asked to rate the
samples from 1 – 9, where 1 corresponds to “dislike extremely”, which means
least accepted, and 9 corresponds to “like extremely”, which means the most
accept product, as shown in Table 3 below.
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Table 3. Hedonic ScaleRating General Acceptability
9 Like Extremely8 Like Very Much7 Like Moderately6 Like Slightly5 Neither Like Nor Dislike4 Dislike Slightly3 Dislike Moderately2 Dislike Very Much1 Dislike Extremely
I. Statistical Tools for Data Analysis
Based on the evaluation from selected students, the gathered data were
analyzed and interpreted to get the overall rating of the product. Statistical
procedures and methods were used, and the mean was employed to find the
characteristics of the different ink samples. The Kruskal-Wallis H Test was
employed to find if there is any significant difference among the samples
produced in terms of color, odor, texture, and general acceptability.
Mean
Where:n = sample mean
Xi = values in the set = sample mean
Kruskal- Wallis H Test for Significant Difference
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Where:
N – sample sizeT – sum of ranks 1th sampleN – total number of observations
Score Card and Hedonic Scale Interpretation
Table 4. Score Card Interpretation GuideMean
RatingGeneral
InterpretationDescription
Color Texture Odor4.20 - 5.00 Excellent Orange Very Smooth Very Pleasant
3.40 - 4.19 Very good Light Orange Smooth Pleasant
2.60 - 3.39 Good Yellow Orange
Slightly Smooth
Moderately Pleasant
1.80 - 2.59 Satisfactory Yellowish Rough Unpleasant
1.00 - 1.79 Poor Dark Orange Very Rough Very Unpleasant
Table 5. Hedonic Scale Interpretation GuideMean Rating General Acceptability
8.12 - 9.00 Like Extremely
7.23 - 8.11 Like Very Much
6.34 - 7.22 Like Moderately
5.45 - 6.33 Like Slightly
4.56 - 5.44 Neither Like Nor Dislike
3.67 - 4.55 Dislike Slightly
2.78 - 3.66 Dislike Moderately
1.89 - 2.77 Dislike Very Much
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1.00 - 1.88 Dislike Extremely
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Figure 2. Flowchart of the Experimental Procedures
Gathering of Ingredients: Achiote powder, Glycerin, and Alcohol.
Ink Formulation
Testing by the researchers using cotton buds applied on th different types of paper
Pre-evaluation of Thirty IDS students
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CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This study aims to produce alternative highlighter ink from Achiote
powder. The samples of the ink were then observed according to its color,
texture, and odor. Color was observed visually, texture and odor were observed
through the sense of touch and smell respectively.
Table 6. Mean characteristic of the different ink samples
Characteristic Sample A Sample B Sample C
Color 3.24 (Yellow Orange)
4.10(Light Orange)
3.86 ( Light Orange)
Texture 3.03(Neither Like nor Dislike)
3.59(Smooth)
3.55 (Smooth)
Odor 3.14( Moderately Pleasant)
3.93( Pleasant)
3.72 ( Pleasant)
Acceptability5.4
( Neither Like nor Dislike)
6.23( Like Slightly)
7.23( Like Very Much)
Sample A which contains 10 mL of Glycerin and 1 g of Achiote powder
was rated as yellow orange in color, moderately pleasant in odor, and slightly
smooth in texture. In terms of acceptability, it was rated as neither like or dislike.
Sample B contains equal amount of glycerin and alcohol, both 5 mL and 1
g of Achiote powder. It was rated as light orange in color, pleasant in odor, and
smooth in texture . Overall, it was rated as like slightly.
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Sample C is composed of 10 mL alcohol and 1 g of Achiote powder. It
obtained the ratings light orange in color, smooth in texture, and pleasant in odor.
Sample C was liked very much by the evaluators.
It was found out that sample C was the most acceptable while sample A
has been accepted as neither like nor dislike and sample B has been accepted
as like slightly.
