geog 102 topic 5
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
1/82
GEOG 102 Population, Resources, and the Environment
Professor: Dr. ean!Paul Rodri"ue
Topic 5 Migration and Urbanization
# $i"ration %ssues
& $i"ration 'heor(
) Refu"ees
D *r+aniation
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
2/82
Migration Issues
1. Types of Migration What are the major forms of migration?
2. Selective Migration Why migration can be considered as a selective process?
3. rain !rain What is the e"tent of movements of s#illed labor?
A
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
3/82
Types of Migration
$migration and immigration %hange in residence. &elative to origin and destination.
&e'(ires information )eople and conditions. T*o different places. T*o different times.
!(ration )ermanent. Seasonal + Temporary.
%hoice + constraint ,mprove one-s life. eave inconvenient + threatening
conditions.
1
A
B
Problems or
benefits?
Problems or
benefits?
Emigrant
Immigrant
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
4/82
Types of Migration
/ross migration Total n(mber of people coming in and
o(t of an area. evel of pop(lation t(rnover.
0et Migration !ifference bet*een immigration in
migration and emigration o(t
migration. )ositive val(e4
5 More people coming in.
5 )op(lation gro*th.6 778 of 0orth 9merica and ::8 of
$(rope.
0egative val(e45 More people coming o(t.5 )op(lation decline.
1
Emigration
Immigration
Net migration
Gross migration
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
5/82
Annual Net International Migration by Continent,1!"51
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
6/82
Net Migration, #!!!"!51
3,000
Net Migration (1,000s)
NA
Negative net migration
Positive net migration
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
7/82
Types of Migration
,nternational Migration $migration is an indicator of economic and+or social fail(res of a
society. %rossing of a national bo(ndary.
$asier to control and monitor. a*s to control + inhibit these movements. et*een 2 million and 3 million people emigrate each year. et*een 1;>> 1@= million people have migrated4
5 38 of the global pop(lation.
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
8/82
Migration $olicies and %lobal Migration $atterns
Period Policies Pattern
efore 1;17 Apen policies Bsho*ing (pC.,mmigration as a so(rce of labor anddevelopment.
Drom developed $(rope to developingco(ntries 9mericas 9frica 9(stralia.,mmigration from $(rope bet*een 1::>and 1;1> *as e"ceeded 2= million.
1;2>s and1;3>s
B%losed doorC lin#ed *ith theeconomic depression. !eportation ofimmigrants.
imited migration.
9fter 1;7= More open policies. &econstr(ctionin $(rope 128 of labor force andeconomic gro*th in 9merica.
eginning to shift from developing todeveloped co(ntries 128.
9fter 1;@3 &elatively open policies b(t *ithmore stringent re'(irements. /ro*thof ref(gees and illegal immigration.
Drom developing to developed co(ntries::8. 3 million illegal immigrantsentering the ES per year.
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
9/82
&orld Migration 'outes (ince 1)!!
European
#frican -slaves%ndian
)hinese
apanese$a/orit( of population descended from immi"rants
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
10/82
Total (la*e $opulation, United (tates +1)!"1-!.
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
11/82
Ma/or International Migration $atterns, 1!s
NA
Negative net migration
Positive net migration
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
12/82
International Migration0 Main estination Countries,1)1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
13/82
I22igration to t3e United (tates, 1#!"#!!41
&ritish
%sles
German(
candinavia
outheast
Europe
atin #merica
#sia
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
14/82
'egion of Birt3 of t3e oreign"Born $opulation0 15!to #!!!1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
15/82
Top 1! Countries of 6rigin for U( 7egal I22igrants,15"#!!41
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
16/82
U( $opulation by 'ace and 8t3nicity, 1!"#!5!1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
17/82
Illegal Aliens in t3e United (tates by Country of6rigin, 1!"#!!! +in 1,!!!s.1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
18/82
Types of Migration
,nternal Migration Within one co(ntry. %rossing domestic j(risdictional
bo(ndaries. Movements bet*een states or
provinces. ittle government control. Dactors4
5 $mploymentbased.5 &etirementbased.5 $d(cationbased.5 %ivil conflicts internally
displaced pop(lation.
