higher education | pearson - praise for the …...interior design:red kite project cover...
TRANSCRIPT
“An exceptionally engaging narrative....Written in a lively stylethat will surely grab the attention of students, this textbook
offers a balanced approach to the American past by conciselyblending political, economic, social, and cultural history.”
Brad Cartwright, University of Texas at El Paso
“The approach the authors have taken makes the course notonly easier to teach, but by far more interesting in that it
challenges the students to consider different viewpoints and theimpact each has on the whole of history.”
Daniel Donalson, Houston Community College Southeast
“The text accomplishes the difficult task of merging narrativewith multiple perspectives, keeping a careful eye on the
diversity of American experiences. The writing is engaging, thescholarship is up-to-date, and the overall value of the textbook
makes it an excellent choice for U.S. survey courses.”
Melanie Perrault, Salisbury University
Praise for The American Story
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page i
ROBERT A. DIVINE, George W. Littlefield ProfessorEmeritus in American History at the University of Texas atAustin, received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1954. Aspecialist in American diplomatic history, he taught from1954 to 1996 at the University of Texas, where he washonored by both the student association and the graduateschool for teaching excellence. His extensive publishedwork includes The Illusion of Neutrality (1962); SecondChance: The Triumph of Internationalism in America
During World War II (1967); and Blowing on the Wind (1978). His most recent work isPerpetual War for Perpetual Peace (2000), a comparative analysis of twentieth-centu-ry American wars. He is also the author of Eisenhower and the Cold War (1981) andeditor of three volumes of essays on the presidency of Lyndon Johnson. His book, TheSputnik Challenge (1993), won the Eugene E. Emme Astronautical Literature Awardfor 1993. He has been a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the BehavioralSciences and has given the Albert Shaw Lectures in Diplomatic History at JohnsHopkins University.
T. H. BREEN, William Smith Mason Professor ofAmerican History at Northwestern University, receivedhis Ph.D. from Yale University in 1968. He has taught atNorthwestern since 1970. Breen’s major books includeThe Character of the Good Ruler: A Study of PuritanPolitical Ideas in New England (1974); Puritans andAdventurers: Change and Persistence in Early America(1980); Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the GreatTidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution (1985);
and, with Stephen Innes of the University of Virginia, “Myne Owne Ground”:Race and Freedom on Virginia’s Eastern Shore (1980). His Imagining the Past(1989) won the 1990 Historic Preservation Book Award. Marketplace of Revolutionreceived the Colonial Wars Book Award for the “best” book on the AmericanRevolution in 2004. In addition to receiving several awards for outstanding teach-ing at Northwestern, Breen has been the recipient of research grants from theAmerican Council of Learned Societies, the Guggenheim Foundation, theInstitute for Advanced Study (Princeton), the National Humanities Center, andthe Huntington Library. He has served as the Fowler Hamilton Fellow at ChristChurch, Oxford University (1987–1988); the Pitt Professor of American Historyand Institutions, Cambridge University (1990–1991); the Harmsworth Professor ofAmerican History at Oxford University (2000–2001); and was a recipient of theHumboldt Prize (Germany). His most recent book is American Insurgents: TheRevolution of the People Before Independence (2010).
ii
about the authors
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page ii
GEORGE M. FREDRICKSON was Edgar E. RobinsonProfessor Emeritus of United States History at StanfordUniversity. He is the author or editor of several books,including The Inner Civil War (1965), The Black Image inthe White Mind (1971), and White Supremacy: AComparative Study in American and South AfricanHistory (1981), which won both the Ralph WaldoEmerson Award from Phi Beta Kappa and the Merle CurtiAward from the Organization of American Historians.
His most recent books are Black Liberation: A Comparative History of BlackIdeologies in the United States and South Africa (1995); The ComparativeImagination: Racism, Nationalism, and Social Movements (1997); and Racism: AShort History (2002). He received his A.B. and Ph.D. from Harvard and has been therecipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, two National Endowment for the HumanitiesSenior Fellowships, and a fellowship from the Center for Advanced Studies in theBehavioral Sciences. Before coming to Stanford in 1984, he taught at Northwestern.He has also served as Fulbright lecturer in American History at Moscow Universityand as the Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford. He served as pres-ident of the Organization of American Historians in 1997–1998.
