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ABOUT THE INDUSTRY:

History of Film

Hurter and Driffield began pioneering work on the light sensitivity of film in 1876

onwards. Their work enabled the first quantitative measure of film spped to be devised.

Early photography in the form of daguerreotypes did not use film at all. Eastman Kodak

developed the first flexible photographic film in 1885. This original film was coated on paper.

The first transparent plastic film was produced in 1889. With the slogan "you press the button,

we do the rest," George Eastman put the first simple camera into the hands of a world of

consumers in 1888. In so doing, he made a cumbersome and complicated process easy to use and

accessible to nearly everyone.

Since that time, the Eastman Kodak Company has led the way with an abundance of new

products and processes to make photography simpler, more useful and more enjoyable. In fact,

today's Kodak is known not only for photography, but also for images used in a variety of

leisure, commercial, entertainment and scientific applications. Its reach increasingly involves the

use of technology to combine images and information--creating the potential to profoundly

change how people and businesses communicate.

Just as Eastman had a goal to make photography "as convenient as the pencil," Kodakcontinues to expand the ways images touch people's daily lives. The company ranks as a premier

multinational corporation, with a brand recognized in virtually every country around the world.

Photographic film is a sheet of plastic(polyester, PET, nitrocellulose orcellulose

acetate) coated with anemulsion containing light-sensitivesilver halide salts (bonded bygelatin)

with variable crystal sizes that determine the sensitivity, contrast and resolution of the film.

When the emulsion is sufficiently exposed tolight(or other forms ofelectromagnetic

radiationsuch as X-rays), it forms alatent(invisible) image. Chemical processes can then be

applied to the film to create a visible image, in a process called film developing.

In black-and-white photographic film there is usually one layer of silver salts. When the

exposed grains are developed, the silver salts are converted to metallic silver, which blocks light

and appears as the black part of the film negative.

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Color film uses at least three layers. Dyes, which adsorb to the surface of the silver salts,

make the crystals sensitive to different colors. Typically the blue-sensitive layer is on top,

followed by the green and red layers. During development, the exposed silver salts are converted

to metallic silver, just as with black-and-white film. But in a color film, the by-products of the

development reaction simultaneously combine with chemicals known as color couplers that are

included either in the film itself or in the developer solution to form colored dyes. Because the

by-products are created in direct proportion to the amount of exposure and development, the dye

clouds formed are also in proportion to the exposure and development. Following development,

the silver is converted back to silver salts in the bleach step. It is removed from the film in thefix

step. This leaves behind only the formed color dyes, which combine to make up the colored

visible image.

Newer color films, like Kodacolor II, have as many as 12 emulsion layers, with upwards

of 20 different chemicals in each layer.

Due to film photography's long history of widespread use, there are now around onetrillion pictures on photographic film or photographic paperin the world,[1] enough to cover an

area of around ten thousand square kilometres (4000 square miles), about half the size of Wales.

FUNCTIONS:

The camerais the image-forming device, andphotographic filmor asilicon electronic image

sensoris the sensing medium. The respective recording medium can be the film itself, or a digital

electronic or magnetic memory.[4]

Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material (such as film)

to the required amount of light to form a "latent image" (on film) or "raw file" (in digital

cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. Digital cameras use

an electronicimage sensorbased on light-sensitive electronics such as charge-coupled

device(CCD) orcomplementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS) technology. The resulting

digital image is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on paper or film.

The camera (or 'camera obscura') is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all

light is excluded except the light that forms the image. The subject being photographed,

however, must be illuminated. Cameras can range from small to very large, a whole room that is

kept dark while the object to be photographed is in another room where it is properly

illuminated.

USES:

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Photography gained the interest of many scientists and artists from its inception. Scientists have used

photography to record and study movements, such as Eadweard Muybridge's study of human and animal

locomotion in 1887. Artists are equally interested by these aspects but also try to explore avenues other

than the photo-mechanical representation of reality, such as thepictorialistmovement. Military, police,

and security forces use photography for surveillance, recognition and data storage. Photography is used

by amateurs to preserve memories of favorite times, to capture special moments, to tell stories, to sendmessages, and as a source of entertainment.

