geog 102 topic 6

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GEOG 102 Population, Resources, and the Environment

Professor: Dr. ean!Paul Rodri"ue

Topic 6 Commodities

# $pace

% &inerals

' (ood

D )ater

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Introduction

Commodities Resources that can be consumed:

Accumulated (some perishable). Exchanged.

Purchased. Fixed commodities: Commodities that cannot be transerred (except title). !and" mining" logging and ishing rights. #alue deri$ed rom utilit% and potential rate o extraction.

&ul' commodities: Commodities that can be transerred. rains" metals" li$estoc'" oil" cotton" coee" sugar and cocoa. #alue deri$ed rom utilit%" suppl% and demand (mar'et price).

Energ% ill be the ob*ect o +opic ,.

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Space

-. Context . /eas 0. Forests 1. 2uman 3ccupation

A

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Context

Competition or space #arious uses o nature are competing or

space. &iologicall% producti$e areas on the planet

are the most desirable locations.

4utuall% exclusi$e uses o nature: !and used or heat production cannot be

used or roads" orests or gra5ing" and $ice

$ersa.

+he issue is that humans almost ala%s

in. Common transormations: 6atural to agricultural: deorestation. Agricultural to urban: con$ersion.

1Humans

Nature

Space

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Context

4ain categories +he Earth has a surace area o 7-

billion hectares. -8, million s9uare miles.

0.0 billion are sea (,-;) and -1.,

billion are land (8;).

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Historical Global Land Use Change (in billions)1

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Seas

3$er$ie Co$ers 0.0 billion hectares (-1- million s9uare miles):

hectares per person (>.>0 s9uare miles).

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orests

3$er$ie Farmed or natural orests that can %ield timber products. En$ironmental unctions:

Erosion pre$ention.

Climate stabilit%. 4aintenance o h%drological c%cles. /ustaining ecological s%stems.

0.11 billion hectares co$ering our planet. >. hectares per capita orldide.

+he orld has almost lost hal o its original orest co$er: million 'm (-8>>) to 00 million (-887). 4ost o i as destro%ed o$er the last 0> %ears. Forests let occup% ecologicall% less producti$e land ith exception o

some e remaining inaccessible *ungle areas.

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Changes in the !orld"s orest Co#er3

Gro*in" economies and consumption.

Population "ro*th and demand for ne* land.

%ad economic policies that promote the

overe+ploitation of forests.

'orruption and ille"al trade.

Povert and landlessness.

(orest 'over - Re"ion, &id!10s /in 1,000 suare m

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orests

Fossil Energ% !and (Carbon sin') !and that should be reser$ed or C3 absorption. !ittle area is set aside to absorb C3. 6either the biochemical energ% o the used ossil uel is replaced

nor its aste products absorbed. Can also be deined as a carbon sin'. 2umanit% is li$ing o natureBs capital rather than its interests. =sing ossil uel based products or burning ossil uels can

release toxic pollutants. Potential o using the oceans to store C3 at great depths.

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orests

Frontier Forests 3riginal orest co$er remains ith large tracts o relati$el%

undisturbed orest: eined as the rontier orest.

1>; o orest on Earth 9ualiies as rontier orest. Russia" Canada" and &ra5il house almost ,>; o the orld?s remaining

rontier orest.

08; o Earth?s remaining rontier orest is threatened b% logging"

agricultural clearing" and other human acti$it%.

0; o the orld?s rontier orest alls entirel% ithin the temperate5one.

Characteri5ed b% moderate climate" including much o the =./ and

Europe.

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rontier orests as Share o$ Total %emaining orests

(in &)' mid *s3
http://geog%20102%20pictures%20topic%206.ppt/

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Human +ccupation

Arable land (cropland) !and suitable or agriculture. Ecologicall% spea'ing the most producti$e land. !ocation D regional conditions impl% dierent t%pes o suitabilit%:

a%s ithout ree5ing. A$erage temperature. Precipitations. +%pe o soil.

-.1 billion hectares o arable land:

!and surace o -0.> billion hectares. 3nl% ->; o the land is thus arable. Additional 0.7 billion hectares o pasture land. -> million hectares per %ear lost to degradation. !ess than >.7 hectares per capita orldide.

