geoinformation services in a spatial economygeodata (geospatial data) are the data on objects and...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 2, February 2018, pp. 829–841, Article ID: IJCIET_09_02_080

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=2

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

GEOINFORMATION SERVICES IN A SPATIAL

ECONOMY

Sergey Vladimirovich Shaytura

Russian State University of Tourism and service, 141221,

Moscow Oblast, Cherkizovo, Pushkino District, Glavnaya St., 99

Yuri Pavlovich Kozhaev

Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport,

Youth and Tourism, 105122, Moscow, Sireneviy Blvd., 4

Konstantin Vasilievich Ordov

Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 113054,

Moscow, Stremyannyi Lane, 36

Tatiana Anatolievna Vintova

Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 113054,

Moscow, Stremyannyi Lane, 36

Alina Mazhitovna Minitaeva

Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005,

Moscow, 2-ya Baumanskaya St., 5

Valentina Mikhailovna Feoktistova

Russian State University of Tourism and Service, 141221,

Moscow Oblast, Cherkizovo, Pushkino District, Glavnaya St., 99

ABSTRACT

The paper reviews the use of geoinformation services in a spatial economy. The

main definitions of a geoinformation service based on service, geoinformatics, spatial

positioning, space monitoring are given. The main components of a geoinformation

service are shown. The composition of the main web services is revealed. A review of

the spheres of application of geoinformation services in the spatial economy is given.

Key words: service, geoinformation service, geoservice, geoinformation system,

space monitoring, service, web service, geodata, geoinformation, spatial economy,

GIS, global positioning, ecology, cadastre, 3D modeling, information modeling,

computer modeling, algorithm, system.

Sergey Vladimirovich Shaytura, Yuri Pavlovich Kozhaev, Konstantin Vasilievich Ordov, Tatiana

Anatolievna Vintova, Alina Mazhitovna Minitaeva and Valentina Mikhailovna Feoktistova


Cite this Article: Sergey Vladimirovich Shaytura, Yuri Pavlovich Kozhaev,

Konstantin Vasilievich Ordov, Tatiana Anatolievna Vintova, Alina Mazhitovna

Minitaeva and Valentina Mikhailovna Feoktistova, Geoinformation Services in a

Spatial Economy. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(2),

2018, pp. 829-841.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=2

1. INTRODUCTION

In the scientific sense, a service is an activity to support scientific research and provide the

researcher with the required information and necessary information and technical

resources [1].

In the field of information technology, technical services are understood as various

services, applications, and software that deal with the maintenance of operating systems.

In web technologies, web services provide software interfaces between users and Internet

resources, regardless of the platform. Web services include: search engine, email, Internet

storage of various information, cloud technologies. An important feature of a web service is

that it does not depend on the provider, computer, browser and allows working with it from

anywhere in the world.

Geoinformation services (GIS) from the point of view of servicing can be considered as

infrastructure spatial services providing access of the user to spatial data, their processing,

analysis, search and visualization [2].

The main service system for accessing spatial information is the spatial data infrastructure

[3-4], which is created in more than 140 countries around the world, being at the development

stage in Russia, primarily due to the large territory of the country.

Geodata (geospatial data) are the data on objects and phenomena of the environment,

requiring representation in coordinate-time form [5].

The difference between geodata and other data sets is that they represent an integrated

complex that includes most types of information: economic, social, statistical, ecological,

meteorological, physical, geological, and others.

A number of works [6] show the difference among spatial data, geodata and geospatial

data. Geodata are a more general concept to geospatial data, since, as is known from physics,

space and time are different categories. Geodata include three categories of time, place, and

theme. Spatial data and geospatial data cannot include time, because time is not equivalent to

space. Geospatial data can be used, but in a limited sense and not as an equivalent

geodatabase. Geodata are not just a collection of data, but a systematized organized, stratified

resource with systemic properties [7].

Geodata can characterize all real objects and phenomena of the terrain, for which position,

shape, size, mutual position relative to other objects and phenomena are important and,

therefore, which have a binding and a position in space. An important part of geodata is the

reference system (coordinate-time reference).