FILM BASICS

There are several types of photographic film, including:

Print film, when developed, turns into a negative with the colors (or black and white

values, in black-and-white film) inverted. This type of film must be "printed"that is either

enlarged by projecting through a lens, or placed in direct contact as light shines through it

ontophotographic paper(which in turn is itself developed) in order to be viewed as intended.

Print films are available in bothblack-and-whiteandcolor. Color print films use an orange

color correction mask to correct for unwanted dye absorptions and improve color accuracy.

Although color processing is more complex and temperature-sensitive than black-and-white

processing, the great popularity of color and minimal use of black-and-white prompted the

design of black-and-white film which is processed in exactly the same way as a standard

color film.

Color reversal film after development is called a transparency and can be viewed

directly using a loupe orprojector. Reversal film mounted with plastic or cardboard for

projection is often called a slide. It is also often marketed as "slide" film. This type of film is

often used to produce digital scans orcolor separations for mass-marketprinting.Photographic prints can be produced from reversal film, but the process is expensive and not

as simple as that for print film.

Black-and-white reversal film exists, but is uncommon. Conventional black-and-white

negative stock can be reversal-processed, to give black & white slides, as by dr5 Chrome.[3] Some kits were available to enable B&W reversal processing to be done by home-

processors, but most are discontinued. B&W transparencies can be produced from almost all

B&W films

COMMON SIZES OF THE FILM

135 "35 mm"

IX240 APS (Advanced Photo System) or "Advantix"

110

126

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127

120/220 for use in medium format photography

Sheet film for use in large format photography

Disc film obsolete format used in disc system cameras

Motion picture films 8 mm, 16 mm, 35 mm and 70 mm

COMPANIES

AgfaPhoto**

Agfa-Gevaert (Materials division)

Bergger(European company composed of former Guilleminot employees.)****

Dai Nippon Printing

Efke

Foma

Forte**

Ferrania

Fujifilm

Ilford

Imation (film division purchased by Ferrania)

Kodak

Konica Minolta*

Lucky

Maco****

Mitsubishi

ORWO

Perutz*

Polaroid***

ProClick

Rollei

Shanghai (SMPIC Photosensitive Materials Factory)

Solaris (owned by Ferrania)

Svema*

Tasma*

Tura**

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RAW MATERIALS

A roll of film consists of the emulsion and base that compose the film itself, the cassette or

cartridge, and outer protective packaging. The materials used to make the emulsion are silver,

nitric acid, and gelatin. The base consists of cellulose and solvents that are mixed to form a thick

fluid called dope. Film that is packed in a cassette (35-millimeter film is typically packed this

way) requires a metal spool, the protective metal canister, and plastic strips at the canister

opening where the film emerges. Other sizes of film including Polaroid film are protected from

light and air by plastic cartridges or packs. Outer packaging, which varies among film products,

is made from foil-lined paper, plastic, and thin cardboard cartons. The outer packaging is also

insulating and protects the film from exposure to light, heat, and air.

THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Base

For most films, the base to which the light-sensitive emulsion is fixed consists of cellulose

acetate, which is wood pulp or cotton linters (short cottonseed fibers) mixed with acetate to forma syrup. Solid pellets of cellulose acetate precipitate or separate out of the syrup and are washed

and dried. The pellets are dissolved in solvents to form the transparent, honey-like dope. The

dope is spread in a thin, even sheet on a wheel that is two stories in diameter. The wheel is plated

with chromium for a smooth finish, and it turns slowly. The solvents in the dope volatilize or

evaporate as the wheel turns. The process is much like the applying and drying of nail polish.

The remaining base is a thin sheet of plastic that is of a uniform thickness measured in ten-

thousandths of an inch. When it is dry, the base is removed from the wheel and wound on 54-inch (137 cm) diameter reels.

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Emulsion

Silver is the main ingredient of the emulsion. Pure silver bullion is received at the

manufacturing plant in bars that are checked by weight and serial number. The bars are dissolved

in a strong solution of nitric acid, and the process releases heat. After the acid has completely

dissolved the silver, the solution is stirred constantly and cooled. Cooling causes crystals of

silver nitrate to grow, much like salt crystals in water. The crystals are wet with water that also

separates out. The crystals are removed from the solution and whirled in centrifuges with sieve-

like openings to remove the water and keep the crystals pure. At this point in the process, the

chemical solutions are light-sensitive, so further manufacturing processes are completed in

darkness.

