foundations of individual behavior-prince dudhatra-9724949948
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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N SS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S
E L E V E N T H E D I T I O NE L E V E N T H E D I T I O N
W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N SW W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.All rights reserved. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.All rights reserved.
PowerPoint Presentationby Charlie Cook
PowerPoint Presentationby Charlie Cook
Foundations ofIndividual Behavior
Chapter 2Chapter 2
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Ability and Intelligence
Ability and Intelligence
Ability
An individuals capacity to performthe various tasks in a job.
Intellectual Ability
The capacity to do mental activities.
Physical AbilityThe capacity to do physical activities.
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Number aptitude
Verbal comprehension
Perceptual speed
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Spatial visualization
Memory
Number aptitude
Verbal comprehension
Perceptual speed
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Spatial visualization
Memory
Dimensions of
Intellectual Ability
Dimensions of
Intellectual Ability
E X H I B I T 21
E X H I B I T 21
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Physical Abilities
Physical Abilities
Physical Abilities
The capacity to do tasksdemanding stamina, dexterity,
strength, and similarcharacteristics.
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Ability-JobFit
The Ability-Job Fit
The Ability-Job Fit
EmployeesEmployees
AbilitiesAbilities
Jobs AbilityJobs Ability
RequirementsRequirements
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Biographical Characteristics
Biographical Characteristics
Personal characteristicssuch as
age
Gender
marital status
Race
Social group
Tenure
Religion
Sexual orientation
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LearningLearning
Learning
Involves change
Is relatively permanent
Is acquired through experience
Learning
Involves change
Is relatively permanent
Is acquired through experience
Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behaviorthat occurs as a result of experience.
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Theories of LearningTheories of Learning
Key Concepts
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Key Concepts
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Classical Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individualresponds to some stimulus that would notordinarily produce such a response.
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Theories of Learning (contd)Theories of Learning (contd)
Key Concepts
Reflexive (unlearned) behavior
Conditioned (learned) behavior
Reinforcement
Key Concepts
Reflexive (unlearned) behavior
Conditioned (learned) behavior
Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntarybehavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
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Theories of Learning (contd)Theories of Learning (contd)
Key Concepts
Attentional processes
Retention processes
Motor reproduction processes
Reinforcement processes
Key Concepts
Attentional processes
Retention processes
Motor reproduction processes
Reinforcement processes
Social-Learning Theory
People can learn through observationand direct experience.
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Theories of Learning (contd)Theories of Learning (contd)
Key Concepts
Reinforcement is required to change behavior.
Some rewards are more effective than others.
The timing of reinforcement affects learningspeed and permanence.
Key Concepts
Reinforcement is required to change behavior.
Some rewards are more effective than others.
The timing of reinforcement affects learningspeed and permanence.
Shaping Behavior
Systematically reinforcing each successive step thatmoves an individual closer to the desired response.
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Types of ReinforcementTypes of Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement Providing a reward for a desired behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant consequence when the
desired behavior occurs. Punishment
Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate anundesirable behavior.
Extinction Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its
cessation.
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Schedules of ReinforcementSchedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforcedeach time it is demonstrated.
Intermittent Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced
often enough to make thebehavior worth repeating but notevery time it is demonstrated.
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Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Rewards are spaced atuniform time intervals.
Variable-Interval Schedule
Rewards are initiated after afixed or constant number ofresponses.
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Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)
Fixed-ratio
E X H I B I T 24E X H I B I T 24
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Intermittent Schedules of ReinforcementIntermittent Schedules of Reinforcement
E X H I B I T 25E X H I B I T 25
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Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)
E X H I B I T 25 (contd)E X H I B I T 25 (contd)
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Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification
Five Step Problem-Solving Model
1. Identify critical behaviors
2. Develop baseline data
3. Identify behavioral consequences
4. Develop and apply intervention
5. Evaluate performance improvement
Five Step Problem-Solving Model
1. Identify critical behaviors
2. Develop baseline data
3. Identify behavioral consequences
4. Develop and apply intervention
5. Evaluate performance improvement
OB Mod
The application of reinforcement conceptsto individuals in the work setting.
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OB MOD Organizational ApplicationsOB MOD Organizational Applications
Well Pay versus Sick Pay
Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, notabsence.
Employee Discipline
The use of punishment can be counter-productive.
Developing Training Programs
OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.
Self-management
Reduces the need for external management control.