geomatic - traverse survey

7/23/2019 GEOMATIC - Traverse Survey

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With Wisdom, We Explore

TRAVERSE SURVEY

Mohd Efendi Daud (Dr. Sc)B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (a!oya U"iv.,

#apa")

(Geomatic Division)

Facut! o" #ivi $ Environmenta En%ineerin%&Universiti Tun 'ussein nn Maa!sia& *+,, -atu ahat&

/ohor& MA0AYS1A.hone 2 3*,4+5646*67 3*,894564+,7 Fa: 2

3*,4+564,*,E;mai 2 efendi<uthm.edu.m!

=e>2 htt?2@@."Bass.uthm.edu.m!@

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/

http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/

mailto:[email protected]



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VERV1E=

• Learning outcomes

– By the end of this topic you should be to:

• Outline the basic components of a TotalStation,

• Carry out temporary adjustments of a TS,

• Compute and adjust a TS traerse,

• Compute coordinates for traersing, and

• !etermine the nature of errors a"ecting thetraerse #or$%



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1CTRDU#T1C

• Traersing is a form of a control surey thatre&uires the establishment of a series ofstations that are lin$ed together by angles anddistances%

• The angles and distances are measured by Total Station%

• The use of traersing sureys is eryfundamental and has become one of the mostcommon methods in geomatic engineering#or$ such as:



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1CTRDU#T1C

– 'eneral purpose angle measurement,

– (roision of control sureys,

– Contour and detail mapping, and– Setting out and construction #or$%

• This topic #ill describe:)

– The construction and use of the TotalStation in traersing,



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1CTRDU#T1C

– The traerse design and the proceduresof computing and adjusting a traerse,

– The application of coordinates for point#ill also be coered in this topic #hich#ill be ery useful in Ciil *ngineeringproject%



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• + total station is an electronicopticalinstrument used in modern sureying%

• The total station is an electronic theodoliteintegrated #ith an electronic distancemeter -*!./ to read distances from theinstrument to a particular point%

• + theodolite is an instrument for measuringboth hori0ontal and ertical angles% 1t is $eytool in sureying and engineering #or$%

TTA0 STAT1CR1C#10ES $ A0



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• 2ertical angles are re&uired for thecalculation of eleation of points for

e3ample the reduction of slopedistance to the hori0ontal%

• 4ori0ontal angles are re&uired to

obtain the relatie direction to asurey control station or points ofdetail%



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• Construction of a Total Station

– +ll total station hae the same commonfeatures #hich is can be described asfollo#s%




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Tem?orar! Adustment o" TotaStation

• The temporary adjustments are steps thatmust be carried out eery time a total stationused%

• 1t is a procedure of setting up a theodolite

that inoles the follo#ing process– Centering

– Leeling, and

– 5emoing paralla3%




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(a) #enterin% the tota station

• The instrument must be ertically aboe

the surey station to ensure thathori0ontal angle obseration are correct%

• The steps are as follo#:– Start #ith a optical plummet to get it

appro3imately right aboe the surey station%– 6sing the foot scre#s, moe the optical

plummet cross hairs on the surey station%




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(a) #enterin% the tota

stationcont.

–5oughly leel theinstrument using legs ofthe tripod – the total stationshould stay almost ontarget%

– Leel #ith foot scre#s%.oe instrument aboetarget7 repeat leel andmoe until done%




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(>) 0evein% the Tota Station– Turn bubble parallel to t#o foot scre#s +

and B, to bring the hori0ontal bubble tothe centre%

– Turn the instrument through 89 andbring the bubble to the centre by

adjusting the third foot scre# C only%– Turn the instrument through a further 89to chec$ the adjustment of the platebubble%




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(>) 0evein% the Tota Station cont.

– 1f the bubble remains in centre, then it isadjusted%

– 1f not, repeat the #hole procedure%




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ermanent Adustment o" TotaStation

– These adjustment are carried out onceand #ill not alter unless it is beingroughly handled or tampered #ith%

– There are certain basic re&uirements for a

total station that must be establishedparticularly #hen using it%

– The basic re&uirements re as follo#s:




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– The ertical a3is of a total station should be trulyertical,

– The line of sight should be perpendicular to the

hori0ontal a3is,– The hori0ontal a3is should be truly hori0ontal,

– The cross hair should be truly ertical andhori0ontal, and

– The ertical circle should be at 0ero #hen the lineof sight is hori0ontal%

;; The steps in carrying out the adjustments shouldbe handled by the &uali<ed person at thelaboratory ;;