Meanwhile, gelatin has been made using distilled water and treated with chemicals including

potassium iodide and potassium bromide. The gelatin serves as a binding agent to hold the silver

nitrate crystals, and also to fix them to the base. The gelatin and chemicals are mixed in cookers

that are lined with silver so the emulsion remains pure. As the mixture cools, silver halide salts

(chemical combinations of the silver, iodide, and bromide) form as fine crystals that remain

suspended in the gelatin to make the emulsion.

Coating process

The emulsion is pumped through a piping system to "coating alley," a huge work area

that may be 200 feet (61 m) wide and five stories high. The area must be immaculately clean and

dust-free, and the operations of the roll-coating machines are controlled by arrays of control

panels in the fully automated process. Machines coat precise amounts of emulsion in micro-thin

layers on the wide strips of plastic base; a single, dried layer of emulsion may be six one-

hundred-thousandths of an inch thick. Successive layers of three emulsions are applied to the

base to make color film, and each emulsion layer has its own color-forming chemicals called

linked dyes. The three emulsion layers in color film respond to blue, green, and red light, so each

photograph is a triple latent image with the sandwiched color range reproduced by processing.

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The strips of emulsion-coated base (now film) are cut into progressively narrower widths,

perforated so the film can be advanced in the camera, and spooled, except for instant film and

sheet film that are packed flat.

Packaging

Film is packed in cartridges, cassettes, rolls, instant packs, or sheets. Cartridges are used

in certain types of cameras and include a take-up spool that is built in so the exposed film and

cartridge are removed as a unit. Cassettes are made for cameras that use film in the 35-millimeter

format. They consist of a spool enclosed in a metal jacket. The tongue of the film is drawn over

the pressure plate at the back of the camera to a take-up spool that is built into the camera. When

the film is finished, it is rewound onto the spool in the cassette, and the unit is removed.

Rollfilms consist of paper-backed film that is packed on a spool like the one in the camera. The

film is wound onto the spool in the camera, and that spool and film are removed. The spool on

which the film was packed originally can then be moved to the receiving side of the camera, and

a new roll inserted. The packs for instant cameras contain 8 to 12 sheets that are ejected

individually after each shot. Sheet film is used for specialized applications like x-ray film.

Plastic cartridges for cartridge-type film are made by injection molding, in which fluid-

like plastic is squirted mechanically into forms or molds. These are hardened, removed from the

molds, and trimmed and smoothed. The spooled film is then placed in the cartridges and sealed.

The metal canisters are printed on the outside, cut to shape and size, trimmed and smoothed, and

edged with protective plastic. The metal is shaped around the spools of film. Plastic canisters and

caps are also made for the film canisters, as are other types of outer packaging such as foil-lined

paper pouches, and the outer cartons. The packaging is dated, shrink-wrapped in plastic in

quantities appropriate for sale, packed in cardboard containers for shipping, and stored in air-conditioned rooms to await shipment.

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QUALITY CONTROL

In all phases of manufacture, photographic film is extremely sensitive to light, heat, dust,

and impurities. Air flow into the film-manufacturing rooms is washed and filtered. Temperature

and humidity are carefully regulated. Production rooms are scrubbed clean daily, and plant

workers wear protective clothing and enter sensitive work areas through air showers that clean

personnel of dust and contaminants. Each step of manufacture is carefully inspected and

controlled. For example, the chromium-plated wheel on which the base is formed is inspected to

maintain a mirror-like finish because tiny imperfections will affect the quality of the film.

Finally, samples of film are removed from completed batches and subjected to many tests,

including the taking of photographs with the samples.

BYPRODUCT/WASTE

Factory workers and the environment must also be protected from the hazardous

chemicals, fumes, and wastes that can be generated during the process. Protective clothing keeps

the product clean and insulates the workers from possible contaminants. Air released to the

outside is also filtered and monitored. Extensive recycling is done, not only to protect the

environment but also to salvage valuable materials such as silver for purifying and reuse. The

photographic film industry was also among the first to use incineration successfully to burn

wastes efficiently and control emissions.

