forging the national economy: 1790-1860 ap us history

Forging the National Forging the National Economy: 1790-1860Economy: 1790-1860

AP US HISTORYAP US HISTORY

The Westward MovementThe Westward Movement

The Westward Movement The Westward Movement Cont’dCont’d

DemographicsDemographics People are youngPeople are young

By 1850 ½ population is under 30yrsBy 1850 ½ population is under 30yrs

They are restless and energetic = focused on They are restless and energetic = focused on West.West.

WHY?WHY?

OPPORTUNITYOPPORTUNITY

Shaping Western LandscapeShaping Western Landscape

• Western movement molded physical Western movement molded physical environmentenvironment

1.1. Land ExhaustionLand Exhaustion Tobacco = barren/rain gutted fieldsTobacco = barren/rain gutted fields

2.2. Kentucky bluegrassKentucky bluegrass

3.3. AnimalsAnimals Beaver and Bison are hunted to near extinction.Beaver and Bison are hunted to near extinction. Ecological ImperialismEcological Imperialism

Shaping Western Landscape Shaping Western Landscape Cont’dCont’d

• Nature has breed a spirit of Nature has breed a spirit of nationalismnationalism and and reverencereverence

America is very uniqueAmerica is very unique

1.1. Inspired poets, writers and paintersInspired poets, writers and painters

2.2. George Catlin (painter/student of Native George Catlin (painter/student of Native American Life) proposed national parksAmerican Life) proposed national parks

March of the MillionsMarch of the Millions

As westward expansion occurred As westward expansion occurred populationpopulation

Population 2x every 25yrsPopulation 2x every 25yrs

33 states by 186033 states by 1860

Urban growth boomedUrban growth boomed In 1790 two cities had population of 25,000In 1790 two cities had population of 25,000 1860 there are 43 1860 there are 43

March of the MillionsMarch of the Millions

Negatives of over-rapid urbanizationNegatives of over-rapid urbanization

1.1. slumsslums

2.2. bad street lighting (crime)bad street lighting (crime)

3.3. inadequate policing (crime)inadequate policing (crime)

4.4. impure waterimpure water

5.5. foul sewagefoul sewage

6.6. ratsrats

7.7. bad garbage disposal (hogs still roamed streets bad garbage disposal (hogs still roamed streets until 1840’s)until 1840’s)

ImmigrationImmigration

Why Did they come?Why Did they come?1.1. Europe was running out of roomEurope was running out of room

2.2. Land of Freedom (from aristocrats) and Land of Freedom (from aristocrats) and opportunityopportunity

3.3. Cheap landCheap land

4.4. Faster/easier transportation (trans-Faster/easier transportation (trans-Atlantic ships) (Fast/Cheap)Atlantic ships) (Fast/Cheap) 10-12 days instead of 10-12 weeks10-12 days instead of 10-12 weeks

Immigration Cont’dImmigration Cont’d

5. Potato Famine (Irish) mid 1840’s “black 5. Potato Famine (Irish) mid 1840’s “black forties”forties”

• Irish are poor = urbanIrish are poor = urban• Disliked b/c they took jobs and drove down Disliked b/c they took jobs and drove down

wageswages• Worked low skill jobsWorked low skill jobs• Were involved in Politics (Tammany Hall) Were involved in Politics (Tammany Hall) • Made up large amounts of the police forceMade up large amounts of the police force

Immigration Cont’dImmigration Cont’d

• 6. Collapse of Democratic Revolutions 6. Collapse of Democratic Revolutions (Germany)(Germany)

Well educated (compared to Americans)Well educated (compared to Americans) Had moneyHad money Brought much to AmericaBrought much to America

Christmas treeChristmas tree Conestoga WagonConestoga Wagon Kentucky RifleKentucky Rifle

Flare-Ups of Anti-Flare-Ups of Anti-ForeignismForeignism

The invasion of immigrants brought The invasion of immigrants brought FEARFEAR to America. to America.

They feared they would be They feared they would be OutbreedOutbreed OutvotedOutvoted OverwhelmedOverwhelmed


Biggest issues in the minds of AmericansBiggest issues in the minds of Americans

1.1. Immigrants took JobsImmigrants took Jobs

2.2. Mass ViolenceMass Violence Violence not as frequent because economy was Violence not as frequent because economy was

good.good. Americans need manpower/brainpower of Americans need manpower/brainpower of

immigrants.immigrants.

