forging the national economy, 1790–1860
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter14ForgingtheNationalEconomy,1790–1860
I.TheWestwardMovement
– RiseofAndrewJackson,firstpresidentfrombeyondAppalachians,exemplifiedmovementwest
• Late1850s:– HalfofAmericansunderageof30– By1840“demographiccenter”ofpopulationmaphadcrossedAlleghenies(seeMap14.1)
– By1860,ithadcrossedOhioRiver
Map 14-1 p279
I.TheWestwardMovement(cont.)
• LifeacrossOhioRiver:– Downrightgrimformostpioneerfamilies
• Suffereddiseases,depression,andprematuredeath• Unbearableloneliness,especiallyforwomen• Breakdownsandmadnesswerefrequent• Frontierlifecouldbetoughandcrudeformenaswell
I.TheWestwardMovement(cont.)
– Pioneers,maroonedbygeography,wereoftenill-informed,superstitious,provincial,andfiercelyindividualistic.
– Popularliteratureaboundedwithportraitsofunique,isolatedfigures.
– Eveninthesedaysof“ruggedindividualism”therewereexceptions.
– Pioneersrelieduponneighborsforhelpandupongovernmentforinternalimprovements.
II.ShapingtheWesternLandscape
• Westwardmovementmoldedphysicalenvironment:– By1820strappersactiveinvastRockyMountainregion
– Fur-trappingempirebasedonrendezvous(Frenchfor“meeting”)system
– TrappersandIndianscometogethertotradebeaverpeltsformanufacturedgoodsfromEast
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II.ShapingtheWesternLandscape(cont.)
– Beaverallbutdisappearedfromregion– Buffalowerealsoalmostannihilated– OnCaliforniacoast,traderssoughtsea-otterpelts,drivingthemtopointofnear-extinction
• Somehavecalledthisaggressive,heedlessexploitationofWest'snaturalbountyecologicalimperialism.
• YetAmericansreverednatureandadmireditsbeauty– Manyfoundwild,unspoiledcharacterofland,esp.theWest,tobeamongyoungnation'sdefiningattributes
II.ShapingtheWesternLandscape(cont.)
• Americahadpristine,naturalbeauty,unspoiledbyhumanhands– Thisnationalmystiqueinspiredliterature,painting,andapowerfulconservationmovement:
• GeorgeCatlin,painterandstudentofNativeAmericanlife,wasamongthefirsttoadvocatepreservationofnatureasdeliberatenationalpolicy
• Proposedcreationofanationalparkin1830s:– StartedwithYellowstoneParkin1872
III.TheMarchoftheMillions
• AsAmericanpeoplemovedWest,theymultipliedatanamazingrate:– Bymidcentury,populationdoubledeverytwenty-fiveyears(seeFigure14:1)
– By1860,thirteencolonieshadmorethandoubledinnumbers;33starsgracedflag
– U.S.A.wasfourthmostpopulousnationinwesternworld:exceededbyRussia,France,andAustria
Figure 14-1 p281
III.TheMarchoftheMillions(cont.)
• Urbangrowthcontinuedexplosively:– 1790onlytwoAmericancitiesthatcouldboastpopulationsof20,000—Philadelphia,NewYork
– 1860therewere43and300claimedover5,000– NewYorkwasmetropolis;NewOrleans,“QueenoftheSouth;”andChicago,swaggeringlordofMidwest—destinedtobe“hogbutcherfortheworld”
III.TheMarchoftheMillions(cont.)
• Over-rapidurbanizationbroughtundesirableby-products:– Smellyslums,inadequatepolicing,impurewater,foulsewage,ravenousrats,andimpropergarbagedisposal
– Boston(1823)pioneeredsewersystem– NewYork(1842)abandonedwellsandcisternsforpiped-inwatersupply,thuseliminatingbreedingplacefordisease-carryingmosquitoes
III.TheMarchoftheMillions(cont.)
