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Fight the Light: Reducing Herbicide Dependence with Agronomy
François Tardif, Mike Cowbrough, Peter Smith
2010 – 1 County with glyphosate resistant Canada fleabane
2015 – 28 Counties with glyphosate resistant Canada fleabane
Herbicide Options in Soybean:
• Emerged fleabane MUST be controlled BEFORE PLANTING
• ERAGON + MERGE + SENCOR (216 g/ac) most consistent at doing so
12
73
84
97
0 20 40 60 80 100
glyphosate
plus 2,4-D Ester
plus ERAGON & MERGE
plus ERAGON & MERGE & SENCOR(216 g/ac)
Average Control Achieved
% VISUAL CONTROL
Canada Fleabane – PRE (SOYBEAN)
34
95
99
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
glyphosate
plus 2,4-D Ester
plus ERAGON & MERGE
plus ERAGON & MERGE & SENCOR(216 g/ac)
Highest Control Achieved
% VISUAL CONTROL
Canada Fleabane – PRE (SOYBEAN)
Eragon + Merge
P.H. Sikkema, UofG
2
18
28
92
0 20 40 60 80 100
glyphosate
plus 2,4-D Ester
plus ERAGON & MERGE
plus ERAGON & MERGE & SENCOR(216 g/ac)
Lowest Level of Control Achieved
% VISUAL CONTROL
Canada Fleabane – PRE (SOYBEAN)
Fleabane control with Sencor
Sencor @ 300 g/ac
Sencor @ 450 g/ac
Sencor @ 600 g/ac
P.H. Sikkema, UofG
INFINITY
P.H. Sikkema, UofG
0 20 40 60 80 100
Estaprop
Trophy
2,4-D Ester 700
Infinity
High
Average
Low
% VISUAL CONTROL
Canada Fleabane – POST (WHEAT)
PRE: Dicamba based herbicides (Battalion, Banvel II and Marksman)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Integrity
Callisto + Aatrex
Banvel II
Marksman
High
Average
Low
% VISUAL CONTROL
Canada Fleabane – PRE (CORN)
POST: Banvel II or Marksman
0 20 40 60 80 100
Callisto + Aatrex
Distinct
Pardner + Aatrex
Banvel II
Marksman
High
Average
Low
% VISUAL CONTROL
Canada Fleabane – POST (CORN)
If you have this plant in your fields…
Most effective options for Canada Fleabane
• Soybeans – Eragon + Sencor – applied during the day
• Cereals – Fall applications (Eragon, Infinity) – Spring (Infinity, 2,4-D)
• Corn – Soil applied (Marksman, Integrity, Battalion, Callisto +
Aatrex, Banvel II)
If you’ve never seen this plant…
12
73
84
97
0 20 40 60 80 100
glyphosate
plus 2,4-D Ester
plus ERAGON & MERGE
plus ERAGON & MERGE & SENCOR(216 g/ac)
Average Control Achieved
% VISUAL CONTROL
Canada Fleabane – PRE (SOYBEAN)
Proactive action against resistance is rare, reactive action is the norm…
CWSS 2015
Response to herbicide resistance
Denial
Response to herbicide resistance
Denial
First line of defense
New herbicides
From one herbicide to another
Photos: P. Sikkema
Multiple resistance
New MoA
Cultural Methods
Cultural methods are known…
“There is a need to demonstrate the value of enhanced agronomic practices to combat resistance…”
Rotation trial Low intensity
High intensity
Limited rotation
30” rows
34,000 plants/acre
Spring tilled
15” rows
177,000 plants/acre
Fall and spring vertical tilled
Typical rotation
30” rows
Spring tilled
15” rows
Fall and spring vertical tilled
Short variety
1.5 M seeds/acre
No till
34,000 plants/acre 177,000 plants/acre
High density rotation
75 cm rows
Spring tilled
18 cm rows
No till
Tall variety
1.8 M seeds/acre
No till
Preplant MAP Seed placed MAP
41,000 plants/acre 225,000 plants/acre
“Fight the Light” rotation
75 cm rows
Spring tilled
18 cm rows
No till
Tall variety
1.8 M seeds/acre
No till
Ryegrass/crimson clover Red clover
Preplant MAP Seed placed MAP
41,000 plants/acre 225,000 plants/acre
Light attenuation / soybeans
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
