Fungi

General Characteristics• Primarily

terrestrial• Filamentous

– __________• Coenocytic

(aseptate)• septate

– mycelium– Haustoria –

specialized parasitic hyphae

Fungal Hyphae

General Characteristics(animal-like)

• Heterotrophic– absorption

(saprobes)– parasitic– mutualistic

• Cell Wall:______• Store sugar as

glycogen

Fungal Reproduction• Asexual

–haploid spores (conidia/sporangia)• Sexual

–hyphae (haploid)–Syngamy (diploid) – (like us)

• ____________ (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon)

• karyogamy (diploid)

Plasmogamy

Fugal Reproduction

Fungal Classification

Division: Chytridiomycota

• Have _______ (rare in fungi)• Coenocytic hyphae or

unicellular• Cell wall: chitin• Saprobes or parasites• May be most primitive fungi

Division: Zygomycota

Division: Zygomycota

• Coenocytic Fungi• Mostly terrestrial

(live on decaying material)

• Example: Rhizopus(Black bread mold)

• Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring

(enzymes)

Fig. 31-13-4

Rhizopusgrowingon bread

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Youngzygosporangium(heterokaryotic)

Gametangia withhaploid nucleiMating

type (–)

Matingtype (+)

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n)Heterokaryotic (n + n)

PLASMOGAMY

Key

Diploidnuclei

Zygosporangium

100 µm

KARYOGAMY

MEIOSIS

Sporangium

Spores

Dispersal andgermination

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Dispersal andgermination

Sporangia

Mycelium50 µm

Essay! – probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle!

Division: Zygomycota

• Microsporidia–Parasitic

• Loss of organelles–Cause disease in

people with immune deficiency

–Used as pest control

Division: Glomeromycota

• Arbuscular mycorrhizae– Coenocytic Fungi– ________ - associated

with plant roots– increases surface area

for the absorption of water and nutrients

Division: Ascomycota

Divison: ________• Septate fungi (sac

fungi)• Saprobes,

mutualistic• Examples: Dutch

Elm Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds

• Uses: Penicillium, pathogens(penicillin, tumor suppression) food(cheese and soy sauce)

Ascomycota

Fig. 31-17-4

KeyHaploid (n)

Diploid (2n)Dikaryotic (n + n)

Conidiophore

Mycelium

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Germination

Hypha PLASMOGAMY

Haploid spores (conidia)

Conidia;mating type (–)

Matingtype (+)

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Dikaryotichyphae

Ascus(dikaryotic)

Mycelia

KARYOGAMY

Diploid nucleus(zygote)

Germination

Asci

Dispersal

Dispersal

AscocarpEightascospores

Fourhaploidnuclei MEIOSIS

Division: Basidiomycota

Division: Basidiomycota

• Septate Fungi (Club fungi)

• Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic

• Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi

• Uses: Food

Division: Basidiomycota• Fairy Rings

Basidium

Fig. 31-19-4

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n)Dikaryotic (n+n)

Key

PLASMOGAMY

Matingtype (+)

Haploid myceliaDikaryotic mycelium

Matingtype (–)

Basidia(n+n)

Gills linedwith basidia

Basidiocarp(n+n)

KARYOGAMY

Diploidnuclei

MEIOSIS

Basidium containingfour haploid nuclei

Dispersal andgermination

Basidiospores(n)

Basidium withfour basidiospores

Basidiospore1 µm

Haploid mycelia

Division: Deuteromycota• _________ fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae• Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi• Stachybotrys chartarum

Imperfect

Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist

__• Mutualistic -

association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota

• Pioneer organisms

Lichen_____

Ecological Impacts• Decomposers• Pathogens (30% of

species…most plant pathogens).

• 10-50% world’s fruit lost due to Fungi

• Ergots on rye (lysergic acid > LSD)

• Food Production –recycling, alcohol, cheese, truffles

• Ergots – another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth

• Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline

• 60% human diseases originate from animals3/7/17 24

Domain: Archaea

• Group: Methanogens– methane releasing

• Group: Halophiles– lives in high salt areas

• Group: Thermophiles– lives in extreme

temperatures

Viruses

b

Virus Structure

Virus Structure• Capsid – Protein

coat covering virus; present in all viruses. Capsids are made from protein subunits called capsomeres.

• __________ –Layer of fat surrounding capsid; present in some viruses but not all.

Viral Replication• Only reproduce

when they enter a host cell

• They lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis and simple metabolism

Viral Genome Structure

• dsDNA• ssDNA• dsRNA • ssRNA

– Serve as mRNA– Serve as template

for mRNA– Serve as template

for DNA (retro)

Bullet shaped envelope

HIV (a retrovirus)• Viruses that

causes AIDS• Peters Duesberg

______• ss RNA that can

serve as mRNA• Can cause paralysis

in motor neurons• Transmitted through

fecal contaminated food/water

• Worse in intermediately clean cities

• Salk vaccine, 1954

Hepatitis• Inflammation of the

liver• At least 5 different

types of the virus• Hep A – ss RNA, no

envelope; fecal-oral• Hep C – ss RNA

with envelope; sexually transmitted/ blood

__________• Bullet Shaped

Envelope (ss RNA)

• Long incubation period

• Almost always fatal if unvaccinated.

• Zoonosis• Host Range

Flu• Influenza, commonly

known as the flu• Symptoms include

fever, sore throat, myalgia, coughing, weakness

• Many Epidemic/• PandemicEpisodes (1918-1919)

20-100 million died; Spanish Flu

3/7/17 36

• Infectious Protein Particles

• Examples:• Mad Cow

Disease• Creutzfeldt-

Jakob Disease• Kuru (Fore tribe

of Papua New Guinea)

Plant Diversity I

Highlights of Plant Evolution

Gymnosperms

Alternation of GenerationBoth a __________haploid and __________diploid stages in the life cycles.

Multicellular

Multicellular

Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae)• Nonvascular

Seedless plants– _____________

• Mosses– Hepatophyta

• Liverworts– Anthocerophyta

• Hornworts

• Vascular Seedless plants– Lycophyta

• Club mosses– Psilophyta

• Whiskferns– Spenophyta

• Horsetails– _____________

• FernsKingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos)

Bryophyta

Pterophyta

We will treat all of these as “divisions”!

Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants

• Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue)–no true leaves, roots, stems

• __________/_________:–Gametophyte

• (antheridium and archegonium)–sporangium (produces spores)

Sporophyte

Hepatophyta• Liverworts

– Two forms• __________ (80%)• __________ (20%)Thalloid

Hepatophyta

• Liverworts– Reproduction

• Asexual

(_______________)

• sexual

Anthocerophyta• Hornworts

– Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes

– Most closely related to higher plants

____________

Sporophyte

BryophytaMosses

Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally

Bryophyta

Essay!

Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants

• Formation of vascular tissue–__________ (water)–__________ (food)–True leaves, roots, and stems

• Lignin (chemical in cell wall)• Sporophyte generation

dominate• Sperm with flagella

Phloem

Lycophyta

• Lycophytes– true leaves

• Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein.

– true stems– true roots– ____________

• leaves that produce spores

Sporophylls

Psilophyta

• Whisk Ferns– True stems– no true leaves– no true roots

Sphenophyta

• Horsetails– true leaves

• microphylls– true stems

• silica– true roots

Division: Pterophyta

Fern Life Cycle

Essay!