• Highbirthrateaccountedforbiggestincreaseinpopulation,butimmigrationalsohelped:– By1830simmigrationwas60,000ayear– Influxtripledin1840sandthenquadrupledinthe1850s
– During1840sand1850s,>1.5millionIrish,andnearlyasmanyGermanscame(seeTable14.1)
Table 14-1 p281
III.TheMarchoftheMillions(cont.)
• Whydidtheycome?• BecauseEuropeseemedtoberunningoutofroom,had“surpluspeople”
• Majorityheadedfor“landoffreedomandopportunity”
• Newtransoceanicsteamshipsallowedimmigrantstomovespeedilyandcheaply
• UnitedStatesreceivedfarmorediversearrayofimmigrantsthanothercountries
• U.S.A.receivedimmigrantsfromdozensofdifferentnations
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IV.TheEmeraldIsleMovesWest
• Irelandwasdevastatedinmid-1840s:– 2milliondiedasresultofpotatofamine– TensofthousandsfledLandofFamineforLandofPlentyin“BlackForties”
– Ireland'sgreatexporthasbeenpopulation:• JoinedJewsandAfricansasdispersedpeople(see“MakersofAmerica:TheIrish”)
– Manyswarmedintoseaboardcities(e.g.,Boston)
IV.TheEmeraldIsleMovesWest(cont.)
• NewYorkCitybecamelargestIrishcityinworld• Irishdidnotreceivered-carpettreatment• Friendless“famineIrish”forcedtofendforthemselves:
– AncientOrderofHibernians,semisecretsocietyfoundedinIrelandtofightrapaciouslandlords,servedinAmericaasbenevolentsociety,ailingdowntrodden
– HelpedspawnMollyMaguires,shadowyIrishminers'unionthatrockedPennsylvaniacoaldistrictsin1860sand1870s
IV.TheEmeraldIsleMovesWest(cont.)
• IrishconditionsinAmerica:• Tendedtoremaininlow-skilloccupations• Graduallyimprovedtheirlot,usuallybyacquiringmodestamountsofproperty
• Educationofchildrenwasoftencutshort• Propertyownershipcountedasagrand“success”• PoliticsattractedGaelicnewcomers• Gainedcontrolofpowerfulcitymachines,esp.NewYork'sTammanyHall,andreapedpatronagerewards
Iv.TheEmeraldIsleMovesWest(cont.)
• PoliticianstriedtocultivateIrishvote:• Nearlytwomillionarrivedbetween1830and1860—andpoliticiansglimpsedpoliticalgoldinthosepotentialvoters,esp.inpoliticallypotentstateofNewYork
• BecauseIrishhatredofEnglandremainedstrong,politicianswonsupportwithanti-Britishremarks
V.TheGermanForty-Eighters
• InfluxofrefugeesfromGermanyb/t1830and1860hardlylessspectacularthanfromIreland:– >1.5GermanssteppedontoAmericansoil(see“MakersofAmerica:TheGermans”)
– Bulkwereuprootedfarmers– Somewereliberalpoliticalrefugees– Germany'slosswasAmerica'sgain:CarlSchurzbecamerelentlessfoeofslaveryandpubliccorruption
V.TheGermanForty-Eighters(cont.)
• Germans:– Possessedmodestamountofmaterialsgoods– MostpushedtolushlandsofMiddleWest,notablyWisconsinforfarming
– Formedinfluentialbodyofvoterswooedbypoliticians
– LesspotentpoliticallythanIrishsinceweremorewidelyscattered
V.TheGermanForty-Eighters(cont.)
– GermaninfluenceinshapingAmericanlife:• Conestogawagon,Kentuckyrifle,andChristmastreeallGermancontributions
• Supportedpublicschools,includingKindergarten(children'sgarden)
• Promotedmusicandarts• Relentlessenemiesofslavery
V.TheGermanForty-Eighters(cont.)
