geog 240 topic 4: agricultural and industrial development francis yee camosun college
TRANSCRIPT
GEOG 240
Topic 4: Agricultural and Industrial DevelopmentFrancis YeeCamosun College
Abbreviations
GNI – Gross National Income GDP – Gross Domestic Product FDI – Foreign Direct Investment NIE – Newly Industrialized Economies ASEAN – Association of Southeast
Asian Nations G7 – Group of Seven G20 – Group of Twenty GPN – Global Production Network
Asia-Pacific Agricultural and Industrial Development
I. Agricultural Systems, Growth and Food Security
II. Food SecurityIII. Patterns of IndustrializationIV. Industrial Development Factors
I. Agricultural Systems, Growth and Food Security
A. Agricultural Systems1. Shifting Cultivation2. Sedentary Farming3. Green Revolution4. Plantation
B. Agricultural Growth, Output and Employment
C. Food Security
1. Shifting cultivation a slash and burn
method, rotation of land, and common in forested
and upland areas; problems of
deforestation and forest fire,
declining in most places due to development, Raising of livestock is an
important agricultural activity in Tibet, China (Photo by F. Yee, 2007)
2. Sedentary farming (Rice production) intensive use of
land, high productivity,
small plots, use of machines not common,
increasing use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides,
rice production in most parts of Asia Rice farming in Burma (Photo
by F. Yee 2005
3. Green Revolution high-yielding seeds
allow an increase in production of rice, wheat, and corn
Wide application of fertilizers and irrigation water;
increase landlessness due to rising costs of inputs
Green revolution was implemented in many parts of China. (Photo of farms in Sichuan by F. Yee, 2007)
4. Plantation production of single
crop for exports, introduced during
colonial times, use of imported
labour common, e.g. oil palms
Tea and tobacco now replace opium production the Golden Triangle, borders between Thailand, Laos and Myanmar (Photo by F. Yee, 2005)
B 1. Agricultural Growth in Asia: higher than global average
China Cambodia E Asia SE Asia World0
1
2
3
4
5
6
4.55.1
3.5 3.32.6
Agricultural Growth in Asia 2005-2010
Countries/Regions
Avera
ge A
nn
ual G
row
th
Rate
(%
)
2. Agricultural Output: the share of GDP by agriculture declined in most Asian countries and reduced its importance in the economy below ¼ in most countries.
China Indonesia Viet Nam Cambodia0
10
20
30
40
50
3024
4347
1015
21
36
Agricultural Output in Asia, 1980-2010
19802010
Countries
% o
f G
DP
Source: UNESCAP 2011
3. Agricultural Employment: major economic sector in absorbing employment but its share of total is declining; contributed to >2/5 of employment in SE Asia
Malaysia China* Indonesia Thailand0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
37
69
56
71
14
40 40 42
Agricultural Labour Force in Asia 1980-2009
19802009
Countries
% o
f Tota
l Lab
ou
r Forc
e
Source: UN-ESCAP 2012.
II. Food Security
A. Patterns of Hunger
B. Who are the Hungry?
C. Factors of Food Shortages
Rapid decline of farmlands occurred in the Pearl River Delta region due to industrialization and urbanization (Photo by F. Yee, 2005)
A. Patterns of Hunger
Timor Mongolia Cambodia China Vietnam0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
4038
40
21
47
38
24
17
129
Undernourished Population in Asia, 1991-2011
1991 2011
Countries
% o
f P
opula
tion U
ndern
ouri
shed
Source: UN MDG, 2013
1. Undernourished Population: below the minimum of 1800 calories per day
a) 11% of total population (>200 million) in E and SE Asia (below the developing countries’ average of 16%)
b) Varied from <5% in S. Korea to 38% in Timor.
c) Most countries experienced a drop in the proportion of undernourished population
2. Hunger Index: a combined indicator of % of children undernourished, % of children under 5 years of age undernourished, and mortality rate of children under five.
a)Low in S. Korea, Singapore, Japan, b)moderate in China and Malaysia, c)7 of the 10 SE Asian Countries have a
serious or alarming hunger problem.(Weightman, 2012)
3. Regional Variations – uneven hunger levels at local villages and regions
High incidents of hunger occurred in :a) Places with frequent tropic storms and
flooding (e.g. central Philippines)b) Tribal and hilly regions (e.g. N. Thailand)c) Drought-prone and poor soil (e.g. W
China)d) Remote areas with poor transport (e.g.