Geoinformation Services in a Spatial Economy


2. METHODS AND MATERIALS

The materials used were publications on the theory of modeling, geoinformatics,

complementary resources and information modeling technologies. As the methods, the

geoinformation approach, system and categorical analysis were used.

3. RESULTS

The result of the work is the analysis and classification of geoinformation services by

branches of a spatial economy.

3.1. Types of Geoinformation Services

There are three types of GIS: local [8], remote and network. A network is called a GIS

service. An example of a remote GEO service is a Google service [9]. Underlying each GIS,

there is an information and geographic information resource: a map [8], a database

geoprocessing tool, etc. A GIS service is a link between an initial resource and a user's

application (a desktop or mobile GIS, a web application, etc.), performing the transfer of data

from the source to the user and back, serving various user requests. A client application, to

access geoinformation resources, does not need to understand the spatial data storage formats

and functions – all this is taken on by a GIS service. It is enough to send a standard request to

a GIS service via the Internet/Intranet to get the desired result. For example, to send the

coordinates of the site on the terrain and get the corresponding image in response.

GIS services can be used in the following ways:

As a web GIS – to implement on the websites the opportunities to access spatial data and

geoprocessing functions. For example, a real estate agency can create for their agents a

corporate website, which will display a detailed map of the city, the locations offered for

sale/lease of real estate with the ability to view detailed information on each object. In this

case, the display of the map and information on the objects will be provided by a cartographic

web service published on the organization's GIS server.

As independent web services – to allow other organizations to integrate services into their

own applications on a paid or free basis. For example, the Ministry of Water Resources can

create a cartographic web service that contains up-to-date information on the region's water

bodies (boundaries, characteristics, pollution level, etc.) and provides other interested

government bodies and organizations the opportunity to add service to their web GIS on a

paid or free basis [10].

The advantages of using GIS as independent web services are:

for the organization that developed a GIS service – the opportunity to obtain additional profit

by providing paid access to its GIS services; for a third-party organization that uses a GIS

service – the ability to access the relevant data of another domain without a need to

independently develop, update and maintain these data.

Table 1 There are several basic types of GIS services that differ in their functionality

GIS type Functions

Cartographic service

Granting access to the contents of the map, including to individual layers,

objects and attributes

Image service Granting access to raster datasets, including pixel values, metadata, and

channels

Geocoding service Search for objects on the map by the address, identifying the address of the

point on the map

Geodata Services

Providing access to the contents of the geodatabase for querying, extracting,

and replicating data




Network analysis service

Analysis of the transport network (making optimal routes)

Geoprocessing service Modeling and analysis of spatial relationships (forecasting the spread of floods,

analysis of patterns of outbreaks, etc.)

To standardize the GIS services and provide access to them from various applications,

developers often adhere to the standards of the OGC consortium (Open Geospatial

Consortium). The main standards of GIS services are:

Web Map Service (WMS) – to work with collections of layers as cartographic images;

Web Map Tile Service (WMTS) – to work with map layers as map cache sheets;

Web Feature Service (WFS) – to work with data as vector spatial objects;

Web Coverage Service (WCS) – to work with data as raster covers;

Web Processing Service (WPS) – for providing geoprocessing tools.

Thus, by the term geoinformation service the authors will understand a complex

professional activity in creating conditions and providing qualitative services based on

geoinformation to provide clients with any information and data.

Geoinformation service as a science unites such fields of knowledge as serviceology,

geoinformatics, geomarketing, space monitoring, digital cartography, information networks,

global positioning, etc. [22-24].

3.2. Geoservices of Three-Dimensional Visualization

One of the significant achievements in the development of geoservices is the transition from

flat representations of the investigated objects to the volumetric ones, i.e. the transition from

two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) models. The concept of 3D is now familiar

to completely different spheres of human life. 3D-modeling technologies are actively used by

architects, builders, designers, multimedia employees, etc., as they allow automating

numerous processes of designing and creating the final model of the desired object [11-12].

In mathematics, the measurement data are usually denoted by the values of X, Y and Z

[13]. Accordingly, an object constructed simultaneously in these three dimensions acquires

volume. To give an object the volume, shape and color are also used. That is, the ultimate

goal of 3D construction is a three-dimensional object with certain parameters and

characteristics. To achieve this goal, it is always necessary to set specific tasks.