• Sometimesdubbed“damnedDutchmen”andregardedwithsuspicion:– Seekingtopreservelanguageandcustoms,theysettledincompact“colonies”alooffromsurroundingcommunities
– Accustomedto“ContinentalSunday,”theymademerryonSunday
– TheirOldWorlddrinkinghabitsfurtherspurredadvocatesoftemperance
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VI.Flare-upsofAntiforeignism
• Influxofimmigrantsin1840sand1850sinflamedprejudicesofAmerican“nativists:”– Fearedimmigrantswouldoutbreed,outvote,andoverwhelm“native”stock
– Alsotookjobsfrom“native”Americans– AsRomanCatholicswereregardedbymanyold-lineAmericansasfollowinga“foreign”church
VI.Flare-upsofAntiforeignism(cont.)
• RomanCatholicsonthemove:– ToavoidProtestantindoctrinationinpublicschools,beganin1840stoconstructseparateCatholiceducationalsystem:
• Expensive,revealedstrengthofreligiouscommitment– WithIrishandGermaninflux,Catholicsbecamelargereligiousgroup:
• In1840rankedfifthbehindBaptists,Methodists,PresbyteriansandCongregationalists
VI.Flare-upsofAntiforeignism(cont.)
• Know-NothingParty—organizedby“nativists”forpoliticalaction:– Agitatedforrigidrestrictiononimmigrationandnaturalization
– Agitatedforlawsauthorizingdeportationofalienpaupers
– Promotedluridliteratureofexposure,muchofitpurefiction
– Example:MariaMonk'sAwfulDisclosures
VI.Flare-upsofAntiforeignism(cont.)
• OccasionalmassviolenceagainstCatholics:– Burnedchurchesandschools– Somekilledandwoundedindaysoffighting
• ImmigrantsmadeU.S.A.oneofmostethnicallyandraciallydiversesocietiesinworld.
• Notsurprisingthatculturalclashesoccurred.
VI.Flare-upsofAntiforeignism(cont.)
• Americaneconomy:– Attractedimmigrantsandensuredthemshareofwealthwithoutjeopardizingwealthofothers
– Immigrantshelpedfueleconomicexpansion– ImmigrantsandAmericaneconomyneededeachother
– TogethertheyhelpedbringIndustrialRevolution
VII.CreepingMechanization
• Britishinventorsin1750sperfectedseriesofmachinesformassproductionoftextiles:– HarnessedsteamtousherinmodernfactorysystemofIndustrialRevolution
– Spectaculartransformationinagriculturalproduction
– Aswellasmethodsoftransportationandcommunication
VII.CreepingMechanization (cont.)
• FactorysystemslowlyspreadfromBritain,“theworld'sworkshop”.
• WhywasAmericaslowtoindustrialize?– Landwascheap– Laborwasscarce– Moneyforcapitalinvestmentwasscarce
VIII.WhitneyEndstheFiberFamine
• SamuelSlater—“FatherofFactorySystem”– Aftermemorizingplansformachinery,heescapedtoAmerica
– WonbackingofcapitalistMosesBrown– Reconstructedessentialapparatusin1791– Thusputtogether1stefficientmachineryforspinningcottonthreadinAmerica
– Problemwasaccessingcottonfiber– EliWhitney'scottonginsolvedproblem
VIII.WhitneyEndstheFiberFamine(cont.)
• Momentouseffectsofcottongin:– Plantersclearedmoreandmorelandforcotton– CottonKingdompushedwestward– Insatiabledemandforcottonrivetedchainsofslaverymoretightlyonsouthernblacks
– Yankeemachinesputoutavalanchesoftextiles– America'sIndustrialRevolutionfirstblossomedincottontextiles
VIII.WhitneyEndstheFiberFamine(cont.)
