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MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY Physiology Unit 2

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Page 1: MUSCLE!PHYSIOLOGY! - Mt. San Antonio Collegefaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_lecture_files_unit_2/14 Phys Muscle... · MUSCLE!PHYSIOLOGY! Physiology Unit2) Excitaon3Contrac2on)Coupling)

   MUSCLE  PHYSIOLOGY  

Physiology  Unit  2  

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Excita2on-­‐Contrac2on  Coupling  

•  Sequence  of  events  from  the  genera2on  of  an  AP  across  the  sarcolemma  to  cross-­‐bridge  cycling  inside  of  the  myofiber  

•  Sarcolemma  is  an  excitable  membrane  – Genera2ng  an  AP  – Propaga2ng  an  AP  – Similar  mechanisms  as  neurons  

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Motor  Neurons  

•       Soma2c  motor  neurons  innervate  skeletal  muscle  •       Soma  located  in  the  brain  stem  or  spinal  cord  •       Largest  diameter  neurons  •       Myelinated  

 �      High  velocity  AP  •       Upon  reaching  muscle,  axon  divides  into  many                branches  •       Each  branch  forming  a  single  junc2on  with  a  muscle              fiber    

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Neuromuscular  Junc2on  Membrane  Excita2on  

•  Axon  terminal  meets  with  the  motor  end  plate  of  the  sarcolemma  

•  Axon  terminal  contain  vesicles  that  store  ACh  •  ACh  is  released  and  binds  to  N-­‐ACh  receptors  on  the  

motor  end  plate  (ligand  gated  Na+  channels)  •  Generates  an  end-­‐plate  poten2al  (EPP)  

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Ac2on  Poten2al  in  the  Sarcolemma  

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Ac2on  Poten2al  to  Contrac2on  •  AP  lasts  1-­‐2  ms  •  Completed  before  any  

mechanical  ac2vity  begins  •  Mechanical  ac2vity  

(contrac2on)  may  last      >100  ms  

•  Electrical  ac2vity  (ac2on  poten2al)  does  not  act  on  contrac2le  proteins  

•  Produces  a  state  of  increased  cytolsolic  [Ca2+]  –  Res2ng  [Ca2+]  =  0.1  mMol/L  –  AXer  AP  [Ca2+]  =  1  mMol/L  

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Skeletal  Muscle  

•  Muscle  cells  – Striated  – Mul2nucleated  – Voluntary  

•  Organiza2on  – Myofiber  • Myofibril  – Myofilament  

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Sarcomere  

•  Func2onal  unit  of  skeletal  muscle  

•  Composed  of  3  filaments  –  Thick  filament  

•  Myosin  

–  Thin  filament  •  Ac2n  •  Troponin  •  Tropomyosin  

–  Elas2c  filament  •  Ti2n  

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Thick  and  Thin  Filaments  

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Ac2va2on  by  Ca2+  

•  Tropomyosin  covers  the  myosin  binding  sites  on  ac2n  

•  Troponin  has  3  sub-­‐units  1.  Troponin  I    

•  inhibitory  2.  Troponin  T  

•  Tropomyosin  binding  

3.  Troponin  C  •  Calcium  binding  

•  Increase  in  cytosolic  [Ca2+]  ac2vates  cross-­‐bridge  cycling  

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Troponin  

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Sarcoplasmic  Re2culum  •  Lateral  sacs  store  Ca2+  

–  Ca2+  bound  to  calsequestrin  •  T-­‐tubules  lie  between  lateral  sacs  

–  Membrane  is  capable  of  propaga2ng  an  AP  

•  T-­‐tubules  and  lateral  sacs  are  connected  by  foot  processes  (junc2onal  feet)  

–  T-­‐tubule  has  DHP  receptors  •  DHP  receptors  are  normally  

voltage  gated  Ca2+  channels  •  In  skeletal  muscle  t-­‐tubules,  acts  

as  a  voltage  sensor  

–  SR  has  ryanodine  receptors  •  Intracellular  Ca2+  channels  

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Sliding  Filament  Theory  of  Contrac2on  