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
19/82
Migration by Ma/or Metropolitan Areas in t3e United(tates, 1!" +in 1,!!!s.1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
20/82
Types of Migration
ocal Migration 0o state bo(ndaries are crossed. (ying a ne* ho(se in the same
to*n or city. !iffic(lt to research since they
are (s(ally missed in cens(sdata.
ased on change of income or
lifestyle. Aften very high levels of local
migration. 9mericans change residence
every = to @ years.
1
Central City
Suburb
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
21/82
Types of Migration
Fol(ntary migration The migrant ma#es the decision to move. Most migration is vol(ntary.
,nvol(ntary
Dorced migration in *hich the mover has no role in the decisionma#ing process.
Slavery45 9bo(t 11 million 9frican slaves *ere bro(ght to the 9mericas bet*een
1=1; and 1:
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
22/82
Types of Migration
'(pe )haracteristics
,nternational %rossing a bo(ndaryG easier to controlG reg(latedGdifference in incomeG 23 million per year.
0ational et*een states or provincesG little controlG employmentopport(nitiesG ed(cationG retirement.
ocal Within a city+regionG change of income or lifestyle.
Fol(ntary The o(tcome of a choice.
,nvol(ntary The o(tcome of a constraint.
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
23/82
2 (electi*e Migration
%onte"t Many migrations are selective. !o not represent a cross section of the so(rce pop(lation. !ifferences4
5 9ge.5 Se".5 evel of ed(cation.
9gespecific migrations Ane age gro(p is dominant in a partic(lar migration.
,nternational migration tends to involve yo(nger people. The dominant gro(p is bet*een 2= and 7=. St(dies and retirement are also agespecific migrations.
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
24/82
$opulation $yra2id of Nati*e and oreign Born$opulation, United (tates, #!!! +in 9.
Male Female FemaleMale
Foreign Born Native
Age
2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
25/82
(electi*e Migration
Se"specific migrations Males4
5 Aften dominant international migrations.5 Ance established try to bring in a *ife.
Demales45 Aften dominate r(ral to (rban migrations.5 Dind jobs as domestic help or in ne* factories.5 Send remittances bac# home.5 Dilipino females 1@3> to Hong Iong and Japan.
BMailorder brideC45 1>>>>> 6 1=>>>> *omen a year advertise themselves for marriage.
5 9bo(t 1>>>> available on the ,nternet at any time.5 Mainly from So(theast 9sia and &(ssia.5 %ome from places in *hich jobs and ed(cational opport(nities for *omen
are scarce and *ages are lo*.
2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
26/82
(electi*e Migration
$d(cationspecific migrations May characteriKe some migrations having or lac#ing of. High level of ed(cation attained by most contemporary 9sian
immigrants to the ES9 and %anada.
$d(cational differences45 218 of all legal immigrants have at least 1@ years of ed(cation.5 :8 for nativeborn 9mericans.5 2>8 of all immigrants do not have ; years of schooling.
Doreign st(dents4
5 Aften do not ret(rn to their home co(ntries after their ed(cation.5 Aften cannot (tiliKe *hat they have learned.5 Since 1;@: some 13>>>> %hinese overseas st(dents have ret(rned
*hile some 2=>>>> have remained abroad.5 Most researchoriented grad(ate instit(tions have aro(nd 7>8 foreign
st(dents.
2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
27/82
(electi*e Migration
,mmigration and jobs &elated to the economic sector. High level4
5 Dilling high s#illed position in science technology and ed(cation.
5 0ot eno(gh highly trained personnel in the ES.5 &es(lt in recr(iting abroad see brain drain.
o* level45 Dilling lo* paid jobs minim(m *age that most people do not *ant
agric(lt(re and lo* level services.5
Maintain lo* *ages in lo* s#illed jobs.5 )ossibility of an informal economy.