R. HAL WILLIAMS is professor of history at SouthernMethodist University. He received his A.B. fromPrinceton University in 1963 and his Ph.D. from YaleUniversity in 1968. His books include The DemocraticParty and California Politics, 1880–1896 (1973); Years ofDecision: American Politics in the 1890s (1978); and TheManhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to theAtomic Age (1990). A specialist in American political his-tory, he taught at Yale University from 1968 to 1975 and
came to SMU in 1975 as chair of the Department of History. From 1980 to 1988, heserved as dean of Dedman College, the school of humanities and sciences, at SMU,where he is currently dean of Research and Graduate Studies. In 1980, he was a vis-iting professor at University College, Oxford University. Williams has receivedgrants from the American Philosophical Society and the National Endowment for theHumanities, and he has served on the Texas Committee for the Humanities. He hasrecently completed Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the RemarkableElection of 1896, which will be published in spring 2010.
iii
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page iii
ARIELA J. GROSS is the John B. and Alice R. SharpProfessor of Law and History at the University of SouthernCalifornia. She is the author of Double Character: Slaveryand Mastery in the Antebellum Southern Courtroom (2000)and What Blood Won’t Tell: A History of Race on Trial inAmerica (2008), winner of the 2009 Willard Hurst Prize forsociolegal history from the Law and Society Association.She has also published numerous law review articles andbook chapters, including most recently, “When Is the Time
of Slavery? The History of Slavery in Contemporary Legal and Political Argument,” inthe California Law Review. She received her B.A. from Harvard University, her J.D.from Stanford Law School, and her Ph.D. from Stanford University, and is the recipientof a Guggenheim Fellowship, a National Endowment for the Humanities Long-TermFellowship at the Huntington Library, and a Frederick J. Burkhardt Fellowship fromthe American Council for Learned Societies. She has been a visiting professor at TelAviv University and the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.
H. W. BRANDS is the Dickson Allen Anderson CentennialProfessor of History at the University of Texas at Austin. Heis the author of numerous works of history and internation-al affairs, including The Devil We Knew: Americans and theCold War (1993), The Reckless Decade: America in the1890s (1995), TR: The Last Romantic (a biography ofTheodore Roosevelt) (1997), What America Owes theWorld: The Struggle for the Soul of Foreign Policy (1998),The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin
Franklin (2000), The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New AmericanDream (2002), Andrew Jackson (2005), and Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life andRadical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2008). His writings have received pop-ular and critical acclaim; several of his books have been bestsellers, and The FirstAmerican and Traitor to His Class were finalists for the Pulitzer Prize. He lectures fre-quently across North America and in Europe. His essays and reviews have appeared inthe New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, the Los AngelesTimes, and Atlantic Monthly. He is a regular guest on radio and television, and has par-ticipated in numerous historical documentary films.
Author ResponsibilityAlthough this book is a joint effort, each author took primary responsibility for writ-ing one section. T. H. Breen contributed the first eight chapters, going from the ear-liest Native American period to the second decade of the nineteenth century. ArielaJ. Gross worked on Chapters 9 through 16, carrying the narrative through theReconstruction era. R. Hal Williams was responsible for Chapters 17 through 24,focusing on the industrial transformation, urbanization, and the events culminatingin World War I. The final eight chapters, bringing the story through the GreatDepression, World War II, the Cold War and its aftermath, the wars in Iraq andAfghanistan, and culminating in the historic election of Barack Obama, were thework of H. W. Brands. Each contributor reviewed and revised the work of his or hercolleagues and helped shape the material into its final form.
iv
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page iv
THE AMERICAN STORYVolume I: To 1877
F O U R T H E D I T I O N
ROBERT A. DIVINEUniversity of Texas
T. H. BREENNorthwestern University
GEORGE M. FREDRICKSONLate of Stanford University
R. HAL WILLIAMSSouthern Methodist University
ARIELA J. GROSSUniversity of Southern California
H. W. BRANDSUniversity of Texas
P E N G U I N A C A D E M I C S
LongmanBoston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal TorontoDelhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page v
Editorial Director: Craig CampanellaEditorial Project Manager: Tracy CloughEditorial Assistant: Amanda DykstraDirector of Marketing: Brandy DawsonSenior Marketing Manager: Maureen E.
Prado RobertsMarketing Assistant: Marissa C. O’BrienSenior Managing Editor: Ann Marie
McCarthySenior Project Manager: Denise ForlowSenior Manufacturing and Operations
Manager for Arts & Sciences:Nick Sklitsis
Operations Specialist: Christina AmatoSenior Art Director: Maria LangeInterior Design: Red Kite ProjectCover Designer: Red Kite Project/
Maria Lange
Cover Art: © Corbis, ca. 19th century, FirstLocomotive to Cross the Alleghenys
Photo Researcher: Teri StratfordManager, Rights and Permissions:
Zina ArabiaManager, Visual Research: Beth BrenzelManager, Cover Visual Research and
Permissions: Karen SanatarImage Permissions Coordinator:
Angelique SharpsDirector of Media and Assessment:
Brian HylandMedia Editor: Sarah KinneySupplements Editor: Emsal HasanFull-Service Project Management and
Composition: GEX Publishing ServicesPrinter/Binder: Edwards BrothersCover Printer: Coral GraphicsTypeface: 9/12 Glypha
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission,in this textbook appear on appropriate pages within the text (or on pages C1–C2).
Text Credits: Page 40, Arthur Miller, The Price, New York, NY: Viking Penguin, 1968; Page 343,“I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther King, Jr. Copyright © 1963 by Martin Luther King, Jr.,copyright renewed © 1991 by Coretta Scott King. Reprinted by arrangement with the Heirs tothe Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., c/o Writer's House, Inc., as agent for the proprietor.