• Factories1stflourishedinNewEngland,thenbranchedouttoNY,NJ,Pennsylvania
• TheSouth:– Increasinglyweddedtogrowingcotton– Littlemanufacturing– Capitalinvestedinslaves– Localconsumersformostpartdesperatelypoor
VIII.WhitneyEndstheFiberFamine(cont.)
• NewEnglandfavoredasindustrialcenterbecause:– Stonysoilmadefarmingdifficultandmanufacturingattractive
– Densepopulationprovidedlaborandmarkets– Seaportsprovidedeasyimportofrawmaterialsandexportoffinishedproducts
– Riversprovidedabundantwaterpower– By1860,>400millionpoundsofsoutherncottonpouredintomills,mostlyinNewEngland
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IX.MarvelsinManufacturing
• Asfactorysystemflourished,itembracedotherindustries.
• ContributionofWhitney'sinterchangeablepartstomanufactureoffirearms:– Basisofmass-production,assembly-linemethods– GaveNorththefactoriesthatensuredmilitarypreponderanceoverSouth
– IronicallyWhitney,byperfectingcottongin,gaveslaveryrenewedleaseonlife
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IX.MarvelsinManufacturing(cont.)
– Sewingmachine:• InventedbyEliasHowein1846• PerfectedbyIsaacSinger• Strongboosttonorthernindustrialization• Foundationofready-madeclothing• Movedsewingfromprivatehomestofactory
IX.MarvelsinManufacturing(cont.)
– Eachnewinventionstimulatedstillmoreimaginativeinventions:
• Decadeendingin1800:only306patentsregistered• Decadeendingin1860:28,000patentsregistered
IX.MarvelsinManufacturing(cont.)
• Keychangesinformandlegalstatusofbusinessorganizations:– Principleoflimitedliabilityaidedconcentrationofcapital
– BostonAssociatescreatedby15Bostonfamilies– Lawsof“freeincorporation”meantbusinessmencouldcreatecorporationswithoutapplyingforindividualchartersfromlegislature
IX.MarvelsinManufacturing(cont.)
• SamuelF.B.Morse:– Inventedtelegraph– Secured$30,000fromCongresstoexperimentwith“talkingwires”
– In1844,strungawire40milesfromWashingtontoBaltimoreandtappedouthistoricmessage,“WhathathGodwrought?”
IX.MarvelsinManufacturing(cont.)
• BytimeofLondonWorld'sFairin1851:– Americanproductswereprominentamongworld'scommercialwonders
– FairgoerscrowdedintoCrystalPalacetosee• McCormick'sreaper• Morse'stelegraph• Colt'sfirearms• CharlesGoodyear'svulcanizedrubbergoods
X.Workersand“WageSlaves”
• Factorysystemcreatedacutelaborproblem.• Manufacturinghadbeendoneinhome:
– Mastercraftsmanandapprenticeworkedtogether
• IndustrialRevolutionsubmergedpersonalassociationintoimpersonalownershipoffactoriesin“spindlecities”surroundedbyhovelsof“wageslaves.”
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X.Workersand“WageSlaves” (cont.)
• Workers'conditions:– Hourslong,wageslow– Mealsskimpyandhastilygulped– Workerstoiledinunsanitarybuildings(poorlyventilated,lighted,heated)
– Forbiddentoformunionstoraisewages– Only24recordedstrikesbefore1835
X.Workersand“WageSlaves” (cont.)
• Exploitationofchildlabor:– In1820,manyofnation'sindustrialtoilerswerechildrenunderten
– Victimsoffactory,childrenwerementallyblighted,emotionallystarved,physicallystunted,andbrutallywhippedinspecial“whippingrooms”
– Slater'smillof1791:firstmachinetendersweresevenboysandtwogirls,allunder12
X.Workersand“WageSlaves” (cont.)