2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
28/82
Brain rain
!efinition &elates to ed(cationally specific selective migrations. Some co(ntries are losing the most ed(cated segment of their
pop(lation.
%an be both a benefit for the receiving co(ntry and a problem tothe co(ntry of origin.
&eceiving co(ntry /etting highly '(alified labor contrib(ting to the economy right
a*ay. )romotes economic gro*th in strategic sectors4 science and
technology. 0ot having to pay ed(cation and health costs. 3>8 of Me"icans *ith a )h! are in the ES.
3
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
29/82
Brain rain
%o(ntry of origin $d(cation and health costs not paid bac#. osing potential leaders and talent4
5 et*een 1= and 7>8 of a grad(ating class in %anada *ill move to the
ES. ong term impact on economic gro*th. )ossibility of remittances. Many brain drain migrants have s#ills *hich they can-t (se at
home4
5 The reso(rces and technology may not be available there.5 The specific labor mar#et is not big eno(gh.
May event(ally come bac# *ith s#ills and connections45 Iorea Tai*an %hina and ,ndia.
3
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
30/82
Non U( Citizens :it3 (cience and 8ngineeringoctorates in t3e United (tates, 13
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
31/82
7i;eli3ood of t3e &ell"8ducated to (tay, 13
1> L most li#ely
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
32/82
$ercentage of College 8ducated Citizens 7i*ingAbroad
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
33/82
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
34/82
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
35/82
B Migration T3eory
1. )(sh )(ll Theory What are the major Bp(shC and Bp(llC factors behind migration?
2. $conomic 9pproaches Ho* can migration be e"plained from an economic perspective?
3. ehavioral $"planations to Migration Ho* can migration be e"plained from a h(man behavior
perspective?
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
36/82
$us3 " $ull T3eory
%onte"t Migrations as the response of individ(al decisionma#ers. 0egative or p(sh factors in his c(rrent area of residence4
5 High (nemployment and little opport(nity.5 /reat poverty.5 High crime.5 &epression or a recent disaster e.g. dro(ght or earth'(a#e.
)ositive or p(ll factors in the potential destination45 High job availability and higher *ages.5 More e"citing lifestyle.5 )olitical freedom greater safety and sec(rity etc.
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
37/82
$us3 " $ull T3eory
,ntervening obstacles Migration costs + transportation. ,mmigration la*s and policies of the destination co(ntry.
The problem of perception
9ss(mes rational behavior on the part of the migrant45 0ot necessarily tr(e since a migrant cannot be tr(ly informed.5 The #ey *ord is perception of the p(ll factors.5 ,nformation is never complete.5 !ecisions are made based (pon perceptions of reality at the destination
relative to the #no*n reality at the so(rce. When the migrant-s information is highly inacc(rate a ret(rn
migration may be one possible o(tcome.
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
38/82
$us3 " $ull T3eory1
Positive factorseutral factors
e"ative factors
Origin Destination
Intervening obstacles
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
39/82
$us3"$ull actors for C3inese (tudents eciding to(ay in t3e United (tates, 1)1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
40/82
$us3"$ull actors for C3inese (tudents eciding to'eturn to C3ina, 1)1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
41/82
8cono2ic Approac3es
abor mobility The primary iss(e behind migration. 0otably the case at the national level. $'(ilibrate the geographical differences in
labor s(pply and demand.
9ccelerated *ith the globaliKation of theeconomy.
&emittances %apital sent by *or#ers *or#ing abroad to
their family + relatives at home.
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
42/82
er>s 'e2ittances, top 1! countries, 15"1+in ?U(.2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
43/82
3 Be3a*ioral 8@planations of Migration
ifecycle factors Migration lin#ed to events in one-s life. )eople in their 3>s are the most mobile.
