histology and embryology - zhejiang...
TRANSCRIPT
Zhong Jie Li （李仲杰）
Zhejiang University School of medicine
Histology and Embryology
Final score of Histology & Embryology
1) Attendance and Picture drawing : 5% 2) Attendance for lecture: 5% 3) Quiz: 15% (each quiz 5%) 4) Lab test: 25% 5) Final written exam: 50%
http://m-learning.zju.edu.cn/Portal/index.html
Course web site：
Chapter 1:
Histology & Its Methods of Study
cell --- tissue---organ---system---human body
Relationship:
They are many kinds of morphological and functions. structure：cell membrane, cytoplasma and nucleus
Cell: the smallest unit of structure and function of body
Tissue: A group of cell and extracellular matrix Four basic tissue types: ---Epithelial tissue ---Connective tissue ---Muscular tissue ---Nervous tissue
Organ: made up of tissue, have special shape, structure and function --- the cavity organ --- parenchymatous organ
anatomy
histology
System: organs which have related function get together.
I. What’s histology? II. Why do we study it ? III. How we to study it ? Ⅳ. Methods of learning histology.
Key points:
I. What’s Histology? Anatomy: ---gross anatomy ---microscopic anatomy / microanatomy Histology : a science which study the microstructure
and the relationship between the structure and function of human being.
What’s Embryology? a science which study of the
embryogenesis of human and its mechanism.
--- Pre-embryonic period (2 weeks) --- Embryonic period (3-8 weeks) --- Fetal period (9-38 weeks)
Why medical students should study Histology
?
II.
Histology & Embryology Anatomy
Pathology
Pathphysiology Pharmocology Basic medicine &Surgery
Clinic (Medicine,Surgery,Gynecology, Pedology, etc.)
Intern (exercitation) Graduate
Biochemistry Physiology Parasitology Microbiology Immunology
The development history of Histology
Histology (microanatomy) 细胞发现和细胞学说的建立 组织学说迄今（经历了三百多年）
英国 Hooke 1635-1703 “cell” 意大利 Malpighi 1628-1694 脾，肺，肾等组织结构 荷兰 Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 精子，红细胞，肌细胞，神经细胞 法国 Bichat 1771-1882 “tissue”(21种） 德国 Mayer 1819 “histology”（8种） 德国 Schleiden 1838-18? 9 创立细胞学说 Schwann 19世纪中期 组织学（4种） 20世纪初 组化，组培 20世纪40年代 细胞，组织超微结构 我国 20世纪初 从人体解剖学分化出—组织学 马文昭 1886-1965 细胞水平 张作干 1907-1969 细胞，组织超微结构
III. How to study it
• Microscopy: Light microscopy (LM) Electron microscopy (EM)
• Transmission electron microscope (TEM) • Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
• Staining: H&E Histochemistry Immunohistochemistry In situ hybridiztion …
Relative Sizes in Histology Standard Units of Measure
1.Light Microscopy
:The resolution of the human eye is 0.2 mm.
:The resolution of the light microscope is 0.2 µm.
: The resolution of the electron microscope is 0.2 nm.
resolving power
The steps: a. Obtaining the specimen: b. Fixation c. Dehydration: d. Clearing e. Embedding f. Sectioning g. staining h. mounting
Preparation of tissue section for LM
Unstained cells’ appearance in three types of light microscopy.
Bright-field microscopy Phase-contrast microscopy Differential interference microscopy
Living neural crest cells growing in culture
Stain methods H.E
Hematoxylin
苏木精
Eosin
伊 红
Acidic stuctures： Nucleus RER Free ribosome
Basic stuctures： Cytoplasma lysosome、Mit.,fibers
• basophilic • acidophilic (eosinopilic) • neutrophilc
resolving power
H&E staining
Interpret your sample Must think in 3 dimensions Changes in apparent shape, due to
orientation of sections
Horizontal section longitudinal section
oblique section
Simple columnar epithelium different azimuth slice map
Part and whole
舒张状态
收缩状态
Structure and function
2.TEM: transmission electron microscopy
The resolution of the TEM is about 0.1-0.5nm.
Basophilic granulocyte (LM)
Basophilic granulocyte
(TEM)
3. SEM: scanning electron microscopy
The resolution of SEM is about 5nm.
To reveal the chemical composition of tissue and cell in situ.
4.Histochemistry & Cytochemistry
Sudan III--- orange Sudan IV--- red
Test lipids
Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction Test polysaccharides （多糖）
PAS+ (Produce an insoluble magenta（品红） complex)
5.Immnohistochemistry To use labelled antibodies as specific reagents
for localizing tissue and cell constituents (antigens) in situ Observation: Fluorescence microscope
• A method for detection of specific RNA or DNA sequences directly in cells or tissue sections
• incubate tissues with probe to detect cells expressing gene
6. In Situ Hybridization
Reference books 1. 《组织学与胚胎学》（英文）, 主编：唐军民、李继承，北京大学医 学出版社，2011年 2.《 组织学与胚胎学》（第9版），主编：邹仲之、李继承，人民卫生 出版社，2018年 3. Junqueira’s Basic Histology, 15e（浙大免费） http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Understand the histologic techniques used in preparing samples for light and electron microscopy (EM).
• Explain which cellular components are preserved and which are lost during tissue preparation for microscopy.
• Understand the mechanism of routine biological staining (acidophilia and basophilia) and the way in which common stains are used to provide additional information about cells in light microscopy.
• Be able to interpret images of cells and tissues when seen with both the light and electron microscopes.
• Analyze how the plane of section affects interpretation of tubular and irregularly shaped histologic structures.