Copyright ® 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman,One Lake St., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the UnitedStates of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtainedfrom the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or trans-mission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or like-wise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request toPearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake St., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products areclaimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher wasaware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataThe American story / Robert A. Divine ... [et al.].—4th ed.
v. cm.“Combined volume.”Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-205-72894-7 (set)—ISBN 978-0-205-72895-4 (v. 1)ISBN 978-0-205-72896-1 (v. 2)[etc.]1. United States—History. I. Divine, Robert A. E178.A5545 2011973—dc22
2009047180
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-205-72895-2ISBN 13: 978-0-205-72895-4
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page vi
Maps xivFigures xvTables xviPreface xxii
CHAPTER 1 New World Encounters 1
CHAPTER 2 England’s Colonial Experiments 29
CHAPTER 3 Putting Down Roots 59
CHAPTER 4 Colonies in an Empire 81
CHAPTER 5 The American Revolution 109
CHAPTER 6 The Republican Experiment 140
CHAPTER 7 Democracy and Dissent 169
CHAPTER 8 Republican Ascendancy 195
CHAPTER 9 Nation Building and Nationalism 220
CHAPTER 10 The Triumph of White Men’s Democracy 243
CHAPTER 11 Slaves and Masters 266
CHAPTER 12 The Pursuit of Perfection 290
vii
brief contents
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page vii
BR
IEF
CO
NT
EN
TS
viii
CHAPTER 13 An Age of Expansionism 313
CHAPTER 14 The Sectional Crisis 336
CHAPTER 15 Secession and the Civil War 360
CHAPTER 16 The Agony of Reconstruction 385
Appendix A-1Credits C-1Index I-1
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page viii
ix
detailed contents
Maps xivFigures xvTables xviPreface xxii
CHAPTER 1 New World Encounters 1
Native American Histories Before Conquest 2 ■ A World Transformed 8■ West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies 11 ■ Europe on the Eveof Conquest 14 ■ Imagining a New World 16 ■ The French ClaimCanada 21 ■ English Dreams of Empire 22 ■ The Mystery of the LostColony 26 ■ Selling English America 27
CHAPTER 2 England’s Colonial Experiments 29
Profit and Piety 30 ■ The Chesapeake: The Lure of Wealth 31 ■
Reforming England in America 40 ■ Cultural Diversity: The MiddleColonies 48 ■ Quakers in America 51 ■ Planting the Carolinas 53 ■ TheFounding of Georgia 55 ■ Landscape of Fragments 57
CHAPTER 3 Putting Down Roots 59
Sources of Stability: Family Values in Seventeenth-Century NewEngland 60 ■ The Planters’ World 65 ■ Race and Freedom in BritishAmerica 68 ■ Commercial Blueprint for Empire 72 ■ Provinces inRevolt, 1676–1691 74 ■ Common Experiences, Separate Cultures 80
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page ix
DE
TAIL
ED
CO
NT
EN
TS
x
CHAPTER 4 Colonies in an Empire 81
The Challenge of Growth 82 ■ Convicts Sent to America 83 ■ EthnicCultures of the Backcountry 84 ■ Spanish Borderlands 88 ■ BritishColonies in an Atlantic World 90 ■ Revival: The Appeal of EvangelicalReligion 94 ■ Clash of Political Cultures 97 ■ Fighting Britain’s Wars inAmerica 100 ■ Imperial Patriotism 106
CHAPTER 5 The American Revolution 109
Character of Colonial Society 110 ■ The Army as Provocation:Eroding the Bonds of Empire 115 ■ Decision for Independence 126■ Fighting for Independence 129 ■ The Loyalist Dilemma 136 ■
Winning the Peace 137 ■ Uncertain Prospects: Liberty orAnarchy 138
CHAPTER 6 The Republican Experiment 140
A New Political Culture 141 ■ Living in the Shadow of Revolution 142 ■
The States: Putting Republicanism into Practice 148 ■ Stumbling Towarda New National Government 150 ■ Strengthening Federal Authority 154■ “Have We Fought for This?” 157 ■ Whose Constitution? Struggle forRatification 164 ■ Can the People Be Trusted? 167
CHAPTER 7 Democracy and Dissent 169
Power of Public Opinion 170 ■ Establishing a New Government 171 ■
Conflicting Visions: Jefferson and Hamilton 173 ■ Hamilton’s Plan forEconomic Development 176 ■ Charges of Treason: The Battle overForeign Affairs 179 ■ Popular Political Culture 184 ■ The AdamsPresidency 187 ■ The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800 192 ■
Danger of Political Extremism 193
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page x
DE
TAIL
ED
CO
NT
EN
TS
xi
CHAPTER 8 Republican Ascendancy 195