• Lotofadultwageworkersin1820s-1830s:– Manystatesgrantedlaboringmanthevote– Strovetolightenedburdenthroughworkingmen'sparties
– ManyworkersgaveloyaltytoDemocraticPartyofAndrewJackson
– Besides10-hourday,higherwages,andtolerableworkingconditions,workersdemandedpubliceducationandendtoimprisonmentfordebt
X.Workersand“WageSlaves” (cont.)
• Employersfought10-hourday:– Arguedreducedhourswouldlessenproduction,increasecosts,anddemoralizeworkers
– LaborerswouldhavesomuchleisuretimethatDevilwouldleadthemtomischief
– In1840PresidentVanBurenestablishedten-hourdayforfederalemployeesonpublicworks
– Inlateryearsmanystatesbeganreducinghoursofworkingpeople
X.Workersand“WageSlaves” (cont.)
• Daylaborerstriedtoimprovetheirlot:– Strongestweaponwasstrikes– Dozensofstrikeseruptedin1830sand1840s– Soughthigherwages,ten-hourdays,andgoalssuchasrighttosmokeonjob
– Workerslostmorestrikesthantheywon– Employersimportedstrike-breakers– Laborraisedvoiceagainstimmigrants
X.Workersand“WageSlaves” (cont.)
• Labor'sefforttoorganize:– Some300,000tradeunionistsby1830– Declinedasresultofseveredepression,1837– Wonpromisinglegalvictoryin1842inCommonwealthv.Hunt
– Mass.SupremeCourtruledunionsnotillegalconspiracies,providedmethodswere“honorableandpeaceful”
– Casedidnotlegalizerighttostrike
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XI.WomenandtheEconomy
• Womenbecamepartoffactoryproduction:– Factoriesunderminedworkofwomeninhomes– Factoriesofferedworktothosedisplayed– Factoryjobspromisedgreatereconomicindependenceforwomen
– Andmeanstobuymanufacturedproductsofnewmarketeconomy
XI.WomenandtheEconomy(cont.)
• “Factorygirls”toiled6daysaweek,12to13hours“fromdarktodark”
• TextilemillatLowell,Mass.:– WorkersmostlyNewEnglandfarmgirls– Supervisedonandoffjobbywatchfulmatrons– Escortedtochurchfromcompanyboardinghouses– Forbiddentoformunions– Fewoutletstoprotestgruelingworkingconditions
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XI.WomenandtheEconomy(cont.)
• Factoryjobsstillunusualforwomen:– Fewopportunitiestobeeconomicallyself-supporting(mainlynursing,domesticservices,andteaching)
– Teachingprofessionbecame“feminized”asmenleftforotheropportunities
XI.WomenandtheEconomy(cont.)
• Other“opportunities”inhouseholdservice:– Onewhitefamilyintenemployedpoorwhite,immigrant,orblackwomen
– 10%ofwhitewomenworkedoutsidehome– 20%ofallwomenemployedatsometimebeforemarriage
– Vastmajorityofworkingwomensingle– Uponmarriage,leftjobtobecomewivesandmothers,withoutwages
XI.WomenandtheEconomy(cont.)
• Cultofdomesticity:– Widespreadculturalcreedthatglorifiedcustomaryfunctionsofhomemaker
– Marriedwomencommandedmoralpowerandincreasinglymadedecisionsthatalteredcharacteroffamilyitself
– Women'schangingroles:• IndustrialRevolutionchangedlifeinhomeofnineteenth-century:traditional“women'ssphere”
XI.WomenandtheEconomy(cont.)
• Love,notparental“arrangement”determinedchoiceofspouse—yetparentsretainedpowerofveto
• Familiesbecamemorecloselyknitandaffectionate• Providedemotionalrefugeagainstthreateningimpersonalityofbig-cityindustrialism
• Familiesgrewsmaller• “Fertilityrate”droppedforwomenb/tage14and45• Birthcontrolstilltaboo,butwomenplayedlargepartinhavingfewerchildren
IX.WomenandtheEconomy(cont.)
