fungi - mt. san antonio collegefaculty.mtsac.edu/trevell/bio2/bio2resources/b2unit2a... ·...
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General Characteristics • Primarily
terrestrial • Filamentous
– __________ • Coenocytic
(aseptate) • septate
– mycelium – Haustoria –
specialized parasitic hyphae
Hyphae
General Characteristics (animal-like)
• Heterotrophic – absorption
(saprobes) – parasitic – mutualistic
• Cell Wall:______ • Store sugar as
glycogen
Chitin
Fungal Reproduction • Asexual
– haploid spores (conidia/sporangia) • Sexual
– hyphae (haploid) – Syngamy (diploid) – (like us)
• ____________ (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon)
• karyogamy (diploid)
Plasmogamy
Division: Chytridiomycota
• Have _______ (rare in fungi) • Coenocytic hyphae or
unicellular • Cell wall: chitin • Saprobes or parasites • May be most primitive fungi
Flagella
Division: Zygomycota
• Coenocytic Fungi • Mostly terrestrial
(live on decaying material)
• Example: Rhizopus (Black bread mold)
• Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring
(enzymes)
Fig. 31-13-4
Rhizopus growing on bread
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic)
Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating
type (–)
Mating type (+)
Diploid (2n)
Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n)
PLASMOGAMY
Key
Diploid nuclei
Zygosporangium
100 µm
KARYOGAMY
MEIOSIS
Sporangium
Spores
Dispersal and germination
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Dispersal and germination
Sporangia
Mycelium 50 µm
Essay! – probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle!
Division: Zygomycota
• Microsporidia – Parasitic
• Loss of organelles – Cause disease in
people with immune deficiency
– Used as pest control
Division: Glomeromycota
• Arbuscular mycorrhizae – Coenocytic Fungi – ________ - associated
with plant roots – increases surface area
for the absorption of water and nutrients
Mutualistic
Divison: ________ • Septate fungi (sac
fungi) • Saprobes,
mutualistic • Examples: Dutch
Elm Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds
• Uses: Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tumor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce)
Ascomycota
Fig. 31-17-4
Key Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n) Dikaryotic (n + n)
Conidiophore
Mycelium
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Germination
Hypha PLASMOGAMY
Haploid spores (conidia)
Conidia; mating type (–)
Mating type (+)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Dikaryotic hyphae
Ascus (dikaryotic)
Mycelia
KARYOGAMY
Diploid nucleus (zygote)
Germination
Asci
Dispersal
Dispersal
Ascocarp Eight ascospores
Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS
Division: Basidiomycota
• Septate Fungi (Club fungi)
• Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic
• Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi
• Uses: Food
Basidium
Fig. 31-19-4
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Diploid (2n)
Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n)
Key
PLASMOGAMY
Mating type (+)
Haploid mycelia Dikaryotic mycelium
Mating type (–)
Basidia (n+n)
Gills lined with basidia
Basidiocarp (n+n)
KARYOGAMY
Diploid nuclei
MEIOSIS
Basidium containing four haploid nuclei
Dispersal and germination
Basidiospores (n)
Basidium with four basidiospores
Basidiospore 1 µm
Haploid mycelia
Division: Deuteromycota • _________ fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae • Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi • Stachybotrys chartarum
Imperfect
Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist
__ • Mutualistic -
association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota
• Pioneer organisms
Lichen_____
Ecological Impacts • Decomposers • Pathogens (30% of
species…most plant pathogens).
• 10-50% world’s fruit lost due to Fungi
• Ergots on rye (lysergic acid > LSD)
• Food Production – recycling, alcohol, cheese, truffles
• Ergots – another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth
• Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline
• 60% human diseases originate from animals 3/3/14 24
Alternation of Generation Both a __________ haploid and __________ diploid stages in the life cycles.
Multicellular
Multicellular
Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae) • Nonvascular
Seedless plants – _____________
• Mosses – Hepatophyta
• Liverworts – Anthocerophyta
• Hornworts
• Vascular Seedless plants – Lycophyta
• Club mosses
– Psilophyta • Whiskferns
– Spenophyta • Horsetails
– _____________ • Ferns
Kingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos)
Bryophyta
Pterophyta
We will treat all of these as “divisions”!
Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants
• Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) – no true leaves, roots, stems
• __________/_________: – Gametophyte
• (antheridium and archegonium) – sporangium (produces spores)
Gametophyte Sporophyte
Anthocerophyta • Hornworts
– Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes
– Most closely related to higher plants
____________ Sporophyte
Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants
• Formation of vascular tissue – __________ (water) – __________ (food) – True leaves, roots, and stems
• Lignin (chemical in cell wall) • Sporophyte generation
dominate • Sperm with flagella
Xylem Phloem
Lycophyta
• Lycophytes – true leaves
• Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein.
– true stems – true roots – ____________
• leaves that produce spores
Sporophylls