Each sample is applied to different types of papers with pen writings. All
the three samples applied to a pad paper with pen writings registered a light
orange color. The samples applied to a bond paper with computer ink showed
orange to light orange. The book paper with print also registered light orange to
colorless. The text can still be read clearly after the application of highlighter ink
but the computer ink jet blotted.
The researchers infer that Achiote powder is a potential pigment source
for highlighter ink based on the gathered result. Furthermore, alcohol (in Sample
C ) is a better vehicle for highlighter ink over glycerin (in Sample A ).
The difference among the characteristics and acceptability of the samples
of highlighter ink was assessed using Kruskal – Wallis H Test. Results of
computation is shown in Table 7.
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Table 7. Calculated values of H of the different characteristics of the ink
Characteristics Calculated values of H Interpretation
Color 20.98 (2.78 E-05) Null Hypothesis is accepted
Texture 7.35 (.0253) Null Hypothesis is rejected
Odor 17.06 (.0002) Null Hypothesis is rejected
In table 7, the calculated values of H for the different characteristics of the
different ink samples at α = 0.05 are shown obtained through the Kruskal- Wallis
H test are shown. The value of H for color is greater than α = 0.05 therefore the
null hypothesis is accepted and it means that there is no significant difference
among the samples in terms of color. The value of H for texture is less than α =
0.05 therefore the null hypothesis is rejected and it has significant difference
among the samples in terms of texture. The null hypothesis is rejected because
the value of H of odor is less than α = 0.05 so it means that there is a significant
difference in terms of odor. The results show that the evaluators found
differences in terms of odor. The results show that the evaluators found
differences in terms of textures and odor among the samples, but nothing of note
in terms of color.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Summary of Findings
This study was conducted with a main objective of producing highlighter
ink from Achiote plant. It was found out that highlighter ink can be produced from
Achiote powder. The ink is light orange in color. It has a pleasant odor and
smooth texture. Sample A is Neither Like nor Dislike, Sample B is Like Slightly
while Sample C is Like Very Much.
The highlight ability of the inks was also tested. Each sample was applied
to different types of papers with pen writings. All the three samples applied to a
pad paper with pen writings registered a light orange color. The samples applied
to a bond paper with computer ink showed orange to light orange. The book
paper with print also registered light orange to colorless. The text can still be read
clearly after the application of highlighter ink but the computer ink jet blotted.
B. Conclusions
It can be concluded that the inks produced from the Achiote Powder is
suitable for highlighting purposes. It can be concluded that the inks produced has
a potential to become writing inks that has light colors. Sample A is yellow
orange in color, has moderately pleasant odor, has slightly smooth texture and
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has been rated as neither like nor dislike. Sample B is light orange in color, has
pleasant odor, has smooth texture and has been rated as like slightly. Sample C
is light orange in color, has pleasant odor, has smooth texture and accepted as
like very much.
Sample C is found out to be the most acceptable. There is a significant
difference among the different samples produced in terms of texture and color.
However, in terms of color, it was found out that there were no significant
differences among the different samples produced.
C. Recommendations
The researchers make the following recommendations based on the
results obtained from the research.
1. Find a better alternative source to enhance the highlight ability of
the product.
2. Use smaller filter so that the grains of the powder will not be
combined with the product.
3. Change the proportion of the chemicals used.
4. Find other chemicals to be added to your product aside from
glycerin and alcohol and observe their difference.
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Appendix A
A. Gathering the materials- Alcohol- Glycerin- Achiote Powder- Stirring rod- Dropper- Graduated cylinder- 50 mL Beaker- Strainer
B. Ink FormulationThe researchers were mixing the ingredients by using the solute to solvent method. The researchers were making three samples. The researchers used Achiote powder instead of crude extracting because it’s easier to mix and find out the result.
(PS. The researchers forgot to wear lab gowns. c: )C. Product
This is the result of the experiment. It is now ready for testing.
