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Group Behavior andGroup Behavior and

ConflictConflict Groupmultiple membersGroupmultiple members

interacting to pursue goal(s)interacting to pursue goal(s)

Membership rewardingMembership rewarding

Corresponding effectsCorresponding effects

Common goalsCommon goals

Formal versus informalFormal versus informal

Temporary versus permanentTemporary versus permanent

Virtual groupsVirtual groups

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Why People Join GroupsWhy People Join Groups

PsychologicalPsychological

NeedsNeeds

AffiliationAffiliation

IdentificationIdentification Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

Emotional supportEmotional support

Assistance or helpAssistance or help

CommonalityCommonality

Common interestsCommon interests

Common goalsCommon goals

Situational ReasonsSituational Reasons Physical proximityPhysical proximity

AssignmentAssignment

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Cohesiveness andCohesiveness and

PerformancePerformance Cohesivenessattraction to the groupCohesivenessattraction to the group Improves group satisfactionImproves group satisfaction

Improves performanceImproves performance Agree with group goalsAgree with group goals

Actual working groupActual working group Cohesion = commitment to taskCohesion = commitment to task

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Group CohesivenessGroup Cohesiveness

Group HomogeneityGroup Homogeneity

Homogeneous versus heterogeneousHomogeneous versus heterogeneous

Slightly heterogeneousSlightly heterogeneous

Stability of MembershipStability of Membership

IsolationIsolation

Outside PressureOutside Pressure Group StatusGroup Status

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Group SizeGroup Size

Smaller groups more cohesiveSmaller groups more cohesive

Performance and task typePerformance and task type

Additive taskssum group effortlargerAdditive taskssum group effortlargerbetterbetter

Disjunctive tasksbest individualDisjunctive tasksbest individual

performancelarger usuallyperformancelarger usually

Conjunctivedivision of laborsmallerConjunctivedivision of laborsmallerbetterbetter

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OpenCircle

Jill Peggy

Bob

CommunicationCommunication

NetworksNetworks

Bob Jill PeggyJill Peggy

Bob

Jill Peggy

Bob

Jill Peggy

Bob

Centralized

Open

Chain

Circle

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Group RolesGroup Roles

Role problemsRole problems

AmbiguityAmbiguity

Overload or underloadOverload or underload

ConflictsConflicts IntrasenderIntrasender

IntersenderIntersender

Person-rolePerson-role

InterroleInterroleTask and maintenance orientationTask and maintenance orientation

Disruptive orientationDisruptive orientation

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Presence of OthersPresence of Others Social facilitationSocial facilitation

Simple performance enhanced, complexSimple performance enhanced, complexperformance inhibitedperformance inhibited

Drive theoryDrive theory Others increases arousalOthers increases arousal

Sources of arousalSources of arousal Mere presenceMere presence Evaluation apprehensionEvaluation apprehension

DistractionDistraction

Social loafingSocial loafing

Anonymous additive tasksAnonymous additive tasks Free rider effectFree rider effect

Sucker effectSucker effect

Social compensationSocial compensation

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Negative GroupNegative Group

FunctioningFunctioning Individual dominanceIndividual dominance

GroupthinkGroupthink AntecedentsAntecedents

Cohesive groupCohesive group

Insulated from externalInsulated from externalinfluencesinfluences

High stressHigh stress

Directive leaderDirective leader

ProcessesProcesses

Consensus withoutConsensus withoutdeliberationdeliberation

Self-censorship,Self-censorship,mindguards,mindguards,collectivecollectiverationalizationrationalization

Members views notMembers views notindependentindependent

Public conformityPublic conformity

Directive leaderDirective leader

ResultsResults

Perception ofPerception ofinvulnerabilityinvulnerability

Close mindedClose minded

Illusion of unanimityIllusion of unanimity

RemediesRemedies

Open inquiryOpen inquiry OutsidersOutsiders

Self-criticismSelf-criticism

PassivePassive

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Group Versus individualGroup Versus individual

Nominal groupsNominal groups

Interacting groupsInteracting groups

BrainstormingBrainstorming

Group polarizationGroup polarization

Risky shiftRisky shift

DepolarizationDepolarization Informational influenceInformational influence

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Group ConflictsGroup Conflicts

Thwartingkept from reaching a goal,Thwartingkept from reaching a goal,

acting, or violate relationship expectationsacting, or violate relationship expectations

Substantive versus emotionalSubstantive versus emotional

Functional/creative versusFunctional/creative versusdysfunctional/destructivedysfunctional/destructive

CausesCauses

Resource competitionResource competition

Task interdependenceTask interdependence

Jurisdiction ambiguityJurisdiction ambiguity

PersonalityPersonality

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Difficult PersonalitiesDifficult Personalities

TypeTankni r

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Conflict ManagementConflict Management

StylesStyles