• Newlyassertiverolehasbeencalled“domesticfeminism”• Smallerfamiliesmeantchild-centeredfamilies• WhatEuropeanssawinAmericanfamiliesaspermissivenesswasconsequenceofnewideaofchild-rearing:
– Child'swillwasnotsimplybroken,butrathershaped• Goodcitizensraisednottobemeeklyobedient,buttobeindependentindividuals,makingdecisionsoninternalizedmorals
IX.WomenandtheEconomy(cont.)
• Emergingoutlinesof“modern”family:– Small,affectionate,andchild-centered– Providedspecialareafortalentsofwomen– Bigimprovementfromearlierconditionsofgrindingtoil—oftenalongsidemeninfields
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XII.WesternFarmersReapaRevolutionintheFields
• FlourishingfarmschangedfaceofWest:– Trans-Alleghenyregion—esp.Ohio-Indiana-Illinoistier—fastbecomingnation'sbreadbasket
• Beforelong,wouldbecomegranarytoworld– Pioneerfamilieshackedclearingoutofforest– Thenplantedcornfields– Yellowgrainamazinglyversatile
XII.WesternFarmersReapaRevolutionintheFields(cont.)
– MostwesternproductsfirstmovedbyOhio-MississippiRivers
– Inventionshelpedfarmers:• JohnDeerein1837producedasteelplowthatbrokestubbornsoil:
– Lightenoughtobepulledbyhorses,ratherthanoxen• 1830CyrusMcCormickinventedmechanicalmower-reaper
– Coulddoworkof5menwithsicklesandscythes– TowesternfarmerswhatcottonginwastoSouth
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XII.WesternFarmersReapaRevolutionintheFields(cont.)
• McCormickreaper:– Madeambitiouscapitalistsoutofhumbleplowmen– Subsistencefarminggavewaytolarge-scalefoodproduction– Specialized,cash-cropagriculturecametodominatetrans-AlleghenyWest
– Withitfollowedmountingindebtedness– Wantedmorelandandmoremachinery– DreamedofnewmarketsinmushroomingfactorytownsofEastoracrossAtlantic
– However,stilllandlocked—neededtransportationrevolution
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McCormick Reaper Works, 1850s Contrast this hectic scene of “mass production” with the simple workplace depicted in “The Wheelwright’s Shop” on p. 293.
XIII.HighwaysandSteamboats
– In1789,whenConstitutionlaunched,primitivemethodsoftravelstilldominated:
• Waterbornetravelslow,uncertain,oftendangerous• Stagecoachesandwagonslurchedoverbone-shakingroads
• Cheap,efficienttransportationincreasinglyneeded• In1790s,privatecompanycompletedprofitableLancasterTurnpikeinPennsylvania,running62milesfromPhiladelphiatoLancaster
XIII.HighwaysandSteamboats(cont.)
• Asdriverapproachedtollgate,theyconfrontedbarrierofsharppikes,whichwereturnedasidewhentollpaid(hence,turnpike)
• Westernroadbuilding,alwaysexpensive,encounteredmanyobstacles:
– Noisystates'rightersopposedfederalaidtolocalprojects– Easternstatesprotestedagainstbeingbledofpopulationsbywestward-reachingarteries
– Westernersscoredkeytriumphin1811whenfederalgovernmentstartedconstructionofNationalRoad—knownasCumberlandRoad
XIII.HighwaysandSteamboats(cont.)
• RobertFultonstartedsteamboatcraze:– InstalledpowerfulsteamengineonClermont:
• In1807,itwentfromNewYorkCityupHudsonRivertoAlbany—150milesin32hours
• Successofsteamboatwassensational• FultonchangedallofAmerica'snavigablestreamsintotwo-wayarteries,doublingcarryingcapacity
• (1820):60steamboatsonMississippiandtributaries• (1860):1,000
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XIII.HighwaysandSteamboats(cont.)