3.3. They were Roman CatholicThey were Roman Catholic Still considered a foreign religionStill considered a foreign religion


Know Nothing Party-Know Nothing Party-party of party of nativistsnativists who wanted rigid restrictions who wanted rigid restrictions on immigration and naturalization. on immigration and naturalization.

Where have we seen this in the past?Where have we seen this in the past?

Alien and Sedition Acts (Anti-France)Alien and Sedition Acts (Anti-France)

Review Warm-upReview Warm-up

The Westward movement was The Westward movement was marked by which president? Why?marked by which president? Why?

What was pioneer life like according What was pioneer life like according to the text?to the text?

Creeping MechanizationCreeping Mechanization

Industrial Revolution hit Britain in 1750 when Industrial Revolution hit Britain in 1750 when a series of machines were made to mass a series of machines were made to mass produce textiles. (10,000x human power).produce textiles. (10,000x human power).

The Factory System gradually spread. The Factory System gradually spread.

Industrial Revolution-Industrial Revolution-refers to a change from refers to a change from hand and home production to machine and hand and home production to machine and factory.factory.

In the US from 1807-1870In the US from 1807-1870

Creeping Mechanization Creeping Mechanization Cont’dCont’d

Why was America, perfect to become Why was America, perfect to become industrial giant, so slow to embrace it?industrial giant, so slow to embrace it?

1.1. Cheap LandCheap Land

2.2. Scarce labor for factories until immigration.Scarce labor for factories until immigration.

3.3. No investors in pioneer AmericaNo investors in pioneer America

4.4. Couldn’t produce cheaply enough to Couldn’t produce cheaply enough to competecompete

5.5. British kept textile machinery a secret.British kept textile machinery a secret.

Whitney Ends the Fiber Whitney Ends the Fiber FamineFamine

Samuel Slater Samuel Slater “Father of the Factory System”“Father of the Factory System”

Brought secret textile machinery plans from Brought secret textile machinery plans from England. England.

Backed by a wealthy RI Quaker (capital)Backed by a wealthy RI Quaker (capital) Created an efficient machine to spin cotton thread.Created an efficient machine to spin cotton thread.

Now we had machinery but where was the Now we had machinery but where was the cotton?cotton?

Still slowly picked by hand in Still slowly picked by hand in SouthSouth


Eli WhitneyEli Whitney Cotton gin (1807)Cotton gin (1807)- efficient way to harvest

cotton (50x more (50x more effective then hand then hand separating)separating)

Cotton now becomes very profitableCotton now becomes very profitable Provided up to 80% to the crucial British market.Provided up to 80% to the crucial British market.

Strengthens the South’s need for SlavesStrengthens the South’s need for Slaves Slaves are sill needed to pick the cotton from fields.Slaves are sill needed to pick the cotton from fields.

Encyclopedia.com

History.com


FactoriesFactories Stayed mainly in the Northeast near seaports.Stayed mainly in the Northeast near seaports. WHY?WHY?

Bad soilBad soil Dense population (Labor)Dense population (Labor) Capital from shipping industryCapital from shipping industry Seaports made it easy to import raw materialsSeaports made it easy to import raw materials Rivers provided water power for machines.Rivers provided water power for machines.

South is still tied to profitable agricultureSouth is still tied to profitable agriculture

Marvels in ManufacturingMarvels in Manufacturing

American manufacturing spread slowly until American manufacturing spread slowly until 1807. 1807.

Forced to due to embargos, War of 1812, etc. Forced to due to embargos, War of 1812, etc.

What happened after the War of 1812 What happened after the War of 1812 which helped bolster American Industry?which helped bolster American Industry?

Henry Clay’s “American System”Henry Clay’s “American System”


Factories began to flourish in US as other Factories began to flourish in US as other industries in addition to textiles were industries in addition to textiles were embraced.embraced.

Eli Whitney began to mass produce rifles for Eli Whitney began to mass produce rifles for the US armythe US army

Interchangeable parts made them easy to fixInterchangeable parts made them easy to fix

IMPORTANCE: This became the basis for the IMPORTANCE: This became the basis for the modern day assembly line. modern day assembly line.