Regional Identities in a New Republic 196 ■ Jefferson as President 200■ Jefferson’s Critics 205 ■ Embarrassments Overseas 211 ■ TheStrange War of 1812 216 ■ Republican Legacy 218
CHAPTER 9 Nation Building and Nationalism 220
Expansion and Migration 221 ■ Transportation and the Market Economy 228 ■ The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 235
CHAPTER 10 The Triumph of White Men’s Democracy 243
Democracy in Theory and Practice 244 ■ Jackson and the Politics ofDemocracy 250 ■ The Bank War and the Second Party System 257 ■
Heyday of the Second Party System 263 ■ Tocqueville’s Wisdom 264
CHAPTER 11 Slaves and Masters 266
The Divided Society of the Old South 267 ■ The World of SouthernBlacks 268 ■ White Society in the Antebellum South 276 ■ Slavery andthe Southern Economy 283 ■ Worlds in Conflict 288
CHAPTER 12 The Pursuit of Perfection 290
The Rise of Evangelicalism 291 ■ Domesticity and Changes in theAmerican Family 296 ■ Institutional Reform 300 ■ Reform TurnsRadical 303 ■ Counterpoint on Reform 311
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xi
DE
TAIL
ED
CO
NT
EN
TS
xii
CHAPTER 13 An Age of Expansionism 313
Movement to the Far West 314 ■ Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 320 ■ Internal Expansionism 326 ■ The Costs ofExpansion 334
CHAPTER 14 The Sectional Crisis 336
The Compromise of 1850 337 ■ Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 342 ■
The House Divided, 1857–1860 348 ■ Explaining the Crisis 357
CHAPTER 15 Secession and the Civil War 360
The Storm Gathers 362 ■ Adjusting to Total War 366 ■ Fight to theFinish 374 ■ Effects of the War 381
CHAPTER 16 The Agony of Reconstruction 385
The President Versus Congress 386 ■ Reconstructing SouthernSociety 394 ■ Retreat from Reconstruction 399 ■ Reunion and theNew South 403 ■ Henry McNeal Turner and the “UnfinishedRevolution” 407
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xii
DE
TAIL
ED
CO
NT
EN
TS
xiii
APPENDIX A-1
The Declaration of Independence A-1 ■ The Constitution of the UnitedStates of America A-4 ■ Amendments to the Constitution A-11 ■
Recommended Reading A-18 ■ Suggested Web Sites A-36
Credits C-1Index I-1
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xiii
PAGE
The First Americans: Location of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 7
Chesapeake Colonies, 1640 33
New England Colonies, 1650 47
Middle Colonies, 1685 49
The Carolinas and Georgia 56
The African Slave Trade 70
North America, 1750 102
The American Revolution, 1775–1781 130
Northwest Territory 153
Ratification of the Constitution 167
Conquest of the West 185
North America in 1800 197
The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and Clark 204
The Missouri Compromise, 1820–1821 238
Indian Removal 254
Slave Concentration, 1820 283
Slave Concentration, 1860 285
Territorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth Century 316
The Compromise of 1850 341
Secession 363
Civil War, 1861–1862 370
Civil War, 1863–1865 378
Reconstruction 392
xiv
maps
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xiv
PAGE
Immigration to the United States, 1870–1900 331
Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861 367
Casualties of War 382
xv
figures
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xv
PAGE
England’s Principal Mainland Colonies 57
A Century of Conflict: Major Wars, 1689–1763 106
Major Parliamentary Acts: Oppression or Regulation? 125
Revolution or Reform? The Articles of Confederation and the Constitution Compared 163
The Election of 1796 188
The Election of 1800 192
The Election of 1804 205
The Election of 1808 214
The Election of 1812 216
The Election of 1816 237
The Election of 1820 238
The Election of 1824 251
The Election of 1828 252
The Election of 1832 258
The Election of 1836 262
The Election of 1840 262
The Liberty Party Swings an Election 321
The Election of 1844 322
The Age of Practical Invention 330
The Election of 1848 339
The Election of 1852 343
xvi
tables
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xvi
TAB
LE
S
xvii
The Election of 1856 347
The Election of 1860 356
The Election of 1864 381
Reconstruction Amendments, 1865–1870 391
The Election of 1876 404
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xvii
A T L A N T I CO C E A N
PA C I F I C O C E A N
A T L A N T I CO C E A N
AR
ALASKA(U.S.)
C A N A D A
U N I T E D S TAT E S
HAWAII (U.S.)
SURINAMEFRENCH GUIANA (Fr.)
VENEZUELA
COLOMBIA
GALÁPAGOS IS.(Ec.)
PERU
ECUADOR
BOLIVIA
B R A Z I L
ARGENTINA
PARAGUAY
URUGUAY
CHILE
FALKLAND IS. (U.K.)
CAPEVERDE
SENEGALGAMBIA
GUINEA-BISSAUGUINEA
SIERRA LEONELIBERIA
MALI
CÔTE D'IVOIRE
BURKINA FASOGHANA
NIG
BENTOG
MAURITANIA
WESTERN SAHARA(Mor.)