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Land Suitabilit, $or Cereal Culti#ation

Weath

Rice

Maize

Barley

Sorghum

Low or no suitability

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Human +ccupation

Pasture ra5ing land or dair% and cattle arming. 4ost o the 0.07 billion hectares o pasture" or >. hectares per

person" are signiicantl% less producti$e than arable land.

Potential or accumulating biomass is much loer. Expansion o pastures has been a main cause o shrin'ing orest

areas.

&uiltup areas

2ost human settlements and roads. Extend approximatel% >.>0 hectares per capita orldide. As most human settlements are located in the most ertile areas

o the orld" builtup land oten leads to the irre$ocable loss o

prime arable land.

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Trends in Global -gricultural Land Use' 6./0 (in

millions o$ hectares)4

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1inerals

-. +%pes o 4inerals . 4ineral Reser$es" Resources and istribution

B

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1 T,pes o$ 1inerals

4ineral resources norganic substances that are extracted rom the earth?s crust. +heir presence is the outcome o geological processes. +he $alue is deri$ed rom the utilit% o the mineral:

Rare minerals used as a currenc% (gold" sil$er" diamonds" etc.). Construction materials. 4etals that can be shaped to numerous uses. Energ% (ossil uels" uranium). Fertili5ers.

Concentrations o minerals in particular locations.

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!orld 1ineral 2roduction' . (in millions o$ tons)

Energ% minerals 3il" gas" coal" issionable minerals such

as uranium.

Ferrous minerals ron ore and other elements mainl% used

as erroallo%s" such as manganese"

silicon" nic'el" cobalt" and tungsten.

6onerrous metals old" sil$er" copper" aluminum (rom

bauxite)" lead" 5inc" tin" and platinum.

6onmetallic minerals

Construction: !imestone" g%psum" sand"gra$el" and stone.

Fertili5ers: Phosphorus" potassium"

sulur" and nitrates. /alt: deicing" chemicals (chlorine and

sodium) and condiment.

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1ineral %eser#es' %esources and 3istribution

4ineral reser$es 4inerals reco$erable rom identiied

deposits under current technologies

and economic conditions. Can change o$er time as

technological ad$ances ma'e

extraction more economicall% easible.

4ineral resources Reser$es and other sources o the

mineral that ma% e$entuall% become

a$ailable.

non deposits that are not currentl%proitabl% extractable. =ndisco$ered deposits that ma% be

assumed to exist due to 'noledge o

a regionBs geological structures. Fixed 9uantit%" unli'e reser$es.

Economic DevelopmentTechnolo

gicalDevelopment

Threshold

2

Mineral resources

Mineralreserves

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1ineral %eser#es' %esources and 3istribution

RussiaCanada

Australia

United States

South Africa

Average

Minerals Poor

Specific Minerals

Minerals Rich

2

=nbalancedG consumption and extraction are not commonl% located at the same place

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1inerals 2roduction and Intensit, o$ Use' 0*/4***2

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ood

-. Food 4odels . 6utrition +ransition . Food Production" Consumption and +rade 0. +he reen Re$olution 1. Agricultural 3utput and the En$ironment

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ood 1odels

+he human diet 4inimum caloric re9uirement:

",>> calories or men and ">>> calories or omen"

iet is organi5ed along models.

Result o the socioeconomic en$ironment o the population: About -7 plants and < animal species suppl% 8>; o ood. Commonalit% o some ood components in dierent parts o the orld. Related to an a$erage dail% calorie inta'e. !in'ed to agricultural practices" but also to agribusiness and ood

processing industries. e$elopment le$el and the distribution o agricultural production: e$eloped economies: industrial techni9ues are increasingl% present in

the diet. +hird Horld countries: the diet remains oten $er% simple and did not

change or se$eral hundred o %ears.

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Global ood Insecurit,

Calories per day

A

!ritical "less than #$%%%&

Malnourishe' "#$%%% ( #$)%%&

Sufficiently fee' "#$)%% ( *$%%%&

Well fee' "more than *$%%%&

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-nnual 2er Capita Consumption o$ Li#estoc5

2roducts in Selected Countries' (in 5ilograms)1

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ood 1odels

4alnutrition mbalance (deicit or excess) in inta'e o nutrients. 2unger:

eicienc% o calorie and protein.

At least -. billion people aected. 4icronutrient deicienc%: eicienc% o $itamins and minerals. .> billion aected.

