14- Forging the National economy 1790-1860

14- Forging the National economy 1790-1860Economic & Social RevolutionU.S. population growsAdvancements in transportation leads to:Creation of market economy, 1820-1860Regional Economies1. West grows grains2. East Industrial Powerhouse3. South Plantation economies

Transportation Revolution1820 emphasis on building roads, canalsTo facilitate movement & trade

The SteamboatInvented by Robert Fulton & Robert Livingston, Clermont 1807Establish New York- New Jersey Ferry service Monopoly!

Gibbons v. OgdenSupreme Court has constitutional power to regulate interstate commerceAlso applies to navigationBreaks up monopolyErie Canal

Constructed 1817-1825Linked Great Lakes to Hudson River363 miles longNew York - Ohio

The Erie Canal1. Facilitated shipping of goods2. Shipping costs dropped = more business3. Brings mid-west products to Atlantic ports4. Growth of port cites along canal routes5. Promoted Migration along route6. New York Grew overnightCanalsBuilt by state governmentsReduced shipping costscanal building boom 1820s-1830sThanks to Erie Canal SuccessRailroadsBy 1830 investment in railroads huge!Cheaper to build, faster, can reach more placesCanals built by state fundingRailroads built by private corporations

Growth of CitiesTransportation sped the growth of cities & townsMost rapid urbanization between 1820-1860

Prominent Cities EmergeNear waterways, canals, railroads.After 1820: gain importanceRiver ports: Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Louisville, St Louis, New OrleansLake Cities: Buffalo (NY), Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee

Industrial BeginningsCH14Samuel SlaterBritish ImmigrantArrived in U.S. 1789Helped design 1st cotton mill

Shift to a Market EconomyAn economic system that allows for1. Freedom of consumer to choose between products & services2.Freedom of producer to start or expand business3. Freedom of worker to choose job & employer

Prior to Market EconMost People worked at homeGrew own foodMade clothOwn necessities

Change Market Revolutionpeople increasingly work outside homeFactoriesBusinessesOther peoples farms

Greater Productivity = More ProfitIndustrial Capitalism expanding factories, investing new businessesFactory System- workers & machines under control of managers

Textile Mills, North

Example: Lowell, MassachusettsRecruits young, single women to work in factories

Why?Cheaper laborFamiliar with cloth making

Waltham & Lowell Textile MillsLowell Girls - operatives (operadoras)12 hour shifts

No ventilation, dangerous machinery, no breaks.No labor or safety laws

Why Work in Factories?Shelter provided - Live in company boardinghousesIndependenceLeave farm move to cityHelp out family economically

Child LaborAs young as 6 yrs old2 out of 5 factory workers in New England children (1830s)Also work in Mines12 + hour shifts

Conclusion: 1820-18601. Expansion of white settlement out west2. Transportation facilitates movement of people goods3. Creation of a Market economy4. Early Industrialization5. Early Urban Growth

Chapter 15 APUSHThe Ferment of Reform & CultureRise of Popular ReligionThe Second Great Awakening a revival of interest in religionUnity amongst various Protestant denominationsOpen air sermons

1. Charles G. FinneyReligious conversion in 1821Becomes Presbyterian MinisterFather of modern revivalism

Charles G. Finneys Beliefs1. Revivals are human creations2. Sin is a voluntary act3. Human can will themselves free of all sinEvangelical Protestantism

2. William MillerThe end of the world is near!! cites the BiblePredicts World would end October 22, 1844Followers: Millerites

3. MethodistsSuccessful along frontierBy 1844 largest Protestant denominationPreachers preach in houses, open fields, not churches.

4. Unitarianscritics of revival movementEach should model his/her behavior after JesusAnd achievethe perfection of human nature the elevation of men into higher beings

5. Mormons Founder: Joseph SmithChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsKilled in 1844 Brigham Young later moved congregation further west - UTAHFounder of Salt Lake City, Utah 1847

AGE OF REFORMAPUSH CH 15REFORM MOVEMENTSOrganizations aim to improve society:1. Temperance2. Public School Reform3. Better treatment of criminals & insane4. Womens rights5. Abolition

1. Temperance MovementBy 1820s the average male adult drank pint of liquor a day!!!Men buy liquor instead of food, spousal abuseThe American Temperance Society, 1834

2. Public School Reform Late 1800sCompulsory Elementary educationLiteracy Rates rise to 90% by 1900sHorace Mann:Secretary of Massachusetts state board of education, 1837father of public education

3. Abolition & Womens RightsSociety deems race and gender as unequalWhite middle class women join abolition movements

4. Crime & PenitentiariesParents are responsible for raising criminalsLack of disciplineCriminals can be cured and can repent1. New York System: prisoners work together by day are Solitary Confinement - small windowless cell by night.

2. Pennsylvania System:Prisoners in solitary confinement at all timesKept isolated form others, including visitors.

5. Mental AsylumsDorothea Dix pioneered the rights of the insaneEncouraged the construction of insane asylumsHumane treatment

Immigration 1840s -1860sIrish Immigrants 1840sLargest group : 1.9 millionWhy:? Poverty, hunger (potato famine)Settled Northern Cities, In Poor slums

Willing to work :Lowest paying jobsBuilding canals, railroads, mining, factories, garbage collectorCatholic- establish churches

German Immigrants2nd largest group of immigrants1.5. Million arrived 1831-1860Skilled labor: bakers, butchers, tailors

Mostly Protestant (Lutheran)1/3 Catholic250,000 JewishSettled in northern cities & Rural areas

NativismNative born Americans View immigrants as: socially inferiorpolitically corruptNativism- favoring native born Americans over foreign bornNativists responded to increased Irish & German immigration with violence, demands for limits on immigrant rights