Civil War ImplicationsCivil War Implications

IRONIC: IRONIC: Eli Whitney gave slavery a revival Eli Whitney gave slavery a revival in South w/ cotton gin but also helped in South w/ cotton gin but also helped factories flourish in North w/ the idea of factories flourish in North w/ the idea of interchangeable parts. interchangeable parts.

North will have huge advantage over South (Civil North will have huge advantage over South (Civil War)War)


Other Machines of noteOther Machines of note Sewing machine (Elias Howe 1846, Isaac Sewing machine (Elias Howe 1846, Isaac

Singer perfected it)Singer perfected it)

Telegraph (Samuel F.B. Morse)Telegraph (Samuel F.B. Morse)

W6mtc.org

Workers and “Wage Workers and “Wage Slaves”Slaves”

So what were factories like for So what were factories like for workers?workers?

Up to this point labor had been done in the Up to this point labor had been done in the home or small shop.home or small shop.

In factory systems the profits were not In factory systems the profits were not spread evenly.spread evenly.

This widens the gap between poor and wealthyThis widens the gap between poor and wealthy

Workers and “Wage Slaves”Workers and “Wage Slaves”

Factory Workers CapitalistsTough conditions, long hours, little pay6 days a week, 12-13hr days.

Wealthy

Child labor, poor, women Thought reduced hours would lessen production, increase cost and demoralize workers.

Democrats Republican

Pro-unionCommonwealth v. Hunt 1842: Unions are legal.

Anti-Union

Women and the EconomyWomen and the Economy

Factories took the jobs that women Factories took the jobs that women would have done in the home.would have done in the home.

EX: spinning yarn, weaving cloth, EX: spinning yarn, weaving cloth, candles, soap, butter, etc.candles, soap, butter, etc.

Factories relied heavily on women and Factories relied heavily on women and child labor early on. child labor early on.


Self-sufficient jobs for womenSelf-sufficient jobs for women

NursingNursing Domestic service Domestic service TeachingTeaching


Cult of domesticity-Cult of domesticity- The idea that women The idea that women would leave their paying jobs when they got would leave their paying jobs when they got married to do their duty as wives and mothers. married to do their duty as wives and mothers.

The traditional role of the women is glorified during The traditional role of the women is glorified during this period.this period.

The home becomes an area of relaxation for men The home becomes an area of relaxation for men who worked in factories and the women facilitated who worked in factories and the women facilitated this.this.


Change in Women’s roles from the Change in Women’s roles from the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Marriage based more on loveMarriage based more on love This meant more close knit affectionate familiesThis meant more close knit affectionate families

Smaller familiesSmaller families Result: more child-centered familiesResult: more child-centered families

Raised more independent minded individuals.Raised more independent minded individuals.

Western farmers reap Western farmers reap revolution in fieldsrevolution in fields

As the East (North) was being changed by As the East (North) was being changed by industry, farming in the west was also industry, farming in the west was also changing. changing.

Western farmers first planted corn to Western farmers first planted corn to feed hogs or make liquor.feed hogs or make liquor.

easier to transport then graineasier to transport then grain The only place they could transport was by The only place they could transport was by

way of the Ohio-Mississippi Rivers.way of the Ohio-Mississippi Rivers.


Inventions that helped the WestInventions that helped the West

Steel plows (John Deere 1837)Steel plows (John Deere 1837)

McCormick Reaper (1830’s Cyrus McCormick)McCormick Reaper (1830’s Cyrus McCormick) Changed the culture Changed the culture

Grain could be harvested 5x faster now = now a Grain could be harvested 5x faster now = now a humble plowman could become wealthy. humble plowman could become wealthy.

This will increase the desire for land!This will increase the desire for land!

TransportationTransportation

Cheap/Efficient carriers are need to take Cheap/Efficient carriers are need to take raw materials Wraw materials WE, and finished E, and finished products from Eproducts from EW.W.

