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[email protected] University© 1

ICSAT 2013, Ingolstadt,

Deutschland

Keynote address:

Fuels and combustion strategies with recovery of

waste heat and kinetic energy for a more

environmentally friendly vehicle.

Thursday 26 September 2013

Dr. Petros Lappas, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and

Manufacturing Engineering - RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia


Historical fleet CO2 emissions performance and

current or proposed standards

Source: ICCT Jan 2011

NEDC = New European Driving Cycle

NOI = Notice of Intent


Approaches to CO2 emissions reduction

CO2 mitigation

Use less fossil fuel/ Increase

fuel conversion efficiency

Use alternative

fuels/energy carriers. E.g.,

CH4 or H2 or comp air.

Capture and process CO2

E.g., sequester or recycle.


Lets talk ENGINES !

As the engine represents the heart of the motor vehicle, the

most important improvements are expected from modifications

of the engine

http://mdi-digital.com/pages/project/portfolio/engine-heart


CNG: A good start to CO2 reduction

Tilagone, R., et al.,"Natural Gas - an Environmentally Friendly Fuel for Urban Vehicles: the Smart Demonstrator

Approach," Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP 61(1): 155-164, 2006.


CNG: The dollars make sense

energyforumonline.com


CNG: The status quo (homogeneous charging)

Impco Carburetion Inc. Service manual

Mixer

Throttle valve


CNG: The status quo (homogeneous charging)

http://hanalpg.en.ec21.com/GAS_Injection_System--5065665.html


CNG: The status quo--Shortcomings

http://www.skinnerscience.com/Year%2012,13/module5.gif


CNG: Towards higher thermal efficiencies

High pumping losses at part load

Charge is warm without direct injection

Low pumping losses at part load

Fuel/air charge is relatively cool

http://www.autospeed.com.au/cms/gallery/article.html?slideshow=0&a=1761&i=2


CNG: Towards even higher thermal efficiencies

Boretti, A.and Watson, H., International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34(18): 7835-7841, doi:

10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.07.022

Computed temperature field 0.1 ms after SOC (propane)


Approaches to CO2 emissions reduction

CO2 mitigation

Use less fossil fuel/ Increase

fuel conversion efficiency

Use alternative

fuels/energy carriers. E.g.,

CH4 or H2 or comp air.

Capture and process CO2

E.g., sequester or recycle.


Simulation Results (preliminary)

Brake efficiency map – CNG direct injection jet ignition engine

Results have been obtained with an integrated ICE and WHR system

GTSUITE model


The RMIT Green Engines Lab

•RMIT “GEL” has an AVL Single-cylinder research engine.

•FTIR emissions measurements.

•High-speed data acquisition for combustion analysis.

•Highly flexible fuel injection system.

[email protected] University©

Spray vessel

Gas and liquid fuel spray property

measurement set-up

0.2-30 bar, 300 degC

4 x 150mm fused silica

windows

17

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Spray vessel

18

LIF

signal

MIE

signal

Sauter Diameter

distribution

÷

Where SD = dv3/ds

2


Recovery of Waste Energy

Fuel energy conversion split

EU combined test cycle, Gasoline engine, EU C/D vehicle

Aerodynamic drag

15%

Transm. losses

15%

Rolling resistance

25%

Accessories

15%

Inertia

30%

Exhaust heat losses to gas

28%

Exhaust heat losses to wall

13%

Wall heat losses

18%

Pump losses

8%

Friction losses

9%Unburnt losses

4%

Engine

output;

20%

Idle

10%

Warm up losses

10%

Source: Volvo Car Corporation


Recovery of Waste Energy (exhaust heat)

Schematic of waste heat recovery (WHR) system.


Recovery of Waste Energy (exhaust heat)

• Expected to produce ~100 W of “free power” in typical passenger car

operating at cruise condition.


Recovery of Waste Energy (kinetic energy)

Regenerative Braking Light Acceleration

Extended Acceleration Cruising

www.epa.gov/otaq/technology/research/how-it-works-parallel.htm


Recovery of Waste Energy (hydraulic hybrids)

• EPA has been able to improve city fuel economy of a UPS package

car by 70% and

• reduce CO2 greenhouse gas emissions by 40%.

• reduce brake wear by 75%.

• At current fuel prices, this technology will pay for itself in two to three years.

Source: US EPA report EPA420-F-06-043

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/technology/publications.htm#hhvs


Summary

• CNG is clearly a cheap and environmentally friendlier fuel for automobiles.

• Stratified charge with WHR can improve efficiency in part load and full load

conditions by up to 50%

• Another method to achieve WHR is by using TEGs. 100 W for typical cruising

car.

• Use of pneumatic/hydraulic energy storage can greatly increase city fuel

economy. E.g., 70% for UPS courier truck

– reduce CO2 greenhouse gas emissions by 40%.

– reduce brake wear by 75%.

– pay for itself in two to three years.

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