3$erconsumption:

Excess o calories. 3ten accompanied b% $itamins and minerals deiciencies. At least -. billion people aected. 0>> million people are obese.

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Share o$ Under7eight Children and +#er7eight

-dults' Selected Countries' 1id *s1

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ood 1odels

Changes in the diet 6utritional shit:

From a diet dominated b% grains and $egetables to a diet dominated b%

ats and sugars: 6atural human desire or at and sugar (energ% dense oodsG lo

satiation). &eteen -8 and >>> calorie inta'e in the =/ has risen nearl% ->; or

men and ,; or omen.

ncreased corporate in$ol$ement in ood suppl%: Caeine is added (,7; o sodas) to pro$ide addiction.

4assi$e usage o la$oring.

2omogeni5ation o global diets: 3utcome o trade. Fast ood industr%.

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ood 1odels

6utrition +ransition =rban and sedentar%:

People are more oten aa% rom

home. -8,>: ,7; o all ood expenses

spent to prepare meals at home. >>>: 7>; o all ood expenses or

restaurants. Element o time.

4ore oman in the labor orce: Aa% rom the traditional role o

ood preparation. &oth members o a couple are oten

or'ing.

!ess preparation time a$ailable: 8>; o the mone% spent on ood is

spent on processed oods.

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ood expenditures b, $amilies and indi#iduals as a

share o$ disposable personal income' 4/4**41

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ood 1odels

3besit% 77; o the adult Americans (o$er > %ears) are o$ereight:

>; o men and 7; o omen are obese (&4 0>G eight in 'ilograms" di$ided

b% the s9uare o height in meters). -7; aged -8 are o$ereight.

.; morbidl% obese (&4 1>). 4ore pre$alent among the poor (at and sugar).

eneration II!: About 0>; o American children are o$ereight (->; obese). 6JC: About 10; o$ereight and 1; obese. /upersi5ing.

!ac' o ph%sical acti$ities. 2igh at and sugar diet"

ietrelated diseases: 0>>">>> Americans die prematurel% each %ear as a result o being o$ereight. Americans spend 1> billion per %ear on eightloss products and ser$ices. Heightloss products ha$e been lin'ed ith groing obesit%.

People simpl% eat more KatreeL products.

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ood 1odels

+he KFast FoodL diet 2igher sugar and at content:

#alue added and high proits ood products.

Fast ood industr%: M--> billion a %ear industr%. !argest group o minimum age or'ers in the =/ (0.7 million). 7; o the adult population $isit a ast ood restaurant e$er% single da%. 4ost ast ood is deli$ered to the restaurant alread% ro5en" canned"

deh%drated" or ree5edried. A ast ood 'itchen is merel% the inal stage in a $ast and highl% complex

s%stem o mass production.

Fast ood" seetened cereals and cand%: 7>; o all ood ads. +argeting the children and inculcate a nutritional consumption leaning on

sugars and ats (schools).

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ood 1odels

K/upersi5ingL !arger containers and 9uantities:

!arger pac'age si5e can increase

consumption up to 77;. -87>s: +he standard CocaCola

container as .7 ounces. -88>s: +he standard CocaCola

container as > ounces.

!ittle cost or the supplier: &rand name" pac'aging and

mar'eting are dominant in pricing.

!arger 9uantities directl% meanshigher proits.

/'e the perception o normal

nutritional inta'e.

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ood 2roduction' Consumption and Trade

Food production 2as been able to 'eep up ith population groth:

Expansion o arable land. reen Re$olution. En$ironmental stress" soil degradation and destruction o ecos%stems.

ncreased dependenc% on ertili5ers and irrigation. radual shit to loer 9ualit% sources o protein:

From bee to por' and poultr%.

ntensiication o a9uaculture:

+r% to replace exhausted ish supplies. 4ore rational use o oceanic resources.

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!orld 2rotein 2roduction b, Source' .*/4***2

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eicit and distribution 3$ercome shortages:

mport hat is lac'ing in the national production. An econom% needs to generate suicient surpluses rom other sectors.

Purchase enough ood to o$ercome the national deicit: #er% e +hird Horld countries can aord to do so.

Arica: Region acing the most intensi$e shortages. Chronic dependenc% o ood aid.

China: Fast industriali5ation. roing importer o ood.

ndia: ntense irrigation pro*ects.

2as become selsuicient" but ma% ha$e reached a limit.