The technology for 3D construction is designed to create three-dimensional models of

varying degrees of detail and to solve applied problems.

The main tasks in building a 3D model are:

1. study of the very concept of "3D modeling";

2. considering the types of 3D modeling, their shortcomings and advantages;

3. analyzing the methods for building models in 3D;

4. study and familiarization with the functionality of software, with the help of which a three-

dimensional model will be built;

5. study of the structure of the model, stages and methods of its creation;

6. search for parametric dependencies and geometric relationships;



7. development of a visual 3D image of the desired object;

8. measurement and verification of geometry, and, finally, identification of incorrect elements

and errors in the final model and their correction.

The resulting image of an object as a result of modeling can be seen under different

lighting and from different angles. A finite volumetric object can be represented as an object

from the real world (house, car, tree, etc.), and an abstract object (for example, geometric

fractals) [14]. At the heart of the model building various materials can be, whether it is a

building plan or a product layout, space photographs or city plans, raster and vector images,

etc.

What is the best software to use when building 3D models?

It is known that in order to optimally choose a program for 3D modeling, it is necessary,

first of all, to clearly define the purpose and tasks of building a 3D model. After the goal is

targeted and the main tasks of model building are identified, one can proceed with the

selection of specialized software.

To date, the market offers 3D technologies represented by a huge number of different

software, the only difference, perhaps, being only the price, the quality of visualization of the

modeled object and the completeness of the interface set.

It is not enough for a modern user to simulate a model; it needs to be presented so that it is

difficult to distinguish it from the original. This is very important in architectural modeling, in

design and multimedia, etc.

The most famous kinds of software for 3D visualization of objects to date are the

following: Autodesk 3dsMax, AutoCAD, Blender, Google SketchUp, 3DCrafter, Compass-

3D, Ashampoo 3D CAD Professional, 3DZ 2Dto 3D, GraphiSoft ArchiCAD, Autodesk

Architectural Desktop, Arc Plus Progress, Cadsoft Envisioneer, Wings 3D, Ashampoo Home

Designer Pro 2.0, NaroCAD. All these allow designing both individual rooms and entire

buildings and facilities, elements for games and multimedia, having a fairly wide interface for

creating a high-quality model, being able to develop different design variations.

However, only some of the software presented above are considered to be the most

popular in the architectural design and modeling environment: first of all, Autodesk 3dsMax,

AutoCAD, Solidworks.

These kinds of software have a very wide and complex interface made to design the

architectural structures and solve some engineering issues. They are most often used by large

companies, companies working in the field of architecture and design, since their distinctive

feature is the realism of the model. A designer has the opportunity to draw a virtual sample

with all the smallest engineering components. For example, if one is designing an image of a

building, then he/she has the opportunity to create it carefully modeled in 3D software, up to

beams, bricks, nails, bolts, etc. The software also has good opportunities for interior design.

As a rule, the models made in them are difficult to distinguish from the real object.

Another no less popular program for three-dimensional visualization of objects is Google

SketchUp. This software is made for architecture and design. It has a fairly wide interface for

creating a model, but its ability to visualize is significantly inferior, to, say, Autodesk 3dsMax

or AutoCAD. The thing is that despite the possibility of carefully drawing a 3D model of the

modeled object, giving it a certain design based on the original, it will still look visually like a




picture or a drawing drawn by hand, in other words, a model built in Google SketchUp is not

realistic.

To illustrate more clearly the distinctive features of AutoCAD (see Fig. 1) and Google

SketchUp (Fig. 2) software, here are the two examples of a building in the form of a real-life

object – the campus of the Russian State University of Tourism and Service.

Figure 1 Building 1 of the campus of the Russian state university of tourism and service in AutoCAD

Figure 2 Buildings 3, 5 and 6 in Google SketchUp

It can be seen that the model of one of the buildings of the Russian state university of

tourism and service, built in Google SketchUp, is carefully drawn, that is, displayed with all

geometric parameters. However, it is much inferior to the model built in AutoCAD, because it

is much less realistic. It apparently creates the effect of a "painted picture".