5 $d(cation career and family are being
established.
ater in life fle"ibility decreases and inertiaincreases. &etirement often brings a major change. arge migrations of retired people have been
occ(rring in the direction of amenities
oriented areas.
#$
$%
&$
Stay !ith "arents
Move to college
First 'ob
(romotion
Marriage
)etirement
Chil*ren leave home
Loss o+ mobility
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
44/82
Be3a*ioral 8@planations of Migration
Migrants as ris#ta#ers Why among a pop(lation in the same environment the same
p(sh factors some leave and some stay? Migrants tend to be greater ris#ta#ers more motivated more
innovative and more adaptable. 0onmigrants tend to be more ca(tio(s and conservative. %an be (sed to e"plain the relative dynamism in some societies
li#e the ES9 since the 1:>>s.
S(mmary 0o one theory of migration can ade'(ately e"plain this h(ge*orld*ide phenomenon.
$ach brings a contrib(tion to the (nderstanding of *hy people
move.
3
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
45/82
'efugees
1. !efinition What is a ref(gee and ho* one '(alifies for this stat(s?
2. %ontemporary $vol(tion Ho* the ref(gee sit(ation has evolved in time?
C
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
46/82
1 efinition
The Enited 0ations definition The 1;=1 %onvention &egarding the Stat(s of &ef(gees and the
1;
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
47/82
efinition
%onditions to '(alify for ref(gee stat(s )olitical persec(tion m(st be demonstrated. 9n international bo(ndary m(st be crossed4
5 !omestically displaced persons do not '(alify.
)rotection by one-s government is not seen an alternative45 The government may be the persec(tor.5 %o(ld be incapable of protecting its citiKens from persec(tion.
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
48/82
efinition
$nvironmental and economic ref(gees )eople *ho can no longer gain a sec(re livelihood in their
homelands beca(se of *hat are primarily environmental or
economic factors of (n(s(al scope.
So(rces45 0at(ral disaster.5 H(man alterations to the environmentG climate change.5 %ontamination poll(tion of the environment.5 ac# of development and opport(nities.
&ender contin(ed residence in that partic(lar location(ns(stainable.
MoKambi'(e Debr(ary 2>>>45 Dloods made 1 million people homeless.5 !estroyed agric(lt(ral land and cattle.
1
http://geog%20102%20pictures%20topic%205.ppt/ -
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
49/82
Conte2porary 8*olution
Arigins The first recorded ref(gees *ere the )rotestant H(g(enots *ho
left Drance to avoid religio(s persec(tion. 9bo(t 2>>>>> at the end of the 1@thcent(ry.
Went to $ngland /ermany the 0etherlands S*itKerland andthe $nglish colonies in 0orth 9merica.
)reWW ,, and d(ring WW ,, )rimarily political elites4
5 Dleeing repression from the ne* government *hich overthre* them.5 Es(ally small in n(mber and often had s(bstantial reso(rces available to
them.
Wardriven ref(gees45 9bo(t 128 of the $(ropean pop(lation displaced.5 Es(ally co(ld be e"pected to repatriate after the *ar ended.
2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
50/82
Conte2porary 8*olution
)ost WW ,, %hange in the patterns of ref(gee flo*s4
5 The majority of ref(gees are no* coming from the developing *orld.
!ecoloniKation in 9sia 9frica and the %aribbean45 )olitical (nrest in many ne*ly independent states.5 M(ltiethnic nat(re of those states.5 The res(lt of the dra*ing of colonial bo(ndary lines by $(ropeans.
The %old War also increased political instability in a n(mber of
co(ntries.
)olitical instability in atin 9merica increased d(e to the vastsocial ine'(alities e"isting in that region.
0e* #ind of ref(gee flo*45 arge and of long or permanent d(ration.
2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
51/82
Conte2porary 8*olution
%(rrent iss(es &ef(gees are a controversial iss(e4
5 $specially in the developed *orld.5 Anly a small share of the asyl(m see#ers are granted the ref(gee stat(s.5 ess than 2>8 for the $(ropean Enion.