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ACG0EMEASUREMECT

'orionta An%e Measurement

• The concept of measuring the

hori0ontal and ertical angle issimple%

• The follo#ing procedures should be

used to measure the hori0ontalangles bet#een three stations +, B,and C



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• Setup the total stationon station B% the totalstation instrument

has t#o faces7 =Facee"t> ? =Face ri%ht>%

• Starting from the faceleft, the telescope is

pointed at station +% The hori0ontalreading is then noted,i%e% @A999

ACG0EMEASUREMECT



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• The instrument is thenturned in a cloc$#isedirection to point at

station C% +gain thehori0ontal reading isnoted, i%e% DEAA999

• The hori0ontal angle α

can be calculated, by<nding the di"erencebet#een the t#ohori0ontal reading%

ACG0EMEASUREMECT

i.e., C – A = 145°50’00’ – 25o30’00’

α = 120°20’00’



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• Change the face of thetotal station% Fhilstpointing at station C the

hori0ontal reading isagain recorded, i%e%@AA999

• Turn the instrument in a

cloc$#ise manner andpoint at station +%5ecord the hori0ontalreading, i%e% @9A999%

ACG0EMEASUREMECT

i.e., C – A = 325°50’00’ – 205°30’00’

α = 120°20’00’



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Gote that changing the face #illchange the reading by 8,% This

%ives a checB on the o>servationsand ensures that readin% errorscan >e eiminated% $% there is a!reat di&ere"ce i" two readi"!s,the o'servatio"s are repeatedu"til readi"!s a!ree.

ACG0EMEASUREMECT



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Vertica An%e Measurement

• + ertical angle is the angle

measured ertically from a hori0ontalplane of reference%

– Fhen the telescope is pointed in the

hori0ontal plane -leel/, the reading ofthe ertical angle is 0ero -9/%

ACG0EMEASUREMECT



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• Fhen the telescope ispointed up, then theertical angle increasesfrom 0ero and thereading is a positie-He/ ertical angle% The reading increasefrom 9 to H89 #henthe telescope is pointedstraight up%

ACG0EMEASUREMECT



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• 1f the telescope is depressed-pointed do#n/, then theangle reading #ill increase in

numerical alue% Thedepressed telescope readingindicates that it is belo# thehori0ontal plane and thereading is a negatie -)e/

ertical angle% Thesenumerical alue increasefrom 9 to )89 #hen thetelescope is pointed straightdo#n%

ACG0EMEASUREMECT

TRAVERSE $



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TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEMTraverse DeHnition

• + traerse is a series of straight lines that

are used to connect a series of selectedpoints% This selected points are calledtraerse stations #here distance andangle measurements are made% The

relatie positions of the traerse stationsare then computed using somecoordinate systems%

TRAVERSE $



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• Ior a better understanding, thede<nition of traerse surey can be

summari0ed as follo#s7– + measurement of straight lines and thehori0ontal angle from one point toanother using Total Station%

– The sides can be e3pressed as eitherpolar coordinates -β,d/ or as rectangularcoordinates -N, E/%

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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– + traerse frame#or$ comprising of aseries of connected lines #here thelengths and directions are obsered andmeasured%

– The traerse frame#or$ can be EC or#0SED traerse i%e%, start at $no#n

point and ends at another $no#n pointor the same start point%

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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T!?e o" Traverses

• Closed Traerse

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

A

H

G

F

ED

C

B

Control station

Traverse station

Closed traverse

(polygon)

TRAVERSE $



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T!?e o" Traverses

• Closed Traerse

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

A

HG

F

ED

CB

Control station

Traverse station

Closed traverse (geometrically open)

TRAVERSE $



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T!?e o" Traverses

• Open Traerse

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEMControl station

Traverse station

AH

G

F

ED

CB

Open traverse

TRAVERSE $



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#oordinates S!stem

• (oints on the surface of the earth or on a

plan can be accurately positioned byta$ing measurements to a $no#n, stablepoint of reference%

• +ssume that the a3es of the graph arereferred to as Gorth, South, *ast and Festas sho#n in Iigure%

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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• 1n aboe Iigure, (oint + is at -D,@/ and (oint B is at -8,A/%

• The referencing used that the 3)a3is is $no#n as EAST1CGS and the y)a3is is $no#n as CRT'1CGS%

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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• There are t#o methods of referringthe point7

– 5ectangular coordinates, or– (olar coordinates

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SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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Rectan%uar #oordinates (Grid)

• 5ectangular coordinates are a

system of locating points by meansof the measurement of t#operpendicular distances from the

principal a3es to that point% Theset#o perpendicular distances are theeasting and northing

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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Rectan%uar #oordinates

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

(oint +

(oint B

Corth

East*+

G+

-*+,G+/

∆*J*B)*+

*

B

G

B

-*B,G

B/

∆GJGB)G+

TRAVERSE $



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oar #oordinates

• 1f 5 is the origin and ( is

the reference object, thepoint ( can be located byits polar coordinates ofangle and distance i%e% θ

and !, #here ! is thedistance from the originand θ is a cloc$#iseangle bet#een 5 and (%