– April1865,steamerSultanaexplodedkilling1,700passengers
– SteamboatsplayedvitalroleinopeningWestandSouth
XIV.“Clinton'sBigDitch”inNewYork
• Canal-cuttingcrazeparalleledboominturnpikesandsteamboats(seeMap14.2):– NewYorkers,deniedfederalaidbystates'righters,fundedErieCanalthemselvestolinkGreatLakeswithHudsonRiver
– DrivingleadershipofGovernorDeWittClinton– Projectcalled“Clinton'sBigDitch”or“Governor'sGutter”
Map 14-2 p300
XIV.“Clinton'sBigDitch”inNewYork(cont.)
• Begunin1817,canalstretched363milesfromBuffaloonLakeErie,toHudsonRiver,ontoNewYorkharbor
• Shippingspedupascost/timedroppedsignificantly– Othereconomicripples
• Valueoflandalongrouteskyrocketedandnewcities,RochesterandSyracuse,blossomed
• NewprofitabilityoffarminginOldNorthwest—Ohio,Michigan,Indiana,IllinoisattractedEuropeanimmigrants
• Cleveland,Detroit,andChicagogrewinsize
XIV.“Clinton'sBigDitch”inNewYork(cont.)
– DispiritedNewEnglandfarmersabandonedrockyholdingsandwentelsewhere
– WithErieCanal,easytogowestandtakeupfarmingsouthofGreatLakes
– TransformationinNortheast—canalconsequences—showedhowlong-establishedlocalmarketstructurescouldbechangedbyemergingbehemothofcontinentaleconomy
– AmericangoodsalsoaffectinternationalmarketasEuropeansbegantofeeleffectsofAmericanexports
XV.TheIronHorse– Developmentofrailroad:
• Fast,reliable,cheaperthancanalstoconstruct,andnotfrozenoverinwinter
• Abletogoanywhere—itdefiedterrainandweather• Firstrailroadappearedin1828andnewlinesspreadswiftly
• Facedstrongoppositionfromcanalbuilders• Otherobstacles:
– Brakessofeeblethatengineersmightmissstation– Arrivalsanddepartureswereconjectural– Differencesingaugerequiredpassengerstomakefrequentchangesoftrains
XV.TheIronHorse(cont.)
• Improvementscame:– Gaugesgraduallybecamestandard– Safetydevicesadopted– Pullman“sleepingpalace”introducedin1859
• Americaatlonglastboundtogetherwithbracesofiron,latertobemadeofsteel
Map 14-3 p301
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XVI.Cables,Clippers,andPonyRiders
– OtherformsoftransportationandcommunicationlinkedUnitedStatesandworld:
• CyrusFieldin1858:– Called“thegreatestwire-pullerinhistory,”stretchedacablefromNewfoundlandtoIreland
– Aheaviercablein1866permanentlylinkedAmericanandEuropeancontinents
• DonaldMcKaydevelopednewclipperships– Sacrificedcargospaceforspeed– Theirhourofglorywasrelativelybrief
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XVI.Cables,Clippers,andPonyRiders(cont.)
• EveofCivilWar,Britishsteamerswonraceformaritimeascendancy:
– Steadier,roomier,morereliable–thusmoreprofitable• Stagecoaches:
– ImmortalizedbyMarkTwain'sRoughingIt– TheirdustytracksstretchedfrombanksofmuddyMissouriRivercleartoCalifornia(seeMap14.4)
• PonyExpress(1860):– Carriedmailspeedilythe2,000milesfromSt.Joseph,MissouritoSacramento,California;tendaytrip
– Lastedonly18months
Map 14-4 p303
XVI.Cables,Clippers,andPonyRiders(cont.)
