foundations of individual behavior.ppt

8/14/2019 Foundations of Individual Behavior.ppt

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Biographical Characteristics

Biographical Characteristics

Personal characteristics —such as age, gender, andmarital status —that are objective and easily obtainedfrom personnel records.



Ability, Intellect, and Intelligence

Ability.

Intellectual Ability

The capacity to do mental activities.

Multiple IntelligencesIntelligence contains four subparts:cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.



Which larger shape would

be made if the two

sections are fitted

together?



Choose the number that is 1/4 of 1/2 of 1/5 of200:

2 5 10 25 50



How many four-sided

figures appear in the

diagram below?

10 16 22 25 28



Two ducks and two dogs have a total of fourteenlegs.

True False



Physical Abilities

Physical Abilities

The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina,dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.



Learning

Learning

• Involves change

• Is relatively permanent• Is acquired through experience

Learning Any relatively permanent change in behaviorthat occurs as a result of experience.



THEORIES

• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

•OPERANT CONDITIONING

•SOCIAL LEARNING



Theories of Learning

Key Concepts

• Unconditioned stimulus

• Unconditioned response

• Conditioned stimulus

• Conditioned response

Classical Conditioning A type of conditioning in which an individualresponds to some stimulus that would notordinarily produce such a response.



Theories of Learning (cont’d)

Key Concepts

• Reflexive (unlearned) behavior

• Conditioned (learned) behavior

• Reinforcement

Operant Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which desired voluntarybehavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.




Key Concepts

• Attentional processes

• Retention processes

• Motor reproduction processes

• Reinforcement processes

Social-Learning TheoryPeople can learn through observation and directexperience.




Key Concepts

• Reinforcement is required to change behavior.

• Some rewards are more effective than others.

• The timing of reinforcement affects learningspeed and permanence.

Shaping BehaviorSystematically reinforcing each successive step thatmoves an individual closer to the desired response.



Types of Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement

– Providing a reward for a desired behavior.

Negative reinforcement

– Removing an unpleasant consequence when thedesired behavior occurs.

Punishment

– Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate anundesirable behavior.

Extinction

– Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause itscessation.



Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforced each time it isdemonstrated.

Intermittent Reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to

make the behavior worth repeating but not everytime it is demonstrated.



Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals.

Variable-Interval Schedule

Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constantnumber of responses.

foundations of individual behavior.ppt

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