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Appendix B
Sample AColor Odor Texture
Evaluator1 3 3 32 3 3 33 3 2 44 5 3 25 3 3 46 3 4 27 3 3 38 3 4 39 3 4 2
10 3 3 211 3 3 212 3 2 213 5 3 314 3 3 215 3 3 416 4 4 417 4 5 318 3 3 319 4 4 320 3 3 421 4 3 422 3 2 323 3 4 324 3 3 425 3 3 426 2 3 427 3 2 228 3 3 329 3 3 330 3 3 3
MEAN 3.233333 3.133333 3.033333
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Sample BColor Odor Texture
Evaluator1 3 5 42 3 5 43 3 4 34 4 4 45 3 3 46 5 4 37 4 4 38 5 4 39 3 4 4
10 5 4 411 4 5 412 5 4 413 4 4 414 5 2 415 5 5 416 4 4 417 4 5 318 3 4 419 3 4 420 5 3 421 4 3 322 5 3 423 3 2 324 5 4 225 5 4 226 4 4 227 3 5 528 5 4 429 5 4 4
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30 5 4 4MEAN 4.133333 3.933333 3.6
Sample CColor Odor Texture
Evaluator1 4 4 32 4 4 23 4 4 24 4 2 55 2 4 46 3 3 57 4 3 48 4 4 59 4 4 5
10 4 2 511 5 4 412 4 4 413 1 5 514 1 2 415 4 4 516 4 3 317 4 3 218 4 4 419 5 4 320 4 5 421 5 2 222 4 4 223 4 3 324 4 4 125 4 5 326 5 5 327 5 5 528 4 4 329 4 4 3
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30 4 4 3MEAN 3.866667 3.733333 3.533333
General Acceptability
Sample A Sample B Sample CEvaluator
1 6 8 72 6 8 73 4 4 74 6 7 65 3 5 76 8 7 67 5 7 58 7 6 89 5 6 9
10 4 4 711 5 6 912 3 6 413 7 8 914 6 8 815 7 8 816 4 2 717 7 8 818 5 5 719 6 7 720 5 2 421 6 5 522 4 7 723 5 5 724 4 8 725 6 7 826 6 7 827 6 8 928 4 7 929 6 7 9
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30 6 4 8MEAN 5.4 6.233333 7.233333
Appendix C
RatingDescription
Color Texture Odor
5
4
3
2
1
Score Card
Rating Color Texture Odor5 Orange Very Smooth Very Pleasant4 Light Orange Smooth Pleasant3 Dark Orange2 Yellow Rough Unpleasant1 Very light Yellow Very Rough Very Unpleasant
Neither smooth nor rough
Neither Pleasant nor Unpleasant
Hedonic Scale
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Rating General Acceptability9 Like Extremely
8 Like Very Much
7 Like Moderately
6 Like Slightly
5 Neither Like nor Dislike
4 Dislike Slightly
3 Dislike Moderately
2 Dislike Very Much
1 Dislike Extremely
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Michelle Angela Aba Gonzaga
Nickname: Mica
Birthday: October 22, 1996
Birthplace: Iligan City, Philippines
Sex: Female
FAMILY BACKGROUND
Father: Rony C. Gonzaga
Mother: Jocelyn A. Gonzaga
Siblings: Mary Arabelle A. Gonzaga, Melene Andrea A. Gonzaga
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EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: St. Augustine Academy
1st Honor – Nursery to Grade Six
Secondary: MSU-IIT, Integrated Developmental School
Name: Ella Joan Doplon Mendoza
Nickname: EJ
Birthday: October 24, 1996
Birthplace: Iligan City, Philippines
Sex: Female
FAMILY BACKGROUND
Father: Elmer M. Mendoza
Mother: Josie Vic D. Mendoza
Siblings: Jewel D. Mendoza, Janna D. Mendoza, Emmanuel D. Mendoza
Nephew: Johan Mendoza
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EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Iligan City East Central School
With Honors – Nursery, Grade One, Grade Four, Grade Five and Grade Six
Secondary: MSU-IIT, Integrated Developmental School