THE FUTURE

Film manufacturers are continually improving the quality of film so that photographs are

sharper, color is truer, graininess is reduced, and film speed is improved. Several new camera

films use "T-grain" emulsion technology, in which the molecular structure of the silver halide

crystals is modified to create silver grains shaped like tiny tablets. The flat shape helps them

collect light efficiently, so sharper photographs are produced from higher-speed films. This

technology also benefits the environment because fewer chemicals are needed for processing

film, and the opportunity for chemicals to enter the environment is reduced.

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The next advance in photography does not require film at all; the film-free camera stores

photographs digitally without any film. Digital cameras electronically transfer images to

computers which can then print the images.

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CONTRIBUTION OF PHOTO FILM INDUSTRY TOWARDS INDIAN ECONOMY

MUMBAI: India's burgeoning film and television industry created nearly 1.8 million jobs and

contributes an immense $6.2 billion (Rs 28,305 crores) to the Indian economy, according to a

new report released by PricewaterhouseCoopers.

The report, titled Economic Contribution of the Indian Film and Television Industry, also finds

that the sector has a total gross output of $20.4 billion (Rs 92,645 crores) and contributes more to

the GDP of India than the advertising industry.

"This report demonstrates the importance of the film and television sector to the overall growth

and vitality of the Indian economy. Indians should be proud of the staggering growth that the

film and television industry has achieved," said Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)

chairman Dan Glickman, who launched the report in New Delhi at the Asia Society Conference.

"The film and television industry in India is one of the world's largest markets in terms of

number of consumers and offers significant growth potential. Over the past few years the

industry has experienced rapid double-digit growth and it is expected that this trend will continue

in future, resulting in increasing contribution to the Indian economy," added Time Warner senior

vice president Hugh Stephens.

The combined revenues of the Indian film and television industry were over $7.7 billion (Rs

35,000 crores) in the calendar year 2008. This is expected to grow at a rate of 11% over the next

five years, reaching a size of over $13 billion (Rs 60,000 crores). Commissioned by the Motion

Picture Distributors Association (India), representing the MPA in India, the study measures the

direct, indirect and induced economic impacts created by the film and television industry, and

combines them to determine the industry's total economic contribution.

Glickman also commented that the report illustrates the need to protect the Indian film and

television industry. "While still growing, the Indian film and television industry already

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contributes significantly to India's economy, and the menace of copyright theft jeopardizes a

movies ability to make money - if at all. This affects the level of investment available for new

films and the ability to create new jobs for workers throughout the country. The launch yesterday

of the coalition to protect film and television content is as such a clear reflection of the Indian

creative communitys recognition of the urgent need to act quickly to address this threat," he

said.

On the need for a strong legislative response to tackle copyright infringement, Motion Picture

Dist. Association (India) managing director Rajiv Dalal said, "While the film industry has come

together to fight intellectual property theft, the industry also needs the Indian government to pass

legislation such as anti-camcord restrictions that would allow for effective copyright

enforcement."

UTV Motion Pictures CEO Siddharth Roy Kapur asserted, "While this report is significant as it

highlights the economic benefits of our industry, let us not forget our community's social and

cultural contribution to the development of society in India."

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1.1 NEED FOR STUDY:

Hindustan Photo Film Manufacturing Co. Ltd., (HPF) one of the major industrial units of the

district, is a public sector enterprise, under the administrative jurisdiction of the Department of

Heavy Industry. The study was conducted to know the current level of employees satisfaction

about the benefits provided by HPF.

1.2 OBJECTIVES:

To identify employees opinion about benefits provided at HPF.

To identify the types of benefits provided to the employees.

To identify the satisfaction level of the employees towards benefit at HPF.

To make appropriate suggestion for the improvement of the company.

To identify the needs of benefits for the employees.

1.3 SCOPE:

The study has been carried out at Hindustan Photo Films Manufacturing Co. Ltd, currently

producing Indu roll films, Indu X-ray films, Indu bromide paper, CAT film, laser recording film.