CANARY IS. (Sp.)
MOROCCO
AZORES (Port.)
ALGERIA
NI
EQ.GUINEA
C
CABIN(A
SÃO TO& PRÍNC
G
AMERICANSAMOA (U.S.)
WESTERNSAMOA
TONGAFRENCHPOLYNESIA (Fr.)
GREENLAND(KALAALLIT NUNAAT)
(Den.)
ICELAND
A N
GUYANA
NORTHAMERICA
SOUTHAMERICA
A
See Inset below
Political Mapof the World
Gulf of Mexico
PACIFIC OCEAN Caribbean Sea
ATLANTIC OCEAN
MEXICO
UNITED STATES
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
COSTA RICAPANAMA
JAMAICA
CUBA
NICARAGUA
HONDURAS
BELIZE
PUERTO RICO (U.S.)
ST. KITTS AND NEVISGUADELOUPE (Fr.)
MARTINIQUE (Fr.)
ST. LUCIA
ANTIGUA ANDBARBUDA
DOMINICA
BARBADOS
GRENADA
TRINIDAD ANDTOBAGO
ST. VINCENT ANDTHE GRENADINES
HAITI
BAHAMASDOMINICANREPUBLIC
COLOMBIA
VENEZUELA
SURINAME
GUYANA
Central Americaand the Caribbean
E
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xviii
C
I N D I A NO C E A N
PA C I F I CO C E A N
ARCTIC OCEAN
MALI
RE
SOHANA
NIGERIA
BENINTOGO
NIA
CCO
ALGERIA
MALTATUNISIA
EGYPTLIBYA
SUDANNIGER
CHADERITREA DJIBOUTI
ETHIOPIA
SOMALIAEQ.
GUINEA
CAMEROON
CENTRALAFRICAN REP.
CABINDA(Ang.)
SÃO TOMÉ& PRÍNCIPE
GABON
CO
NG
O
TANZANIA
KENYA
COMOROSMAYOTTE (Fr.)
SEYCHELLES
RWANDA
BURUNDI
UGANDA
DEM. REP. OFTHE CONGO
ANGOLA
NAMIBIAMOZAMBIQUE
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE
BOTSWANA
MADAGASCAR
MALAWI
MAURITIUSRÉUNION
(Fr.)
SWAZILAND
LESOTHOSOUTHAFRICA
ARMENIAGEORGIA
TURKEY
CYPRUS
K A Z A K H S TA N
UZBEKISTANTURKMENISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
PAK
ISTA
NAFGHANISTAN
AZERBAIJAN
YEMEN
NEPAL
BHUTAN
BANGLADESH
I N D I A
SRILANKAMALDIVES
C H I N A
M O N G O L I A
R U S S I A
N. KOREA
S. KOREAJAPAN
TAIWAN
PHILIPPINES
MA
NTEI
VLAOS
THAILAND
CAMBODIA
MYANMAR(BURMA)
SINGAPORE
BRUNEI
M A L A Y S I A
I N D O N E S I A
A U S T R A L I A
NEWZEALAND
NEWCALEDONIA(Fr.)
NORTHERNMARIANAIS. (U.S.)
GUAM (U.S.)
KIRIBATI
TUVALU
FIJIVANUATU
SOLOMONIS.
MARSHALLIS.
FEDERATED STATESOF MICRONESIA
PAPUANEW
GUINEA
A N T A R C T I C A
EUROPE
AFRICA
ASIA
See Inset below
See Inset below
ArabianSea
Red Sea
Perisan Gulf
SYRIA
IRAQLEB.CYPRUS
ISRAEL
BAHRAIN
IRAN
JORDAN
KUWAIT
WESTBANK
OMAN
YEMEN
EGYPT
SUDAN
ERITREA
TURKEY
AFGHAN.
TURKM.
OMANQATAR
UNITED ARABEMIRATES
SAUDIARABIA
Southwest Asia
NorthSea
ATLANTICOCEAN
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
FINLAND
IRELAND UNITEDKINGDOM
LATVIA
ESTONIA
RUS.LITHUANIA
NETH.
DENMARK
FRANCE
ALGERIA
TURKEY
RUSSIA
SPAIN
MOROCCO TUNISIACYPRUS
PORTUGAL
ITALY
GERMANYPOLAND
UKRAINE
BELARUS
ROMANIA
BULGARIA
GREECE
CZ. REP.SLVK.
AUS. HUNG.
SERB.
BELG.
LUX.
SWITZ.SLOV.CRO.BOSNIA-
HERZ.
ALB.MAC.
MOLDOVA
NORWAY
SWEDEN
Europe
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xix
Mt. Whitney14,500 ft.(4,400 m)
Mt. Rainier14,410 ft.(4,300 m)
Mt. St. Helens8,366 ft.(2,550 m)
Longs Peak14,256 ft.(4,344 m)
Mt. Elbert 14,433 ft.