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nternational trade o agricultural goods About 8; o global exchanges in commodities. +he nature" origin and destination o ood trade is lin'ed to a

number o actors:

the good is perishable. Consumption habits. +he proit that can be deri$ed rom trading ood products. 2ighl% lin'ed to export cultures that are produced strictl% to generate

income. +hird Horld countries are massi$el% in$ol$ed in these t%pes o cultures.

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8xports o$ Cereals' 6*/4**9 (in ***s o$ tons)2

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Grain Imports $or Selected Countries' *' !ith

2ro:ected ;eed $or Imported Grain in 4*9*2

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!orld Co$$ee 2roduction and Trade' 4**9

Coffee Production (M tons)

Less than *%%$%%%

*%%$%%+ to ,%%$%%%

More than ,%%$%%%

Coffee rade

,-%$%%%

.mports

/0ports

2

$hare of Developin" countries in

"lo-al e+ports of a"ricultural

"oods, 2000

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The Green %e#olution

Context /trong population groth in the second hal o the >th centur%. 6e techni9ues ere re9uired to increase production. 6e land as becoming scarce.

!abor as diicult to add to existing agricultural s%stems. ncreasing the agricultural output

reen Re$olution in the -8>s. 6e $arieties o heat" corn and rice:

-8>: > bushels per acre (heat). -88,: -> bushels per acre (heat).

Enabling up to three har$ests per %ear and increased outputs.

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/trateg% Focused more on scientiic achie$ements rather than on

mechani5ation o agriculture. Focused on genetics and pedolog% (soil science).

+he de$elopment o ne seed strains: ncrease agricultural production. 4a'e crops more resistant to diseases. e$elopment o h%brids. 6e strains do not occur naturall%.

+he impro$ement o inputs into soils: Fertili5ers o $arious t%pes. Enhance the producti$it% o pre$iousl% marginal soils. rrigation in dr% areas (1>; o our ood comes rom irrigation). &oost producti$it% in man% orld regions but not ithout costs.

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ertili

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Gl b l 2 d i $ 1 : G i 6 4**= (i 1

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Global 2roduction o$ 1a:or Grains' 6/4**= (in 1

tons)3

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Global Cereal >ields' 6/4**= (5g per hectare)3

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Change in Cereal >ields' 6./4**4

A

1ecline

2p to 3%4

Between 3%4 an' +%%4

Between +%% an' #%%4

More than #%%4

3

'ereal Output per

3ectare, 2000 /"

2 d ti d >i ld $ !h t i Chi d I di

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2roduction and >ield o$ !heat in China and India'

6/4**=3

1 h i ti d 2 $ $ - i lt

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1echani

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+he reen Re$olution and economic dependenc% Re9uires irrigation s%stems" ertilisers and pesticides. Agriculture is no more capital intensi$e:

Fertilisers and pesticides are oten produced b% multinational

corporations. /eeds are also produced.

Financing agriculture: ncreasing lin'ages ith inancial institutions. &orroed mone% to purchase inputs" ell into debt" and lost their land to

creditors hen the% ere unable to pa%. Put the peasant in a debt c%cle.

n man% areas the reen Re$olution increased landlessness

among the peasantr%.

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Future o agricultureN mpro$ing the perormance o plants and animals:

enetical engineeringG transgenic crops. Controlled ripening (en5%me). 2erbicide and ungal resistance.

Animal diet (increased absorption). mpro$ed nutrition (more amino acids" $itamins and easier digestion).

4odi%ing lie to suit medical" industrial and energ% purposes: isease ighters (bananas and potatoes deli$ering $accine). 4anuacturing (colored cottonG plastic ma'ing cornG rubber ma'ing

sunloer). 2%drogen producing algae.

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4 -gricultural +utput and the 8n#ironment

4aintaining agricultural output Context o increased ood demand. Pro$ide ood or the expected population surge o -.7 billion

people beteen >>> and >>.

Expansion o land under culti$ation. ntensiied culti$ationG higher producti$it% per unit o surace. Eorts aimed at intensiied culti$ation are no much more critical

than onl% > %ears ago.

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-gricultural +utput and the 8n#ironment

Expansion potential Reser$es still exist in the de$eloping countries or expanding

agricultural land. #er% une$enl% distributed.