5 ,ncreasingly ref(gees are no longer accepted.5 $conomic ref(gees resorting to asyl(m as the only *ay to get a legal
stat(s.
1;;< amendment to ES immigration la*45 $nforcing detention for all ref(gees entering the Enited States.
5 ,0S can s(mmarily deport those *ho arrive *itho(t valid traveldoc(ments.
5 7>>> detained on any given day.
2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
52/82
'efugees per Continent, 11"#!!42
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
53/82
6rigins and estinations of 'efugees, #!!42
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
Red 3 Ori"in
Green 3 Destination
Main Asylu2 Countries and Internally isplaced2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
54/82
Main Asylu2 Countries and Internally isplaced$opulation, #!!12
D
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
55/82
Urbanization
1. %onte"t and ,ss(es What is (rbaniKation and *hat are its ca(ses?
2. Why )eople Move to Erban 9reas? 3. Megacities and Erban &egions
What is the c(rrent state of global (rbaniKation? 7. Shantyto*ns
What characteriKes the prevailing (rban environment?
D
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
56/82
Conte@t and Issues
What is (rbaniKation? ErbaniKation is the agglomeration
of pop(lation in cities45 /ro*th of the proportion of the
pop(lation living in cities.
!emographic process45 Erban pop(lation gro*th nat(ralincrease or migration.
,nfrastr(ct(re process45 $"pansion of (rban infrastr(ct(res
and land (se.
$conomic process45 %reation of secondary tertiary and
'(aternary sectors.
%reates a society *here val(es
and lifestyles are (rban.
1(o"ulation gro!th,Natural increase ormigration-
.rban e/"ansion
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
57/82
Conte@t and Issues
%a(ses of (rbaniKation Historical4
5 !efense.5 Trade ro(tes.
Social45 ,ncreased social interactions.5 ,nstit(tions representing a society government religion O ed(cation.
$conomic45 in#ed *ith agric(lt(ral s(rpl(ses.5 ,ncreased economic opport(nities.5 9ccess to labor.5 SpecialiKation.5 $conomies of scale and of agglomeration.
1
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
58/82
Conte@t and Issues
The (rban e"plosion Erban pop(lation gro*th is the most important change in
pop(lation geography. 9bo(t =>8 of the global pop(lation 3 billions lives in cities.
9lmost all the pop(lation gro*th bet*een 2>>> and 2>3> *illocc(r in cities.
y 2>=> >> pop(lation. M(ch of this gro*th *ill come in the *orld-s poorest co(ntries.
1
&orld Urban $opulation 15! #!!! :it3 $ro/ections1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
59/82
&orld Urban $opulation, 15!"#!!! :it3 $ro/ectionsto #!#! +in billions.1
Annual %ro:t3 of &orld and Urban $opulations1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
60/82
Annual %ro:t3 of &orld and Urban $opulations,15!"#!4! +in 2illions.1
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
61/82
Conte@t and Issues
!eveloped co(ntries !eveloped co(ntries are already (rbaniKed. )assed thro(gh the r(ral (rban migration process. %onc(rrent *ith demographic transition and ind(strialiKation.
!eveloping co(ntries /oing thro(gh a major phase of (rbaniKation. ErbaniKation mainly occ(rs in developing co(ntries4
5 Will acco(nt for ;38 of the 2 billion increase in the global (rban
pop(lation bet*een 2>>> and 2>3>.
5 atin 9merica and $ast 9sia is farthest along.5 The rest of 9sia is a little f(rther behind.5 9frica is (rbaniKing more slo*ly than the other *orld regions.