(4,400 m)Pikes Peak14,110 ft.(4,300 m)
CapeFlattery
Cape Blanco
CapeMendocino
TRESEDEVAJOM
DEATHVALLEY
CEN
TR
AL
VALLEYC
OA
STRAN
GES
SIER
RA
NEV
AD
A
CO
AST
RA
NG
ES
CA
SCA
DE
RAN
GE
CO
LUM
BIA
PLA
TEA
U
GREAT
BASIN
RO
CK
Y
MO
UN
TAIN
S
RO
CKY
MO
UN
TAIN
S
COLORADO
PLATEAU
LLANOESTACADO
BLACKHILLS
GR
EA
TP
LA
IN
S
A
C A N A D A
M E X I C O
PACIFICOCEAN
G
San Francisco Bay
Lake Tahoe
Puget Sound
Great Salt Lake
Salton Sea
Co
lumbia Ri
ve
r
Columbia River
Snake R iver
Sacra mento
Ri ver
SanJoaquin Rive
r
Col
orad
oR
i ver
Río
Gra
nde
Gre
enRi
ver
Missouri River
Colorado River
North Platte River
South Platte River Platte River
Arkansas River
Brazos River
Red River
Río Grande
MIN
NORTH DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA
NEBRASKA
KANSAS
OKLAHOMA
TEXAS
NEW MEXICO
COLORADO
WYOMING
MONTANA
ARIZONA
UTAH
IDAHO
WASHINGTON
OREGON
NEVADA
CALIFORNIA
Corpus Christi
Houst
San Antonio
Austin
Fort WorthDallas
Lawton
Oklahoma City
Tulsa
Wichita
Top
KansCi
Grand Island
Lincoln
Oma
Des
PierreMin
Grand Forks
FargoBismarck
Rapid City
Billings
Great Falls
Helena
Casper
LaramieCheyenne
Denver
Colorado Springs
Pueblo
El Paso
Las Cruces
Albuquerque
Santa Fe
Spokane
Boise
Reno
LasVegas
Tucson
Mesa
Phoenix
AnaheimSanta Ana
Los AngelesLong Beach
Fresno
Sacramento
San Jose
San FranciscoOakland
Eugene
Salem
Portland
OlympiaSeattle
Tacoma
Idaho Falls
Pocatello
Ogden
Salt Lake City
ProvoCarson City
San Diego
Bakersfield
Sioux Falls
Mt. McKinley20,320 ft.(6,194 m)
ALEUTIAN ISLANDS
KENAI
ALA
SKA
RANGE
BROOKS RANGE
PENINSULA
Kodiak Is.
CANADA
RUSSIA
ARCTIC OCEAN
PACIFICOCEAN
Gulf of Alaska
Berin
g St
rait
Yukon River
Bering Sea
ALASKA
Fairbanks
Anchorage
Nome
Juneau
Kauai Oahu
Molokai
Maui
Hawaii
Lanai
PACIFIC OCEANHAWAII
Hilo
Honolulu
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xx
Mt. Mitchell
6,684 ft.
(2,030 m)
Mississippi
Delta
CapeCanaveral
Cape Hatteras
DELMARVA
PENINSULA
Cape Cod
OZARKPLATEAU
ATLANTICCOASTAL
PLAINFLORIDA
PENINSULA
ATLANTIC
COASTAL
PLAI
N
PIEDMONT
PIED
MONT
ALL
EG
HE
NY
MTS
.
ADIRONDACK
MTS.
CENTRAL
PLAINS
Long
Island
Cape Fear
APPA
LACH
IAN
MO
UN
TAIN
S
FLORIDA
KEYS
C U B A
HAITI
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Lake
Mi c
higa
n
Lake Superior
Lake Huron
Lake
Erie
Lake Ontario
Gul f of Mexico
Straits of Florida
Chesapeake Bay
Bay
of F
undy
River
Missouri River
Mis
siss
ippi
Ri v
er
MississippiRiver
Illin
ois
Riv
er
Ohi
o River
Tenne
ssee
River
Lake Okeechobee
Ja
mes River
Susq
ueha
nna
River
Hud
son
Rive
r
St. L
awre
nce Riv
er
Ala
bam
a
Rive
r
LOUISIANA
ARKANSAS
MISSOURI
IOWA
MINNESOTA
WISCONSIN
ILLINOISINDIANA
TENNESSEE
MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA
GEORGIA
SOUTH
CAROLINA
FLORIDA
KENTUCKY
OHIO
NORTH CAROLINA
VIRGINIAWEST
VIRGINIA MARYLAND
DELAWARE
PENNSYLVANIA
NEW JERSEY
NEWYORK
VT.
MASS.
CONN.R.I.
N.H.