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

Northing

R

P

D

TRAVERSE $



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oar #oordinates

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEMCorth

East

(oint +

(oint B

β d

β K whole-circle bearingd K distance

TRAVERSE $



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#oordinate #onversions

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

@@

D

G*d

G

*

tan

∆+∆=

∆∆

=β −

β=∆

β=∆

cosdG

sind*

Rectan%uar to ?oar oar to rectan%uar

d

β

∆*

∆Gd

β

∆*

∆G

TRAVERSE $



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Corthin%

• There are three -/ referencedirections -or datum meridian/ thatare used as traerse reference #eshould be associated #ith% They are:

– .agnetic Gorth,

– 'rid Gorth, and

– True Gorth

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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Meridian

• + meridia" -or li"e o% lo"!itude/ isan imaginary arc on the *arthssurface from the Gorth (ole to theSouth (ole that connects all locations

running along it #ith a gienlongitude%

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

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Meridian

• The meridian that

passes through'reen#ich, *nglandestablishes themeaning of 0erodegrees of longitude,or the (rime .eridian

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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-earin% #acuation

• There are t#o types of bearing thatare commonly used in geomaticengineering are:

– Fhole Circle Bearings -FCB/, and

– uadrant Bearings -B/ or 5educedBearing -5B/%

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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=hoe #irce -earin%

• The Fhole Circle Bearing

-FCB/ of a line +B is de<nedas the cloc$#ise angle from 9to M9 at + bet#een thedirection to Gorth and thedirection to B%

• This is the standard #ay ofde<ning a bearing in sureying

Bearing of +B J θ ? B+ J α

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

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=hoe #irce -earin%

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM'eari"!'eari"

!

TRAVERSE $



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Iuadrant -earin%

• + &uadrant bearing can

be de<ned as the anglelying bet#een 9 and 89,bet#een the direction tothe north or south andthe direction of the line%

• *ast and Fest directionsare neer used asreference lines%

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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Iuadrant -earin%

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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=#- $ I-

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEMBearing are measuredcloc$#ise from GO5T4and must lie in the rang

9o ≤ β ≤ M9

o

Gorth

9o

*ast

89o

South

DN9

o

Fest

@9o

Dst &uadrant

@nd &uadrantrd &uadrant

Eth &uadrant

TRAVERSE $



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An%uar >servation and -ooBin%

• T#o most common methods in

ma$ing angular obseration in totalstation traersing are:

– 1nternal angle method, and

– Bearing method -commonly used in totalstation traersing/

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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The -earin% Method

• The procedure and boo$ings to be follo#edare as follo#s P5efer to IigureQ:– 1nstrument is set up at station B and station + is

sighted in face left% + $no#n bearing i%e%EA@9@9> is set on station +%

– Station C is sighted and the reading is recorded%

– The telescope is then transit to change to theface right%

– Fith the face right setting, bearing to C and +are recorded%

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM

TRAVERSE $



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TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEMFrom To

Station Station Face Left Face Right Mean

A 0°00'00" 180°00'00"

B 30°!'30"

30°!'0" 10°!'#0"

Ior improed precision the angle measurementcan be repeated any number of times%

The number of face left obserations must be*&ual the number of face right obserations%

01CEAR



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01CEARMEASUREMECT

• The procedure of linear measurement is as follo#s:

• Tripod #ith prism targets is set up at Station + and C%

• Total station is set up on station B% Linear measurement

or distance to B+ and BC are ta$en and recorded%• Bearing to B+ and BC are ta$en on face left and

recorded%

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#asses o" Traverses

o 'enerally, %our classes7

o Standard traerse,o Iist class traerse,

o Seco"d class traverse, and

o Third class traerseWhy divided by four classes

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SYSTEM

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#asses o" Traverses

o .ain characteristics di"er

o (recision,o Bearing closure

o .easured distance,

o Obsered bearing, ando !e<nite bearing

TRAVERSE $#RD1CATE

SYSTEM



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EJER#1SE 8

• *3plain in detail ho# to set up a totalstation oer a station mar$%

• !escribe in detail the <e permanenttotal station adjustments that shouldbe tested from time to time%



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EJER#1SE K

• The hori0ontal angles read at station + andstation C are 999> and DEA@999>respectiely% 1f the total station is set up atstation B% Fhat #ill be the internal angle +BCR

• 1f the face left reading of the hori0ontal angleis @@A@999>, #hat is the most probablereading that you #ill obtain if the total stationis transit and read in the face rightR

• The ertical angle reading of a total station isD9A9 indicating that it is aboe thehori0ontal plane% Fhat #ill be the true erticalangleR



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EJER#1SE 6

• Fhat are the characteristics of atraerseR

• *3plain the signi<cant di"erencebet#een the methods of coordinatereferencing in traerseR



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EJER#1SE +

• Game the IO65 &uadrant bearingsby referring to the Gorth and South

directions%• The #hole circle bearing -FCB/ of a

traerse line is DDA9% Fhat #ill be

the alue if it is described in&uadrant bearingR

geomatic - traverse survey

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