1
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
62/82
(tages of Urbanization1
0ime
.
rban
(o"ulation
0
20
40
50
60
100
Developed countries
0erminal Stage0ransition StageInitial Stage
Developin"
countries
east developedcountries
Rural to ur+an mi"ration
Demo"raphic transition
Rural
ociet(
*r+an
ociet(
*r+aniation
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
63/82
$ercentage of $opulation Urban, #!!!1
Less than 25
25 to 50
50 to !5
More than !5
NA
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
64/82
9 of Urban $opulation, 15!"#!4!1
1
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
65/82
Urban $opulation, 15!"#!4! +in 2illions.1
2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
66/82
2 &3y $eople Mo*e to Urban Areas
%onte"t => million ne* (rbanites each year. 1 million ne* (rbanites each *ee#. 9bo(t 1==>>> ne* (rbanites each day.
9bo(t @=>>> r(ral poor migrate to cities each day. Major changes in the developing *orld. Migration4
5 Ma#es a significant contrib(tion to the gro*th of (rban areas.5 9cco(nts for bet*een 7>8 and 8 of ann(al (rban pop(lation gro*th in
the developing *orld.5 H(ge r(ralto(rban migration potential in areas having a large r(ral
pop(lation.
2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
67/82
&3y $eople Mo*e to Urban Areas
)(sh)(ll considerations oth are affecting r(ral(rban migrations. B)(llC of the cities may determine the destination. Migrants are p(lled to*ard cities4
5 )rospect of jobs and higher incomes.5 Most early (rbaniKation *as the res(lt of p(ll considerations.
)(shed o(t of r(ral areas45 B)(shC factors predominate as the motivation to move.5 )overty lac# of land declining agric(lt(ral *or# *ar and famine.5 )lay more importance today than p(sh considerations.
2
2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
68/82
$us3 " $ull actors for Urbanization in t3e T3ird &orld
(.S (.LL
InstabilityRural structures
Low employment
Demographic pressure
Employment market
Better serices
Low barriers
!o"ernity
2
Migration
1234$
)ural .rban
2
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
69/82
&3y $eople Mo*e to Urban Areas
7actor )ondition %ssues
%nsta+ilit( 8Disasters 8 9ars 87amines
Push )reation of refu"ees. )ities as safe heavens.
Epectation of /o+s Pull ;i"her
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
70/82
9 of t3e $opulation
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
71/82
&3y $eople Mo*e to Urban Areas
ErbaniKation and economic s(rvival !ecision to move to an (rban area4
5 )art of a comple" s(rvival strategy.5 Damilies minimiKe ris# by placing members in different labor mar#ets.5 argest labor mar#et ma"imiKing the chances of employment and
s(rvival. %ities are the largest labor mar#ets. Davelas s'(atter settlements of &io de Janeiro4
5 %annot be (nderstood *itho(t reference to the latif(ndia land system in
r(ral raKil.
5 %haracteriKed by large landholdings o*ned by a limited elite.5 )easants as contract labor *ith no o*nership.
2
M i i d U b ' i3
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
72/82
Megacities and Urban 'egions
%oncentration 9n increasing share of the global pop(lation lives in megacities4
5 Megacities over one million.5 S(percities over 7 million.5 S(pergiants over 1> million.
5 Dirst modern megacity eijing 1@@>. 1;>>4
5 233 million (rbanites 178 of the global pop(lationG 2> megacities.
1;=>45 :3 megacities.
5 37 cities in developing co(ntries.
2>>>45 3 billion (rbanites =>8G 733 megacities.5 9ll ne* millionaire cities are in developing co(ntries.5 11 of the 1= largest cities are in developing co(ntries.
3
Nu2ber of Cities :it3 $opulations of 5 Million or3
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
73/82
Nu2ber of Cities :it3 $opulations of 5 Million orMore, 15!"#!!!3
Citi f t3 illi 15! #!!!3
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
74/82
Cities of 2ore t3an 2illion, 15!"#!!!