MAINE
MICHIGAN
A
AS
OMA
Christi
Houston
ustin
WorthDallas
City
Tulsa
Wichita
Topeka
KansasCity
KansasCity
Lincoln
Omaha
Des Moines
CedarRapids
Davenport
Minneapolis
St. Paul
Duluth
rks
Fargo
Green Bay
Madison
Milwaukee
Chicago
Peoria
Springfield
Jackson
Meridian
Springfield
JeffersonCity
FortSmith Little Rock
Pine Bluff
Shreveport
Baton Rouge
New Orleans
BiloxiMobile
Montgomery
Birmingham
Huntsville
Nashville
Gary
Fort Wayne
Indianapolis
GrandRapids
LansingDetroit
ToledoCleveland
Cincinnati
LouisvilleLexington
Frankfort
Knoxville
Akron
Columbus
CharlestonHuntington
Greenville
Atlanta
ColumbusMacon
Charlotte
Columbia
Savannah
TallahasseeJacksonville
Fort Lauderdale
Miami
SyracuseRochester
Buffalo
PittsburghHarrisburg
Baltimore
WASHINGTON,
D.C.Annapolis
Richmond
Newport NewsNorfolk
Winston-Salem
GreensboroRaleigh
Charleston
Wheeling
Augusta
Lewiston
PortlandBurlington
Montpelier
Concord
Manchester
Albany
Boston
WorcesterProvidence
Hartford
Bridgeport
Wilmington
Dover
New York
City
Newark
TrentonJersey City
St. PetersburgTampa
Philadelphia
Memphis
Rockford
x Falls
St. Louis
PUERTO RICO(U.S.)
ATLANTIC OCEAN
San Juan
Political and Physical Mapof the United States
Land ElevationMeters3,000
2,000
1,000
200
0 (Sea Level)
Below Sea Level
Feet10,000
7,000
3,000
700
(Sea Level) 0
Below Sea Level
International boundaries
State boundaries
State capital
National capital
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xxi
For many decades, the traditional narratives that framed the story of the UnitedStates assumed a unified society in which men and women of various races andbackgrounds shared a common culture. In recent years, however, many historianshave come to believe that traditional narratives stressing the rise of democracy orthe advance of free enterprise undervalue the complexity and diversity of theAmerican story. This research makes it hard to sustain a perspective that presumesthe inevitability of progress for all men and women and that allows one dominantgroup to speak for so many others who have struggled over the centuries to makethemselves heard. Nevertheless, an awareness that the past is as much about con-troversy as agreement, as much concerned with diversity as with unity, does notpreclude the possibility of a coherent narrative. To create such a narrative whilestill paying attention to the differences of race and class, ethnicity, and gender isthe goal.
The authors of this volume accept the challenge, believing strongly that it ispossible to craft a coherent story without silencing difference. We start with theconviction that to tell this story it is essential to listen closely to what people in thepast have had to say about their own aspirations, frustrations, and passions. Afterall, they were the ones who had to figure out how to live with other Americans,many of them totally unsympathetic, even hostile to the demands of others whohappened to march to different drummers. Readers of this book will encounter manyof these individuals and discover how, in their own terms, they tried to make senseof everyday events connected to family and work, church, and community.
We have done our best to avoid the tendency to lump individuals arbitrarilytogether in groups. It is true, for example, that many early colonists in America werecalled Puritans, and presumably in their private lives they reflected religious valuesand beliefs known as Puritanism. But we must not conclude that an abstraction—inthis case Puritanism—made history. To do so misses the complexity and diversitymasked by the abstraction, for at the end of the day, what for the sake of conven-ience we term Puritanism was in fact a rich, spirited, often truculent conversationamong men and women who disagreed to the point of violence on many details ofthe theology they allegedly shared. The same observation could be made aboutother movements in American history, for example, unions or civil rights, politicalparties or antebellum reform. A narrative that sacrifices the rough edges of dissentin the interest of getting on with the story may propel the reader smoothly throughthe centuries, but a subtler, more complex tale is more honest about how people inthe past actually made events.
Even as we stress the significance of human agency, we resist transforming thelong history of the peoples of the United States into a form of highbrow antiquari-anism. The men and women who appear in this book lived for the most part in smallcommunities. Even in the large cities that drew so many migrants after theIndustrial Revolution, individuals defined their daily routines around family, friends,and neighborhoods. But it would be misleading to conclude that these people wereeffectively cut off from a larger world. However strong and vibrant their local cul-tures may have been, their social identities were also the product of the experience
xxii
preface
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xxii
PR
EFA
CE
xxiii
of accommodation and resistance to external forces, many of them beyond their owncontrol. Industrialization changed the nature of life in the small communities. So,too, did nationalism, imperialism, global capitalism, and world war. In our accountsof such diverse events as the American Revolution, the Civil War, the New Deal, andthe Cold War, we seek the drama of history in the efforts of ordinary people to makesense of the demands imposed upon them by economic and social change.
