Ch 14 PPTCh 14 PPT: : Forging the National Economy Forging the National Economy

1790-18601790-1860

Tmwk Ch 14Tmwk Ch 141. Pg 288 Describe how the frontier

looked in the 1830s.2. Pg 290 Population Graph: Write two

trends or patterns you see from the graph.

3. Pg 290 What is the bottom map showing?

Western DemographicsWestern Demographics• By 1840 - demographic center of American

population had crossed over the Alleghenies.• 1850 - half of Americans under age 30.• Pioneer Americans: ill-informed, superstitious,

had rugged individualism• Ralph Waldo Emerson: lecturer, essayist, poet;

Wrote “Self-Reliance” • Frontier life very difficult: Poorly fed, poor

housing, disease, premature death, loneliness, isolation.

Use of Western LandsUse of Western Lands • Tobacco exhausted soil, so moved west.• Kentucky: After burning the tough sugar cane,

European bluegrass (Kentucky bluegrass) grew-was good for grazing livestock.

• “Rendezvous” system of trade: traders went to Rocky Mt Valley to trade goods for beaver pelts.

• Trade in buffalo robes and annihilation of bison herds

• Painter George Catlin: proposed creation of national park - Yellowstone Park

Movement of MillionsMovement of Millions• Pop. doubling every 25 years: due to high birth

rate and increased immigration in 1840s and beyond

• Quick urbanization: slums, inadequate policing, impure water, foul sewage, improper garbage disposal

• Why do so many immigrate?– 1840’s Potato Famine in Ireland– “Surplus” of people in Europe– Land of freedom and opportunity - rights and

religion – Transoceanic steamships made voyage

shorter.

TmwkTmwk4. Pg 292 Read the two letters: Describe the

experience of immigrants in the mid 1800’s.

Irish ImmigrantsIrish Immigrants• Potato famine in Ireland: 2 million people died• Irish Catholics immigrated to Boston and NY –

largest Irish city in the world.• Irish experience: Lived in slums, scorned by

the older “American stock” – especially Protestants; worked on railroads and in kitchens; mostly low skill occupations

• “Molly Maguires”: Irish miner’s union• Gain control of powerful citymachines, ie NY TammanyHall – patronage rewards

Tammany Hall: Patronage Tammany Hall: Patronage • Democratic Party political machine: played a

major role in controlling NY City & NY State politics. Controlled Democratic Party nominations and political patronage in Manhattan (ie mayoral victory)

• Helped Irish immigrants rise up in American politics from 1790s- 1960s.

German ImmigrantsGerman Immigrants• Why immigrate? Crop failures, political

refugees, other hardships• Where? Wisconsin• German contributions to American society:

Conestoga wagon, Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree.

• Against slavery• Supported public schools

Anti-ForeignismAnti-Foreignism• Nativists: against immigrants – fear of being

out-voted, outbred, ousted from jobs• American nativists formed Order of Star-

Spangled Banner - became “Know-Nothing Party. This secret group worked for restriction on immigration & naturalization and deportation of alien paupers.

• 1840s Roman Catholics: created a separate Catholic educational system. By 1850, Catholics outnumbered all other denominations

• Violence: attacks on Catholic convents, schools, churches.

TmwkTmwk5. Pg 300 Who built America’s first textile mill?

What state was it located?6. Pg 300 What kind of machine was the “mule”?7. Pg 301 Caption Name two effects of Eli

Whitney’s cotton gin.8. Pg 301 Quote What was it like to work in a

factory in 1836?

Inventions & IndustrializationInventions & Industrialization• Samuel Slater: “Father of American Factory

System” – He brought British textile technology to America and designed the 1st textile mills.

• Eli Whitney: invented cotton gin - separated cotton seeds from cotton fibers. (50 x’s more effective than by hand) Now Cotton is King!

• Growing of cotton increased due to high profitability and furthered increase use of slaves.

• American phase of Industrial Revolution 1st started with cotton textiles.

• Factories in New England – Soil not good for farming, seaports made shipping easy, water power from river.

• South had little manufacturing.

TMWKTMWK9. Pg 310 What was the mechanical

reaper used the best for?10. Pg 310 Name four states where the

Cumberland National Road crossed.

Inventions Inventions ContCont• Eli Whitney: made machine parts that are alike =

interchangeable parts (adopted 1850) - became basis of modern mass production - assembly line production.

• Elias Howe: sewing machine – ready made clothing, drove seamstresses to factory work.

• Samuel Morse: telegraph (Morse Code): revolutionized news gathering, diplomacy, finance.

• John Deere: 1837 steel plow to till soil. Light enough to be pulled by horses.

• Cyrus McCormick: 1830s mechanical mower-reaper for harvesting - new machinery = increased debts

King Cotton (don’t write) King Cotton (don’t write) • 50 times more

effective than handpicking seeds out.

• Cotton in the South was spun in mills in the North

• New England had the textile mills

Life of Factory WorkerLife of Factory Worker• Factory System led to labor problems: Long

hours, low wages, skimpy meals, unsanitary buildings, unsafe conditions

• Labor unions forbidden• Child labor

– Children under 10 are working– “Whipping rooms” – corporal punishment– Spurred need for public education

Life of Factory Worker Life of Factory Worker Cont.Cont.• 1820s - states granted laboring man the

vote.• 1840 - Pres Van Buren established 10 hr.

work day for federal employees on public works.

• Commonwealth v. Hunt - Supreme Crt case ruled labor unions were not illegal conspiracies if peaceful and honorable.

Ladies in FactoriesLadies in Factories• Factory work replaced handmade production• Mostly single “Factory girls” worked 6 days a week,

12-13 hrs a day.• 20% had worked before marriage• “Cult of domesticity” – Women’s focus should be

marriage, children, being home makers• “Domestic feminism” – growing power and

independence of women.

Cause/Effect: Fertility rate (# of births) dropped sharply after Industrial Revolution

TmwkTmwk11. Pg 312-313 What types of

transportation developed in the United States in the 1800s?

12. Pg 313 Where were most of the railroads located in the 1850s?

Improvement in TransportationImprovement in Transportation• 1790s - Lancaster Turnpike toll road completed in PA –

hard-surfaced highway. (Cumberland Road: 1852)• Led to canvas covered

Conestoga wagon• Robert Fulton invents

steamboat (Clermont)• Governor Clinton digs

Erie Canal, linking Great Lakes and Hudson River (boom in industry, new cities)

• ‘Iron Horse’ – 1828 Railroad = faster, more reliable, cheaper than the rest (1860 - 30,000 miles)

Improvements in transportation stimulated western development

Cost of shipping decreased

TmwkTmwk13. Pg 318 Map What types of industry

were located in the North? 14. Pg 318 Map What types of

agriculture and livestock were located in the South?

Market (Industrial) RevolutionMarket (Industrial) Revolution• Transformed America from a subsistence economy

of the Antebellum Era (pre Civil War) to a national network of industry and commerce

• Big business brought new problems for federal and state governments

• Family structures changed as a result of industrial work

• Polarity between rich and poor became heightened