Tibet)
B. Who are the Hungry?1. Rural people - children in rural
areas are more than twice as likely to be underweight while income for rural women was too low to provide enough food for the family
2. Migrant workers – unable to pay for rising food prices due to low pay
3. Tribal groups – loss of access to their traditional lands and forests and other resource on which they depended for food and livelihood
4. Low social class – often being discriminated against and unable to have adequate access to food
Children in rural Burma has a high hungry index (photo by F. Yee 2005 in Tachilek, Burma)
C. Factors of Undernourishment1. Global economic crisis: many people suffered from
unemployment and loss of income which rendered them unable to buy food
2. Higher food prices: global supply are dwindling and prices increased by 50%, many poor people were priced out of the food market and forced to sell their land
3. Reduced crop yields – due to global warming and unsustainable practice
4. Changes in Production – a shift away from farming for human consumption to crops for biofuels and cattle feed
(Weightman 2012)
III. Patterns of Industrialization in Asia
A. Industrial GrowthB. Industrial
EmploymentC. De-industrializationD. Export processing
zonesE. High- tech industry Workers’ housing in a Batam
industrial park, Indonesia (Photo by F. Yee, 2007)
A. Industrial Growth: higher growth than other sectors, moderate to high rates of growth in most countries
Japan Thailand S. KoreaViet Nam China-202468
101214
-1
4 5
8
12
0
4 4
7
11
Industrial Growth Rates in Asia, 2005-2010
IndustryGDP
countries
Avera
ge A
nn
ual G
row
th
Rate
(%
)
Economic Structure – declining share of industry in Japan and S. Korea but rising in Chin and Vietnam
Japan S. Korea China
1970 46 26 40
1990 40 42 41
2008 32 37 49
2.5
7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5
27.5
32.5
37.5
42.5
47.5
Industrial Sector in Asia Pacific, 1970-2008
% o
f G
DP
B. Industrial Employment
New international division of labour - relocation of industrial jobs from developed countries to NIEs 1980s-1990s – the ASEAN-4 (Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, and
Indonesia) 1990s on – China, Vietnam
Labor intensive industry & employment in NIEs Low capital and technology requirements: textiles,
clothing, footwear, and electronics assembly
C. Export Processing Zones
Objectives: attract foreign investment Generate employment Transfer of technology Increase exports of industrial products
Policies: tax incentives, serviced lands and buildings utilities and transport infrastructure, reduced government red-tape
Results major centre of industrial production and
exports. provided large #of employment opportunities Generated significant foreign exchange
earnings through exports “Successful” Examples
Taiwan, South Korea, Malaysia, Vietnam, China, etc.
Shenzhen was established as one of China’s Special Economic Zones in 1979 (Photo by F. Yee, 2007)
D. High-tech Industry
High-tech Industry: some NIEs attempted to upgrade from labour intensive to high-tech industry (e.g. computer chips) since the 1980s as labour costs increase
High-tech initiatives: Science Park in Singapore Super Multimedia corridor in
Malaysia Beijing High-tech Park
Super multimedia corridor was promoted by Malaysia to promote high tech industry located S of Kuala Lumpur (Photo by F. Yee, 2007)
IV. Industrial Development Factors
A. Industrial Policies
B. Role of State
C. Cultural and Social Factors
D. Foreign Trade & Investment
A. Industrial Policies
Industries received high priority for government investments
Industrialization became a national goal and means to achieve (Western) modernization
Singapore’s Industrial Strategy “Intelligent Island” – develop a
network of fiber-optic & digital communication system
Computer industry – a key producer of computers;
TNCs - 7000 TNCs employing 60% of Singapore’s workforce and produce 80% of its exports
Industrial hinterland - investments in China, Malaysia and Indonesia as part of Singapore’s industrial hinterland
Science Park in Singapore (Photo by F. Yee 2007)
B. Role of State
Active involvement by government in industrial development Taiwan (government
controlled enterprises); S. Korea (close
relationship with chaebols);
Japan (led by Ministry of International Trade and Industry)
Singapore, an Intelligent Island, increasingly focused on high-tech development. (Photo by F. Yee,
2007)
China’s Open Door Policy and Industrialization
Open Door policy – adopted to encourage foreign investment and trade in 1978
Special Economic Zones - were created to promote foreign investment, increase employment, accelerate technology transfer and facilitate exports.
Coastal Cities: were opened since 1984 to expand the open door policy
FDI: a cumulative total of almost US$300 billions of FDI were received and millions of new industrial jobs were created
An electronics factory in Dongguan, China (Photo by F. Yee, 2005)
C. Cultural and Social Factors
Rapid industrial growth was attributed to: The presence of a
highly disciplined work force
Extensive influence of Confucianism: hard working and conforming
The provision of basic education to the general public, including industrial workers
A group of university graduates in Singapore (photo by F. Yee 2007)
D. Foreign Trade and Investment
Neo-liberal approach: encourage private business and welcome multinational corporations
Foreign trade and investment were strongly supported by government and World Trade Organization A Japanese IT company in
Singapore’s Science Park (Photo by F. Yee, 2007)
Malaysia industrialization An outward looking
strategy was adopted since 1980s
Free trade zones were established to encourage FDI
Manufacturing is the largest employment sector (50%)
Multi-media super corridor was constructed in Cyberjaya (S of Kuala Lumpur) to promote knowledge-intensive industries
A new university in Cyberjaya, Malaysia to support high tech development (Photo by F. Yee, 2007)
Readings
Weightman, ch. 5.