Lancaster Turnpike in PALancaster Turnpike in PA (1790’s, built by (1790’s, built by private company)private company)

tolls (paid high dividends to stockholders, 15%)tolls (paid high dividends to stockholders, 15%) Cumberland Road (1811)Cumberland Road (1811)

Federally funded national roadFederally funded national road Went from Cumberland Md. To St. Louis Missouri Went from Cumberland Md. To St. Louis Missouri

(Mississippi River) 591 miles. (Mississippi River) 591 miles.


Steamboat (Robert Fulton 1807) “Fulton’s Steamboat (Robert Fulton 1807) “Fulton’s Folly”Folly”

Made rivers two-way traveling arteries Made rivers two-way traveling arteries to transport goods.to transport goods.

Makes the Mississippi really relevant. Makes the Mississippi really relevant. Played a vital role in opening both the West Played a vital role in opening both the West

and South because both had great rivers. and South because both had great rivers.


Erie Canal (1825)Erie Canal (1825)

Linked Great Lakes w/ Hudson RiverLinked Great Lakes w/ Hudson River Midwest to NYCMidwest to NYC

Decreased shipping costsDecreased shipping costs Created economic boomsCreated economic booms

Opened Eastern cities to Midwest farm Opened Eastern cities to Midwest farm products.products.


Railroads (1828 first lines)Railroads (1828 first lines) FastFast ReliableReliable Cheaper to construct then canalsCheaper to construct then canals Defied terrain and weatherDefied terrain and weather

¾ of track in North (industry)¾ of track in North (industry) Huge advantage to the North during Civil WarHuge advantage to the North during Civil War

Railroads in 1870Railroads in 1870

Transport Web binds Transport Web binds UnionUnion

Desire of East to tap the West stimulated Desire of East to tap the West stimulated this this transportation revolutiontransportation revolution

Until 1830 goods from the West went SouthUntil 1830 goods from the West went South Mississippi River bound these two areas together. Mississippi River bound these two areas together.

Impressive Impressive internal improvementsinternal improvements would offset would offset this “natural” flow of trade and help bind East this “natural” flow of trade and help bind East & West together.& West together. Steamships, Railroads, Highways, Canals, etc.Steamships, Railroads, Highways, Canals, etc.


By the eve of the Civil War a truly continental By the eve of the Civil War a truly continental economy had emerged. economy had emerged. SELF-SUFFICIENTSELF-SUFFICIENT

Each region specialized in a specific economic activityEach region specialized in a specific economic activity

South: South: raised cotton for export to NE/Britainraised cotton for export to NE/Britain West:West: grew grain and livestock to feed factory grew grain and livestock to feed factory

workers in East/Europeworkers in East/Europe East:East: Made machines/textiles for West and South Made machines/textiles for West and South

TRUE “AMERICAN SYSTEM”TRUE “AMERICAN SYSTEM”


States are now economically woven together = States are now economically woven together = political/military implications during Civil Warpolitical/military implications during Civil War

South believes the West is tied to them, “natural” South believes the West is tied to them, “natural” connection. connection.

PROBLEMPROBLEM: They overlook the man made connections : They overlook the man made connections which link West to the East.which link West to the East.

South would not only have to fight Northern South would not only have to fight Northern armies but also a tight economic bound (West armies but also a tight economic bound (West and East)and East)

The Market RevolutionThe Market Revolution

Market Revolution-Market Revolution- transformed small transformed small scattered subsistence farmers into a scattered subsistence farmers into a national network of industry and national network of industry and commerce. commerce.


Advances in manufacturing and transportation Advances in manufacturing and transportation brought increased prosperity to all Americans.brought increased prosperity to all Americans. Also widened the gap between poor and wealthyAlso widened the gap between poor and wealthy

Cities had biggest extremes of economic Cities had biggest extremes of economic inequalityinequality Poor factory workers and wealthy ownersPoor factory workers and wealthy owners

““Social Mobility” was fairly scarceSocial Mobility” was fairly scarce But there was more OPPORTUNITY in America then in But there was more OPPORTUNITY in America then in

the Old World.the Old World.


General prosperity helped defuse potential General prosperity helped defuse potential class conflict which happened in European class conflict which happened in European countries during Industrial Revolutionscountries during Industrial Revolutions

THE ENDTHE END

forging the national economy: 1790-1860 ap us history

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antiforeignismbiggest

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foreign religionflareups

efficient machine

cotton thread

industrial giant

pioneer americacouldnt