Thus, one can conclude that 3D visualization has a number of advantages in comparison

with other ways of building simulated objects. And, due to the variety of modern software, it

is possible to choose a software for various applications in order to achieve a high degree of

detail, eventually obtaining a model that is as close to reality as possible.

3.3. Spheres of Application of Geoinformation Services

The term geoinformation service means a wide range of services related to spatial

information. There are a large number of companies having Geoservices in their names.

People are increasingly needing and using spatial information and geoinformation services as

just services. Geoinformation services are regularly used.



3.3.1. Using geoinformation services for rescue operations

There are firms that use geoservices to help search and rescue coordinators determine which

areas need to be inspected to save people, how to register the location of crew members, if

they fall overboard, etc.

In the Russian Federation, some work is underway to create emergency agencies using a

single number 112. In these agencies, geoinformation services are actively used, providing a

mapping of the incident, transport location and operational services on the terrain map [15].

Geoinformation services provide the operator with a detailed map of the terrain, on which

buildings, roads, infrastructure objects are displayed. The subscriber's position is identified

automatically. In the event of an emergency, for example, a release of harmful substances into

the atmosphere, the operator will be able to quickly find socially significant objects and plan

the measures to rescue people.

These services also allow one to find the necessary background information, monitor the

vehicles, and build optimal routes for the operational arrival of rescuers in the affected area.

3.3.2. Geoservices for the search for municipal services

Some of the most common geoservices applications include local governments that help

residents find their nearest public services, such as leisure facilities, schools, transportation

and processing. Spatial information increasingly connects consumers and businesses through

location-based services defined via a mobile device with maps and other data to associate

consumers with local services such as dentistry, hairdressers and cafes, etc. Spatial

information serves as the basis for management and planning.

3.3.3. Geoservices in construction and archeology

In the field of software, the name geoservice is associated with two types: maintenance of

geoinformation systems and development of interfaces for working with spatial information.

The latter category belongs to a geoservice interface of applied programming which provides

developers with consistent and complete access to structured data. Using a geoservice

interface, developers can query data using SQL-like offers of geospatial and temporal filters,

performing aggregations, sorting, text search and spatial projection. Geoservices include the

possibility of providing security for private houses, apartments and garages as well as surveys

to select the site of construction and the construction of private and engineering facilities.

Geoservices also mean services for archaeological surveys and excavations.

Archaeological geoservice companies unite specialists in geophysics, geometry and

geoarcheology to provide specialized materials and a wide range of services to clients'

projects.

3.3.4. Cadastral work as a geoinformation service

A cadastre has different meanings: a registry, an information system, a state system and, less

often, a cadastre technology. A cadastre as a register is a register containing a list of any

objects of taxation, including land. In the global practice, three main types of taxes are

applied: cadastral, on the basis of declaration, and "at the source". In the first case, the object

of taxation is classified according to a certain feature and is divided into groups. The list of

these groups and their features are entered in special references.

An individual tax rate is set for each group. In case of cadastral tax, the amount of tax

does not depend on the profitability of the object. In the second case, the taxpayer fills in the

declaration, in which he/she does the calculation of income and tax from it. In this case, the

payment of tax is made after the receipt of income by the person receiving income. In the




third case, the tax is paid by the person paying the income (accounting department). In this

method, the tax is paid before income is earned. Thus, the main function of the cadastre and

the land cadastre is to collect land tax. The concept of a cadastre includes a system of metric

and legal data. These data are necessary for the taxation of land plots, property, as well as for

the registration of legal rights [16-17].

In the world practice, cadastral systems are open, which is important for control. There are

three main types of cadastres: legal (recording of rights to real estate); fiscal (recording the

value of real estate and information required for taxation and sale); multipurpose (combining

legal and fiscal systems with other information, such as planning and land use). The stages of

creating a real estate cadaster are: mapping and inventory of real estate; classification of real

estate; valuation of real estate; definition of owners and taxpayers; creation of the regulatory

framework. The legal and fiscal cadastres in Russia are being created simultaneously. At the

same time, part of the funds from land payments is used to develop the cadastre.