1950 1970 1990 2000
Developed countries
New YorkLondon
e< >or=ondon'o=(oos #n"elesParis
'o=(oe< >or=os #n"eles$oscoor=%stan+ul
&an"alore
;(dera+ad
)hon"@in"
$eico )it(
os #n"eles
&uenos #ires
Rio de aneiro
aint Peters+ur"
3
T3e 15 7argest cities in t3e orld #!!! #!153
http://geog%20102%20pictures%20topic%205.ppt/ -
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
76/82
T3e 15 7argest cities in t3e :orld, #!!!"#!153
# (3antyto:ns
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
77/82
# (3antyto:ns
%onte"t Many of the ne* (rban d*ellers partic(larly *omen and their
children are among the poorest people in the *orld. !iffic(lty to access ho(sing4
5 $conomic costs.5 9vailability.5 1>> million people are homeless.5 ;2: million live in precario(s ho(sing conditions sl(ms.
Shantyto*nsG informal habitat or s'(atter ho(sing45 FavelasraKil.5 Pueblos jovenesPo(ng to*ns.5 Asentamiento irregulares,rreg(lar settlements.5 Villas miseriasMiserable villages 9rgentina.5 Jughi Jopri,ndia.
(3antyto:ns#
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
78/82
(3antyto:ns
!efinition !*ellings are b(ilt by the c(rrent or original occ(pant4
5 &(dimentary constr(ction materials.5 !id not receive a constr(ction permit.5 !o not follo* norms in terms of ho(sing and sanitation.
,nhabitants have no legal title to the land45 Most are located in areas being declared inhabitable.5 A*n by the m(nicipality.5 9bandoned private land.5 $"ploiting a legal vac((m of land o*nership.
ac# of (rban services45 /enerally not serviced by p(blic (tilities s(ch as tap *ater electricity
roads p(blic transportation and se*age.
#
(3antyto:ns#
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
79/82
(3antyto:ns
Setting Shantyto*ns are constr(ctedover the least desirable land.
)(t the pop(lation at ris#. %aracas FeneK(ela 1;;;4
5 M(dslides #illed =>>>>
inhabitants.5 %reated 7>>>>> homeless.5 =>>>>> of the < million
inhabitants *ere considered at
high ris#.
hopal ,ndia 1;:745 Enion %arbide release of to"ic
coc#tail.5 =>>>>> people e"posed.5 1>> deaths.
#
CBD
Disamenity Disamenity
)ommercial8%ndustrialElite Residential ector
Aone of $aturit(
Aone in Situ Accretion
Aone of peripheral
s@uatter settlements
(3antyto:ns#
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
80/82
(3antyto:ns
Habitat ,nformal settlements4
5 )erhaps the most visible sign of *idespread poverty.5 9bo(t 2=8 of the s(rface of cities in developing co(ntries is covered by
shantyto*ns.
5 3>8 of the (rban pop(lation. $merged in all Third World cities4
5 Dollo*ing the demographic e"plosion.5 0o* the norm more than the e"ception.
,ncapacity of private and p(blic instances45 )rovide lo* price ho(sing for the majority of the pop(lation.5 The State more concerned abo(t providing ho(sing for its p(blic servants
and its middle class.
Ho(sing crisis that co(ld not be solved.
#
(3antyto:ns#
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
81/82
(3antyto:ns
/ro*th process )eople e"pelled from gentrification in do*nto*n areas. ,nflo* of people e"pelled from poverty in r(ral areas. ,n several cases rightf(l o*ners of land have divided it in small
lots and sold it in order to have a higher profit. ,n some instances land *as illegally sold to d*ellers being
framed.
,s there any hope? Ho(sing has al*ays been a priority for investment. 9s the pop(lation of Third World cities gets higher incomes the
priority *ill be improving their ho(sing conditions. An the long r(n shantyto*ns are li#ely to disappear or at least
become less significant.
#
(3antyto:ns as (3are of t3e Total $opulation#
-
7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 5
82/82
(3antyto:ns as (3are of t3e Total $opulation#