•  Cross  bridges  form  between  the  thick  and  thin  filaments  

•  Thin  filaments  slide  across  the  thick  filaments  –  Thin  filaments  will  move  

closer  together  –  Distance  between  Z  lines  

decreases  –  I  band  and  H  bands  shorten  

during  contrac2on  –  A  band  stays  the  same  

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Cross  Bridge  Cycling  

1.  Acachment  of  the  cross-­‐bridge  to  a  thin  filament  2.  Movement  of  the  cross-­‐bridge,  pulling  on  the  thin  

filament  –  Each  cross-­‐bridge  moves  independently  of  all  other  

cross-­‐bridges  

3.  Detachment  of  cross-­‐bridge  from  the  thin  filament  4.  Energizing  the  cross-­‐bridge  so  it  can  again  acach  to  

a  thin  filament  and  repeat  the  cycle  

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Cross-­‐Bridge  Cycling    

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         Cross  Bridge  Cycling  Steps  •  Fiber  is  res2ng,  access  to  myosin  binding  site  on  ac2n  is  

blocked  and  myosin  heads  are  not  acached.  •  Myosin  head  is  ac2vated;  myosin  +  ATP  =  myosin  x  ADP  +  pi  •  Cross  bridge  formed  by  myosin  head  binding  to  ac2n  •  Power  stroke  causes  filaments  to  slide  •  New  ATP  molecule  binds  to  myosin  heads  to  release  from  

ac2n  •  Myosin  is  ac2vated  by  myosin  ATPase  enzyme  splifng  new  

ATP  •  Cycling  con2nues  •  This  results  in  asynchronous  pulling  ac2on  

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Skeletal  Muscle  Contrac2on  

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ATP  in  Muscle  Metabolism  Uses  of  ATP  in  Muscle  

Contrac=on  

•  Ac2va2on  of  myosin    –  High-­‐energy  myosin  

•  Release  of  myosin  head  from  ac2n  molecule  

•  Ac2ve  transport  of  Ca2+  into  SR  from  the  sarcoplasm  

Muscle  Contrac=on  Requires  A  Lot  of  ATP!  

•  No  ATP  “storage”    •  3  pathways  for  regenera2on  –  Phospagen  system  –  Glycolysis  –  Aerobic  respira2on  

Energy  ATP  +  H20    à  ADP  +  pi  +  H+  +    

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Sources  of  ATP  

1.  Phosphagen  System    2.  Glycolysis  3.  Oxida2ve  phosphoryla2on    

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Phosphagen  System  

•  Crea2ne  Kinase  – Present  at  3x  higher  concentra2on  in  skeletal  muscle  

– Produced  by  liver  – CrP  +  ADP  +  H+  -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐>    Cr  +  ATP  

•  Adenylate  Kinase  – ADP  +  ADP  -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐  >  ATP  +  AMP  

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Aerobic  Respira2on  

•  Primary  source  of  ATP  produc2on  for  muscle  during  rest  or  light  exercise  

•  Fuel  u2liza2on  by  skeletal  muscle  –  facy  acids  – muscle  glycogen  – blood  borne  glucose  

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Anaerobic  Mechanisms    •  Oxygen  consump2on  –  Exercising  muscle  can  consume  more  ATP  than  can  be  produced  by  aerobic  respira2on  

– Muscle  cells  will  u2lize  available  glucose  and  glycogen  reserves  

–  Glycolysis  will  then  produce  ATP  to  keep  up  with  the  demand  of  the  ac2ve  muscle  •  Lac2c  acid  accumulates  

–  Oxygen  Debt  •  The  amount  of  oxygen  consumed  to  get  the  muscle  cells  and  plasma  back  to  normal  condi2ons  –  Glucose  levels  –  Glycogen  reserves  –  Conver2ng  lac2c  acid  back  to  pyruvic  acid  

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Smooth  Muscle  •  single  cells,  no  stria2ons  •  circular  layer  

arrangement  •  no  sarcomeres  or  

troponin  •  ac2n:myosin  ra2o  =  13:1  •  u2lizes  Ca2+/calmodulin  

mechanism  •  graded  depolariza2ons  •  single  unit  vs  mul2-­‐unit  •  autonomic  innerva2on  

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Smooth  Muscle