It was during these confrontations—moments of unexpected opportunity andfrightening vulnerability—that ordinary Americans came to understand better thoseprocesses of justice and oppression, national security, and distribution of naturalresources that we call politics. The outcome of international wars, the policies leg-islated by Congress, and the decisions handed down by the Supreme Court must beincluded in a proper narrative history of the peoples of the United States since theseoccurrences sparked fresh controversies. They were the stuff of expectations as wellas disappointments. What one group interpreted as progress, another almostalways viewed as a curtailment of rights. For some, the conquest of the West, aprocess that went on for several centuries, opened the door to prosperity; for oth-ers, it brought degradation and removal. The point is not to turn the history of theUnited States into a chronicle of broken dreams. Rather, we seek to reconstruct thetensions behind events, demonstrating as best we can why good history can neverbe written entirely from the perspective of the winners.
From the start of the project, we recognized the risk of treating minorities andwomen as a kind of afterthought, as if their contributions to the defining events ofAmerican history were postscripts, to be taken up only after the reader had learnedof important battles and transforming elections. Our treatment of the AmericanRevolution is one example of our balanced and integrated approach to telling thestory of the past. Women were not spectators during the war for independence.They understood the language of rights and equality, and while they could not votefor representatives in the colonial assemblies, they made known in other ways theirprotests against British taxation. They formed the backbone of consumer boycottsthat helped mobilize popular opinion during the prelude to armed confrontation.And they made it clear that they expected liberation from the legal and economicconstraints that consigned them to second-class citizenship in the new republic.Their aspirations were woven into every aspect of the American Revolution, andalthough they were surely disappointed with the male response to their appeals,they deserve—and here receive—attention not as marginal participants in shapingevents but as central figures in an ongoing conversation about gender and power ina liberal society.
The story of how African Americans organized after World War II to demand thatthe nation live up to the promise of the Declaration of Independence offers yet anoth-er example of this book’s integrated approach. Our account of the civil rights strug-gle ranges from the eloquent leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., to the key rolesplayed by unheralded blacks in the ranks at Selma and Birmingham. These bravemen, women, and children suffered the blows of local sheriffs and the indignity ofbeing swept off the streets by fire hoses, yet their travails ultimately persuadedwhite America to enact the landmark civil rights laws of the 1960s. The United Stateshas yet to accord African Americans full equality, but the strides taken after WorldWar II constitute a major step toward racial justice. Similarly, the stories of othergrand events integrate the hopes and fears of other groups—Native Americans, newimmigrants from Third World nations—into what philosopher Horace Kallen oncedescribed as “a multiplicity in a unity, an orchestration of mankind.”
An overriding goal in our crafting of this narrative has been to produce a vol-ume that would be enjoyable to read. Striving for this goal, we have sought to avoid
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xxiii
PR
EFA
CE
xxiv
the clumsy jargon that can be so irksome to the reader who—like us—believes thatgood history involves well-told stories. The structure and features of the book areintended to stimulate student interest and reinforce learning. Chapters begin withvignettes or incidents that introduce the specific chapter themes that drive the nar-rative and preview the topics to be discussed. Our interpretation of the centralevents of American history is based on the best scholarship of the past as well asthe most recent historiography.
New to This EditionIn this edition, we have reviewed each chapter carefully to take account of recentscholarly work and to streamline the presentation in the most contemporary chap-ters for a more straightforward and manageable overview of recent American his-tory. We have also included new and expanded material in several chapters.Chapter 9 includes a new section on urbanization, and Chapter 13 includesstreamlined discussions and coverage of expansionism and foreign policy. Chapter32 has been revised and extended to include events of George W. Bush’s secondterm, notably developments in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the globalfinancial crisis that began in 2007, and the 2008 election of Barack Obama.
The authors are grateful to the reviewers whose thoughtful and constructivework contributed greatly to this and previous editions:
Samantha Barbas, Chapman UniversityJames Baumgardner, Carson-Newman CollegeJoseph E. Bisson, San Joaquin Delta CollegeCynthia Carter, Florida Community College at JacksonvilleBrad Cartwright, University of Texas at El PasoKatherine Chavigny, Sweet Briar CollegeCole Dawson, Warner Pacific CollegeJames Denham, Florida Southern CollegeDaniel Donalson, Houston Community CollegeKathleen Feely, University of RedlandsJennifer Fry, King’s CollegeAimee Harris-Johnson, El Paso Community CollegePaul B. Hatley, Rogers State UniversitySarah Heath, Texas A&M University-Corpus ChristiBen Johnson, Southern Arkansas UniversityCarol Keller, San Antonio CollegeElizabeth Kuebler-Wolf, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort WayneRick Murray, College of the CanyonsMelanie Perreault, Salisbury UniversityCarrie Pritchett, Northeast Texas Community CollegeThomas S. Reid, Valencia Community CollegeMark Schmellor, Binghamton UniversityC. Edward Skeen, University of MemphisRonald Spiller, Edinboro University of PennsylvaniaPat Thompson, University of Texas, San AntonioStephen Tootle, University of North ColoradoStephen Warren, Augustana CollegeStephen Webre, Louisiana Tech UniversityLinda Wright, Tarrant County College
FMTOC 46106.qxd 12/2/09 8:21 AM Page xxiv