• ExpressridersunhorsedbyMorse'sclackingkeys– BeganmessagestoCaliforniain1861
• Swiftshipsandfleetponiesusheredoutadyingtechnologyofwindandmuscle
• Infuture,machineswoulddominate
XVII.TheTransportWebBindstheUnion
– Transportationrevolution:• StimulatedbydesireofEasttotapWest
– Westernriversdrainedsouthwardtocottonbelt– SteamboatsreversedflowbybringingfinishedgoodstoWestandhelpedbindWestandSouthtogether
– ThreedecadesbeforeCivilWar,canalsandrailroadsfromEasttiedseaboardwithblossomingheartland
– Impressivegridof“internalimprovements”established• By1860,atrulycontinentaleconomyhademerged
XVII.TheTransportationWebBindstheUnion(cont.)
– Divisionoflaborappliedonanationallevel– Eachregionspecializedinparticulartypeofeconomicactivity
» Southraisedcotton» Westgrewgrainandlivestock» Eastmademachinesandtextiles
• Economicpatternhadfatefulpoliticalandmilitaryimplications:
– ManysouthernersregardedMississippiasachainlinkinguppervalleystatestosouthernCottonKingdom
– Theybelievedsomeorallofthesestateswouldsecedewiththemorbestrangled
XVII.TheTransportationWebBindstheUnion(cont.)
– Theyoverlookedman-madelinksthatboundupperMississippiValleytoEast
– Southernrebelswouldnotonlyhaveto» fightNorthernarmies» Alsotightbondsofinterdependentcontinentaleconomy
– Economically,twonortherlysectionswereconjoinedtwins
XVIII.TheMarketRevolution– MarketRevolution:
• Transformedsubsistenceeconomyofscatteredfarmsandtinyworkshopsintonationalnetworkofindustryandcommerce(seeMap14.5)
• Greatermechanizationandrobustmarket-orientedeconomyraisednewlegalquestions:
– Howtightlyshouldpatentsprotectinventions?– Shouldgovernmentregulatemonopolies?– Whoshouldowntechnologiesandnetworks?
• ChiefJusticeJohnMarshall'sCourtprotectedcontractrightsbyrequiringstatestograntirrevocablecharters
Map 14-5 p305
XVIII.TheMarketRevolution (cont.)
• Monopolieseasilydevelopedandnewcompaniesfounditdifficulttobreakintomarkets
• ChiefJusticeRogerTaneyargued“rightsofthecommunity”outweighedexclusivecorporaterights:
– Hisdecisionencouragedgreatercompetition– Sodidpassageofmoreliberalstateincorporationlaws
• Self-sufficienthouseholdsofearlierweretransformed:– Nowfamiliesscatteredtoworkforwagesinfactories– Orplantedjustafewcropsforsaleatmarket– Usedmoneytobuygoodsmadebystrangersinfar-offfactories
XVIII.TheMarketRevolution (cont.)
– Store-boughtproductsreplacedhomemadeproducts– Changeddivisionoflaborandstatusinhousehold– Traditionalwomen'sworkrenderedsuperfluousanddevalued
– Homegrewintoplaceofrefugefromworldofworkthatincreasinglybecamespecialandseparatesphereofwomen
• Revolutionaryadvancesinmanufacturingandtransportationbroughtincreasedprosperity:
– Widenedgulfbetweenrichandpoor– Newexamplesofcolossaleconomicsuccess– JohnJacobAstorleftestateof$30millionin1848
XVIII.TheMarketRevolution (cont.)
• Citiesbredgreatestextremesofeconomicinequality:– Unskilledworkersfaredworst;“drifted”fromcitytocity– Theseworkersaccountedforupto½thepopulationofnewindustrialcenters
– WereforgottenmenandwomenofAmericanhistory• Manymythsabout“socialmobility:”
– MobilitydidexistinindustrializingAmerica– Rags-torichessuccessstoriesrelativelyfew– Americandidprovidemore“opportunity”thanelsewhere– MillionsofimmigrantsheadedforNewWorldshores– Generalprosperitydefusedpotentialclassconflict
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