It provides opinion of the employees regarding

Health;

Safety, provisions;

Education & information

CHAPTER 2: COMPANY PROFILE

2.1 COMPANY PROFILE:

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Hindustan Photo Film Manufacturing Co. Ltd., (HPF) one of the major industrial units of the

district, is a public sector enterprise, under the administrative jurisdiction of the Department of

Heavy Industry. HPF is the only integrated manufacturer of Photo sensitized goods in the whole

of South East Asia. This unit is located (about 5 Km away from Ooty railway station) over a

sprawling area of over 300 acres, near the Ooty golf-links on the Ooty- Mysore road. The Plant

is located at Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, primarily from the point of view of energy conservation

and ecology, i.e., availability of pure water and air, which are essential requisites for a

photosensitized products manufacturing facility.

HPF, the indigenous photographic industry was born in 1960 and commenced operations in

January 1967 when it was inaugurated by Mrs. Indra Gandhi, Prime Minister; with a vision to

make India self reliant in the field of photo sensitized goods. In so doing, it went ahead

successfully with several milestones despite odds and constraints.

Thanks to HPF, India today has a self-sufficient industry from raw materials to the finished

products for a wide range of photo-sensitive goods; a record which many countries cannot claim.

HPF manufactures and markets its fleet of products under the brand name INDU, which in

Sanskrit means Silver.

This industrial unit is currently producing Indu roll films which are used for taking photographs;

Indu X-ray films, the quality of which is acknowledged to be among the best in the world; Indu

bromide paper on which photographs are printed; and Indu aerographic for geological and

defense mapping, industrial X - ray film, laser recording film, CAT film, special film for space

photography, oscilloscope direct print paper, photo type setting paper and range of chemicals for

film processing. The above products are manufactured with indigenous technology & integrated

manufacturing process.

HPF is an ISO 9002 Company and its products are comparable to the best in the industry. The

products of HPF include films for Medical Imaging, Industrial Radiography, Printing,

Cinematography (Black & White), Photography (Black & White films and printing paper) and

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Processing Chemicals. The Company has the capacity to meet the entire domestic demand of its

manufactured products for years to come.

Yet, HPF is not complacent, for, its goal is towards infinite excellence. With all its potentials inthe areas of science and technology, the company recognizes its employees as its major asset to

meet its growing objectives. The company strives to provide a congenial atmosphere and a

favorable environment to all its employees to facilitate career growth, personnel needs, job

satisfaction, team-development and above all commitment to the organization.

2.2 LANDMARKS:

Company diversified into color products conversion by setting up a conversion plant at

Ambattur in 1975-76.

Manufacturing of Processing Chemicals commenced from 1976-77 with technical know-

how from Du Pont, USA, at Ambattur.

In 1986 entered into collaboration for setting up state-of-the-art Polyester based Plant for

manufacture of Medical X-Ray, Industrial X-Ray and Graphic Arts Films in collaboration

with M/s Du Pont of USA. The estimated cost of completion of the Project is Rs.680

Crores. Commenced commercial production from April 1997 with installed capacity of

17.79 million square meters per annum. Diversified into manufacturing of Magnetic Tape Products in collaboration with M/s.

Magna of Germany during 1989-90.

Established well-equipped in-house R&D Centre with an investment of Rs.2 Crores in

1991.

The Company acquired ISO 9002 accreditation in December 1994.

The Company has achieved its highest turnover of Rs.238 Crores during 1991-92 and

was poised for higher growth.

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ORGANIZATION PROFILE

2.2.1 HINDUSTAN PHOTOFILMS.CO.LTD

General Manager(Prodn. & Engg)

General Manager (Design& Development)

General Manager(Quality Assurance)

Senior Manager(Vigilance)

Senior PersonnelManager

General Manager(Marketing)

General Manager (NewProducts)

General Manager(Finance)

Chief PurchaseOfficer

Secretary

Board of Directors(Officials and non-officials)

Chairman cumManaging Director

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2.2.2 MARKETING DETAILS OF THE COMPANY

HPF has spread its marketing tentacles throughout the Nation. The regional offices and their

associated sales depots cater to the needs of the entire nation's needs of Medical X-ray, IndustrialX-ray and Graphic Arts films. Apart from the Films the branches and sales depots also provide

processing chemicals for the equipment used by the Radiographic laboratories .