Found mainl% in !atin America and /ub/aharan Arica. Asian countries" especiall% the most densel% populated" ha$e

onl% slight expansion possibilities. emographic pressure pushes toards that strateg%.

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Grain Har#ested -rea per 2erson . 4*4* (in4

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Grain Har#ested -rea per 2erson' ./4*4* (in

s?uare meters)4

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Grain 8?ui#alent to 2roduce 1eat (in 5g)4

1eat 2roduction United States and China 6 4**94

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1eat 2roduction' United States and China 6/4**9

(in tons)4

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-gricultural +utput and the 8n#ironment

Conse9uences Rapidl% deterioration o en$ironmental 9ualit%. Extended soil degradation:

6utrient depletion. Erosion. /alination.

indling a$ailabilit% o ater resources: Agriculture accounts or ,>; o all resh ater ithdraals. Exhaustion o a9uiers. Hater pollution b% ertili5ers and pesticides.

!oss o animal and plant species (biodi$ersit%): > to 0>; o the orld?s orest con$erted to agriculture. 7>; o all species are in danger o extinction. +hreatening national par's and protected areas.

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Sources o$ !ater

Ri$ers" la'es" and streams +raditional sources o ater. 7>; o all ma*or ri$ers are polluted and o$erused. ,>> million Chinese are drin'ing contaminated ater.

A9uiers mportant ater sources" especiall% in man% dr% areas. Hells o $arious 'inds tap into the ater table to dra upon

underground sources o ater. 7-; o all the drin'ing ater in the =/.

4an% a9uiers are recharged: Recei$e ater through percolation o rainater through the o$erl%ing soil

and roc' structure.

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1

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Sources o$ !ater (in cubic miles)1

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2

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Commissioning o$ Large 3ams2

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!ater 3e#elopment 2ro:ects

Problems ith dams +he% are exceptionall% expensi$e to build:

!arge dams cost billions o dollars.

isplace man% people in areas to be looded b% the reser$oir that

is created behind the dam. +he reser$oir ta'es some land out o production. redging:

+he outcome o siltation. +he $olume o sediments deposited rom upstream b% the ri$er that is

dammed can outstrip the capacit% to dredge. +he reser$oir ma% e$entuall% ill in and the dam ill become useless. +he rate o sedimentation increases ith population groth and the

expansion o agriculture in the upstream locations. +he lood control achie$ed b% the dam is helpul in some a%s.

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2

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!ater 3e#elopment 2ro:ects

+he 6ile +he construction o the Asan 2igh am

in southern Eg%pt. nterrupted the seasonal pattern o

looding along the 6ile #alle%.

+hese loods throughout histor% ha$eser$ed to replenish the soils o the $alle%.

+he soils are no not recei$ing the

necessar% nutrients and ma% be depleted. =sage o ertili5ers instead. rrigation ater rom the dam also

enabled Eg%pt to double agricultural

production. Created increased soil salinit% in the

process.

2

Sudan

&'ypt(i$ya

&thiopia

Saudi Ara$ia

)ordan

&ritrea

Chad

Central African Repu$lic

*srael

Syria

+est Ban%,a-a Strip

*ra.

#s*an 3i"h Dam

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!ater Use

Hater use +ripled since -87> Hater use is increasing at a pace aster than population. !in'ed ith rising li$ing standards.

Roles Hater has to primar% contradictor% roles: e% lie support or all species and natural communities. A commodit% to be sold and used or agricultural" industrial" and urban

purposes.

+he o$eruse o ater and the pollution" i alloed to proceedunchec'ed" render the irst role unsustainable.

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Global !ater !ithdra7al b, Sector **/4*** (in3

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Global !ater !ithdra7al b, Sector' ** 4*** (in

cubic 5m)3

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2 $ L d I i d3

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2ercentage o$ Land Irrigated3

4rri"ated #rea, 5op 10 'ountries,

16 /in millions of hectares

! t % i d t 2 d 5 $ d (i lit )3

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!ater %e?uired to 2roduce 5g o$ ood (in liters)3

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Th @ tt Li ith C diti

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The @ottom Line 7ith Commodities

2uman acti$ities are dependant on commodities /e$eral commodities cannot be substituted. 4an% are not reneable.

Price and a$ailabilit%

/uppl% and demand. !e$el o utilit%. +he demand is expected to rise substantiall%. +he suppl% o man% commodities ill not.

geog 102 topic 6

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