A cadastre is a multipurpose technology; therefore, different types of cadastres are

distinguished. The creation of a multipurpose cadastre is based on information systems. The

features of the cadastre development in Russia are:

- need for the development of the land and property cadastre;

- need for subsidiary management;

- need for new software and hardware;

- harmonization of standards in the field of land use.

A cadastre as a state system is a system of accounting, taxation and management of

cadastre objects. Therefore, a cadastre contains a system of metric, accounting and legal

information. These types of information are necessary for accounting, taxation, and

registration of legal rights.

A modern cadastre is an information system that is managed by one or more government

agencies. A single cadastre avoids duplication and facilitates effective exchange of

information and land use. The land cadastre is considered as the basis for other types of

cadastre. The land cadastre is aimed at solving the problems of research and the proper use of

land resources. It has the following main functions:

ensuring the rational use of the country's land resources;

improvement of agricultural production;

protection of lands from erosion, waterlogging, salinization and other harmful processes that

reduce the fertility of soils;

solving the tasks of land seizures for non-agricultural needs.

There are different types of cadastre: land, water, hunting, urban, etc. The most developed

is the urban cadastre, which includes the real estate cadastre. Often, the urban cadastre is

viewed as the most developed and complex cadastre.

A cadastre as a technology can be an information (simplified) and a geoinformation

(multidimensional) technology. Modern technologies of cadastre management fully

correspond to geoinformation technologies; therefore, it is expedient to organize cadastral

technologies on the basis of methods and theory of geoinformatics. This is justified by the fact

that geoinformatics integrates Earth sciences and thereby integrates various technologies from

remote sensing to mapping for inventory management and cadastral tasks.



In the land cadastre, the land is a spatial basis for the railway track facilities, nature

management, construction location, and other mechanisms for its development. It is

interconnected with other objects of the natural and man-made complex; therefore, the land

cadastre is the basis for other types of cadastre. It can be stated that the land cadastre is the

basic, and the urban is the most complex kind of cadastre. As a geoservice, a cadastre is the

basic service for all types of land use and collection of taxes from real estate.

3.3.5. Geoinformation service in railway transport

The geoinformation system of railway transport is one of the informational-controlling

automated systems, designed to provide solutions to various tasks related to railway transport

facilities [18-20].

One of the main goals of creating geoservices for railway transport is to provide all

spheres of its activities with complex spatially coordinated information.

A lot of software related to geoservices allows integrating all types of databases and

existing automated systems of inventory, design and management. In turn, information

obtained as a result of the work of geographic information systems is often used in automated

systems of inventory, design (CAD) and control (ACS).

Geoinformation services should ensure the maintenance of a single, operatively updated

database of geoinformation road data on all hierarchical electronic maps, plans and scale

schemes, as well as means of exchanging information with other automated systems.

In addition, geoservices should provide [7-10]:

visual display of digital models of maps, plans and objects of railway transport on screens of

monitors and on paper;

quick access to information on any railway facility;

ability of automated routing of the process of moving goods in accordance with specified

conditions;

ability of integration with automated design systems for repair and maintenance;

ability of position monitoring of the rolling stock based on satellite navigation systems;

ability of using metrized raster images, including aerospace images, for the purpose of prompt

updating of geoinformation;

ability to develop geoservices for modeling dynamic processes and phenomena;

ability of making projections of coordinate systems and cartographic projections.

Based on the importance of operation of the two main automated railway management

systems, namely automated railway infrastructure control system and automated railway

rolling stock control system, GIS tasks such as the integration of existing information flows

and the provision of database systems with spatially coordinated information are highlighted.

3.3.6. Geoinformation service in tourism

The tourism industry for this period of time is a huge computerized business involving the

world's major carriers, hotel chains and tourist agencies [21-23]. Due to informative

technologies, modern tourist services are becoming more unique and individual, the most

attractive and affordable for most consumers. The tourist business is more than other

industries combined with information technology, which contains information about the

proposed tours, tour operators, offers, living conditions, travel, recovery, etc. The probability

of considering information makes it possible to make on this basis a single correct decision, to




make the best choice of services in accordance with personal conditions and abilities of

clients. The tourist sphere is so diverse and huge that it requires the use of a wide variety of

information technologies, from all known technologies of working with text, tables and

databases to the use of special software products that automate the activities of each travel

company or hotel, global computer networks and satellite navigation systems.