Address Contact PersonPhone - Office FAX / E-mail

FAX / E-Mail

MARKETING HEAD QUARTERS

HPF, IndunagarOotacamund - 643 005.

A.B. Kumar,Senior Manager

M.N. Chakravarthy,Deputy Manager

T.K. Ambal,

Deputy Manager

Ph: 9486937828Fax No:0423-2442467

E-mail ID: abkumar@hpf-india.com9442118253

Web Site : www.hpf-india.com

Direct Ph: 2442467SOUTHERN REGION

60, Ambattur Industrial EstateAmbattur

Chennai - 600 058.

C. ManoharanBranch Manager

Mob : 09443041387044-26241955

Chennai Branch

No:7, (Old No:12)Suriya Street

Bharani ColonySaligramam,

Chennai 600 093

RM / Chennai Ph:0413-2242927Ph: 044-26251328 / 044-26357509

04426241955044-26251338

E-mail ID:elengovan_Jeevan@yahoo.com

Sri. Laxmi,D.No:39/4197,39/4198

Shanthi Lane,Ravipuram Road

COCHIN - 682 016.

Elsy BenedictBM

Mob : 09495273326Ph:0484 -2357040

Fax No:0484 - 2357040e-mail ID: hpfchn@bsnl.in

668 / 12, Burugal Mutt RoadVishveswarapuram

BANGALORE - 560 004.

GaneshanRM / Bangalore

Ph: 080-26610213Fax No:080 26676250

e-mail ID:hpfblore@yahoo.comMob : 0986779246

3-6-168/6/A, HydergudaHYDERABAD - 560 029.

Mr. Srinivasa VadithaBM

Fax :: 040 - 23229712Ph : 040 23220433

Mob : 09618667455e-mail ID: hpfhyd@yahoo.com

D.No:65, Alagesan Rd.

No:2, SRP NagarCOIMBATORE - 641 011.

M. Bojan

BM

Mob : 09442222736

Ph: 0422 - 2430269Fax : 0422 2430269

e-mail ID:hpfcbe@yahoo.in

HPF Show Room

Reliance Bldg.Charing Cross

OOTY - 643 001

BalamohanDBM

Mob: 9443076162Ph: 0423 2444105

NORTHERN REGION

Mittal Buildings Mr.Sivan Ph : 011- 23272294

http://www.hpf-india.com/mailto:hpfblore@yahoo.commailto:hpfblore@yahoo.comhttp://www.hpf-india.com/mailto:hpfblore@yahoo.com

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12/4, Asaf Ali Road3rd Floor

Opp LNPJN HospitalNEW DELHI - 110 002.

Manager (Contracts)Mr.S.M. Pandian

Regional Manager

011 - 23277793Fax : 011 - 23271959

E-Mail :hpf delhi@mdf.vsnl.net.in

SCO 3013-14, I - FloorSector - 22 - D,

CHANDIGARH - 160 022.

Mr.DhingraDBM

Ph : 0172-2706853Fax : 0172-2706853

Western Region

Laxmi Commercial CentreUnit No:407, Kubharwada

Senapati Bapat MargDADAR (WEST)

MUMBAI - 400 028.

Mr.M. RameshRegional Manager

Mob : 09819059530Madan_ramesh@yahoo.com

Ph : 022-24324575Fax No:022 - 24324584

No:18, Vaishali NagarKotra Sultanbad

BHOPAL - 462 003.

Mr. HamzaBranch in-charge

Ph: 0755 2768206Mob : 09893247567FAX : 0755 2670470

hamzahpf@yahoo.co.in

Eastern RegionAnar Chambers

5, Chowranghee ApproachKOLKATA - 700 072.

Mr. GuhaRegional Manager

Mob : 9433145970033 -2212 6048 / 7347

Fax No:033 -22128683e-mail ID:hind_868305@bsnl.in

hpfmfgcoltd@yahoo.com

Ashok RajpathChauhatta

PATNA - 800 004.

Mr. A.K. DasBM

Ph: 0612-2924233FAX : 0612 -2309303Mob : 09430829813

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