145 165 185 205 225 245 265
Lightex
nconcoefficient
Days
LowPop.,WideRow,NoN
HighPop.Narr.Row,ExtraN
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
145 165 185 205 225 245 265
Ligh
tex
nconcoefficient
Days
LowPop.,WideRow,NoN
HighPop.Narr.Row,ExtraN
2014 2015
Yield / soybeans
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Limited Typical High Density Fight the Light
Yie
ld (
Ton
s/h
a)
Soybeans 2014
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Limited Typical High Density Fight the Light
Yie
ld (
Ton
s/h
a)
Soybeans 2015
Soybeans high density
Soybeans low density
POTASH DEFICIENCY: ~ 60 PPM K (soil test)
Fertility affects canopy closure
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
27-Jun 04-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul 25-Jul 01-Aug 08-Aug 15-Aug 22-Aug
soybean - adequate K
Fertility affects canopy closure
21% in 2015
Reduction in light interception: 40% in 2014
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
145 165 185 205 225 245 265
Lightex
nconcoefficient
Days
LowPop.
HighPop.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
150 170 190 210 230 250
Lightex
nconcoefficient
Days
LowPop.
HighPop.
Light attenuation / corn
2014 2015
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Limited Typical HighDensity FighttheLight
Yield(To
ns/ha)
Corn2014
Yield / corn
34,000 plants/ac– herbicide applied @ 2 leaf Yield: 145 bu/ac
41,000 plants/ac – herbicide applied @ 2 leaf Yield: 155 bu/ac
41,000 plants/ac – herbicide applied @ 2 leaf Seeded with ryegrass + crimson clover at 9 leaf stage
Yield: 152 bu/ac
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
145 165 185 205 225 245
Lightex
nconcoefficient
Days
LowPop.
HighPop.
Light attenuation / wheat
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
145 165 185 205 225 245 265
Lightex
nconcoefficient
Days
LowPop.
HighPop.
2014 2015
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Typical HighDensity FighttheLight
Yield(To
ns/ha)
Wheat2014
Yield / Wheat
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Typical HighDensity FighttheLight
Yield(To
ns/ha)
Wheat2015
*
Summary
Small differences in canopy closure
Summary
No yield impact
Summary Controlling all agronomic factors is important
Conclusions
Not as easy as some say
What else can we do?
• Practices that cost nothing and may provide some benefit to weed management…
51%
Weed biomass reduced by 51%
PLANT EAST/WEST
24% Wheat yields increased by 24%
PLANT EAST/WEST
NIGHT TILLAGE
What else can we do?
• Practices that increase cost of production and may provide a return on investment while decreasing weed populations.
Intensive Management Increased Corn Yield by 24 bu/ac at Elora ON
INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
38,000 plants/acre
Nitrogen calculator rate plus 35-50 lbs N/acre
Fungicide (Priaxor) @ 120 mL/acre applied at silking
2014 Weed Control in Corn Treatments
34,000 plants/acre 41,000 plants/acre
“Reduced weed biomass by 56%”
Warren Schneckenburger, 2015
FUTURE RESEARCH…
Summary Good weed control relies heavily on:
1. Adequate fertility
2. Quick Crop Establishment (crop emerges first)
3. Timely weed control (Tillage or Herbicides)
Keep weed-free: – from emergence to 6 leaf (corn)
– from emergence to 2 trifoliate (soybean)
Summary
• There is no “silver bullet” when it comes to cultural control.
• Seed destruction is an area that shows promise.
Thanks to:
Meghan Grguric Tasha Valente Peter Johnson Horst Bohner Greg Stewart