The main essence of geoinformation services is in the ability to combine the description

data (first, numerical and textual) with a specific locality. Following this circumstance, one

can conclude that for the tourist sphere such technologies are not of secondary but of primary

importance.

The main advantage of geoinformation systems is a more "natural" for human

understanding presentation of both spatial data and any other information that relates to

objects located in space [17].

Geoinformation services are integrated into all car navigators, which help find and

navigate the shortest path to the purpose of one's trip, both in the city and across the country.

The connection of services that report traffic jams to the navigator's service is becoming one

of the main factors of the rapid growth of the navigators' market for cars: this is the most

productive way to accelerate a trip in modern urban traffic jams.

Installation of navigation chips and multifunctional geoinformation services in mobile

phones and gadgets, in addition to comfort for the person, also caused the formation of a huge

area of PR and promotion of products and services by adding points of interest to the GIS.

Applying POI it is possible to find very quickly in an unknown place the nearest ATM,

restaurant, gas station, or supermarket.

4. DISCUSSION

As part of the research of a geoinformation service as a phenomenon, its influence has been

divided into three broad categories:

direct effects from the geoinformation service – the economic effect and value added

measured in accordance with the revenues generated by firms developing and delivering

geoinformation services;

consumer effects – benefits that get consumers, businesses and the government from the use

of geoinformation services, in excess of the value that can be paid for any services (that is,

revenue attributable to the category of direct effects);

wider economic consequences – benefits that are enhanced by improving geoinformation

services in other sectors of the economy, by creating new products and services, creating

savings that cannot be generated by other sectors.

The sphere of geoinformation service includes suppliers of satellite imagery, digital maps,

satellite positioning of signals and navigation devices. This area is also called geomarketing

[24].

Direct effects of geoinformation services relate to the economic presence of companies

directly involved in the creation of geoinformation (for example, companies involved in the

value chain, for example, Google, Carifact and Garmin) and the value they create. These

effects can be measured in various ways: by income that is generated; by market

capitalization; by gross value added (GVA); or works connected with the production of these

services.



Geoinformation services have a wide range, which is reflected in the spheres of their use.

All uses of geoinformation services bring benefits to consumers in different ways, and these

benefits, in turn, are partially reflected in the incomes illustrated in the framework of direct

effects. The practice shows that consumers are willing to pay for the use of geoservice

services. In addition, consumers benefit from services that are not fixed via incomes. This

follows from the fact that many services are free at the point of use (for example, Google

maps).

In the sphere of geoservices, a special kind of services is singled out, which is called

geoinformation services. These services are provided through a computer or smartphone.

Geoinformation services are usually intermediate, that is, they are usually not valuable as

such, but help consumers engage in other activities and have an indirect effect, for example,

saving time on buying tickets or choosing a place of travel.

Geoinformation services include time and fuel saving through the use of more efficient

navigation devices. Navigation devices reduce travel time and fuel consumption. They

optimize routes, reduce the risk of being late, and help avoid congestion.

Geoinformation services are considered a useful tool of information technology for

promoting higher-order thinking, decision-making skills and problem solving.

The chain of creation of the value of geoservices covers a wide range of firms with

different business models. In a broad sense, a distinction can be made between infrastructure

providers, applications of service providers, and distributors of products.

5. CONCLUSIONS

The modern concept of geoservice includes many technologies that were previously

disintegrated. The basis for integration of technologies into a single service and their general

integration became possible due to the development of geoinformatics and spatial data

structure. Geodata are a specific structured basis and an information resource [25-26].

Geodata integrate almost all types of data, which makes it possible to use geoinformation

services in any industry and direction. At the same time, this direction is developing in the

applied aspect and so far little scientific research is carried out in it. Here, there is a complete

analogy with geoinformatics. Geoinformatics has emerged as a purely technological science,

but over time has become put on some theory and system. Geoservice is also waiting for its

theorizing and systematization [28-30].

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