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Food planning in Detroit
Muddling through crisis and
creative engagement
© Kami Pothukuchi, Ph.D.,
Director, SEED Wayne
Wayne State University
APA Conference, April 16, 2012
Background
• City in fiscal crisis—consent agreement
• Significant loss of population & wealth, 2000-10
• High rates of poverty, unemployment
• 3 out of 10 Detroit households food insecure
• One in five Detroit high school students is obese
• Low nutrition program participation rates
• $200 million grocery gap
• Only one black-owned grocery store in a city in which 4 out 5 residents are African-American
• Significant grassroots food planning activity
© Kami Pothukuchi, 2012
Urban Agriculture
• 1,300 vegetable gardens; 300 community, 60 school, and 40 market gardens.
• D-Town Farm grows to 7 acres
• Earthworks Farm is certified organic; composts more than 300,000 lbs of food system wastes annually.
© Kami Pothukuchi, 2012
Neighborhood Food Retail • 8 neighborhood farmers’ markets
• 2 mobile markets, 40 farm stands,
• 18 Detroit FRESH “healthy corner stores”
• Green Grocer Project of Detroit Economic Growth Corp.
© Kami Pothukuchi, 2012
City food policy • Detroit Food Security Policy
• Detroit Food Policy Council
– Annual summit
– Food system report
– Urban agriculture policy development
– Food finder participatory mapping/assessment
© Kami Pothukuchi, 2012
Undoing racism dialogues • Undoing Racism dialogues w ~400
participants
• Emphasizing local, black leadership in city,
food planning processes
© Kami Pothukuchi, 2012
Factors in food planning
1. Local government absence
– Vacant land and urban ag growth
– Nutrition program delivery
– Capacity issues
– City v grassroots tensions
2. Creative grassroots collaboration
3. Black power history as inspiration
4. External support
© Kami Pothukuchi, 2012
Factors in food planning
1. Local government absence
2. Creative collaboration
– from organizational need to system need
– Incremental food system capacity
– Civic institutions play leadership roles
– (Tensions due to uneven capacity)
3. Black power history as inspiration
4. External support
© Kami Pothukuchi, 2012
Factors in food planning
1. Local government absence
2. Creative collaboration
3. Black power history as inspiration
– Political self-determination
• Detroit Food Security Policy; Council
• Undoing racism dialogues
– Economic self-determination
• Urban ag
• Food retail, entrepreneurship
4. External support
© Kami Pothukuchi, 2012
Factors in food planning
1. Local government absence
2. Creative collaboration
3. Black power history as inspiration
4. External support
– 3 USDA CFP and other federal grants
– Significant foundation support
– Planning by “outsiders” and uneven
development as sources of tension
© Kami Pothukuchi, 2012
Recap
• Detroit faces many problems and has
many unmet food system needs
• The city has diverse strengths, resources
and much food planning capacity, with
many accomplishments to date
• Several factors account for grassroots-led
food planning, offering hope and serving
as a model for community planning
© Kami Pothukuchi, 2012
Thank you!
Contact me at [email protected]
Continuing challenges, tensions
• City government leadership
• Uneven development
• Broad based participation by residents
• Outsider involvement, interventions
© Kami Pothukuchi, 2012
National Scan of Food System Policies
American Planning Association Los Angeles, April 15, 2012
Subhashni Raj, Kailee Neuner, and Samina Raja University at Buffalo
Introduction
A combination of public policy tools are being developed and implemented at different levels of government - local, county, and regional - to strengthen food systems
Tools: plans, regulations, and fiscal incentives
Draws on a larger study
FOOD PLANS REGULATIONS FISCAL
Production
Processing
Distribution
Consumpti
on
Disposal
Planning Levers
PLANS Regional County Municipal
Inclusion in
general plans
Health
Boston Metro (2008)
Agriculture
Southern California (2008)
Health
Harrison County, MS
(2008)
Ag and Nat. Res.
Dane County, WI (2007)
Marin County, CA
(2007)
Energy
Dillingham, AK (2011)
Environmental Stewardship
Boise, ID (2010)
Ag and Nat Res
Madison, WI (2006)
Parks and Open Space
Seattle, WA, (2005)
Inclusion in
other plans
Climate Change Plan
Portland and Multnomah County,
OR (2009)
Environmental sustainability
Plan
Philadelphia, PA (2009)
PLANS
Regional County Municipal
Food system
plans
Eating here: Greater
Philadelphia’s food
system plan
Delaware Valley Regional
Planning Commission
(2011)
A Healthy Community
Food System Plan
Region of Waterloo, ON
(2007)
Recipe for success
Dane County, WI (2005)
Multnomah Food Action
Plan: Grow and Thrive
2025
Multnomah, OR (2010)
Food Works: A vision to
improve NYC’s food
system
New York, NY (2010)
Transforming the Oakland
Food System: A Plan for
action
Oakland, CA (2010)
FOOD PLANS REGULATIONS FISCAL
Production
Processing
Distribution
Consumptio
n
Disposal
REGULATORY TOOLS
Type Municipal
Zoning and other
ordinances
Community gardens permitted in residential districts
Cleveland, OH; Kansas, MO
Chickens and bees permitted in residential areas
Madison, WI, Cleveland, OH, Seattle, WA
Fast food restaurant restrictions
Arcata, CA, Los Angeles, CA, Detroit, MI
Development
Incentives
Bonus points for community gardens in Planned Unit
Developments (PUD)
Minneapolis, MN
Density bonuses for grocery stores carrying fresh produce (New
York, NY)
Reduced parking requirements for grocery stores carrying fresh
produce (New York, NY)
FOOD PLANS REGULATIONS FISCAL
Production
Processing
Distribution
Consumptio
n
Disposal
FISCAL/ECONOMIC DEV. INCENTIVES
Type State Municipal
Grants and loans Fresh Food
Retail
PA, NY
Community gardens creation and expansion
Madison, WI (federal community block grant)
Healthy Mobile Vending
New York, NY (Green Cart Initiative)
Food-based job training
Milwaukee, WI (425, 000 in federal HUD funds)
Real estate tax benefit Fresh food retail
New York, NY
$500 per full time employee for 25 years
Sales tax Benefit Fresh food retail
New York, NY
Mortgage tax benefit Fresh food retail
New York, NY
Mortgage reporting tax of 2.05%/2.80% ($500,000)
License or permitting
fee benefit
Healthy mobile vending
Kansas, MO
Reduction in vending permit fees
Levy Portion of park and open space levy dedicated to
community gardens
Seattle, WA
2million for P Patch community gardens
Concluding Remarks
Challenges
– Standards and Definitions
– Lining up all three policy tools
Opportunities
– Rust belt cities: opportunity to shrink with grace
Rejuvenating Rustbelt Cities
Food Systems Planning in Buffalo, NY
American Planning Association
Los Angeles, April 15, 2012
Samina Raja, Ph.D.
University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
Outline
■ Context
■ Food environment
■ Food systems planning trajectory
■ Challenges and lessons
Context ■ Population 261,310
■ 39% African American
■ 20% are youth,18 and
younger
■ 30% of individuals below
the poverty level
■ 30% of households have
no access to an
automobile
■ ~15,000 vacant lots
Food environment ■ Limited food retail stores
■ Small stores and
convenience stores
predominate
■ Limited healthy food
options near schools
Food environment ■ Limited food retail stores
■ Small stores and
convenience stores
predominate
■ Limited healthy food
options near schools
Food systems planning trajectory
Youth programs
Community gardens (more than 70)
Growing Green Works (youth business)
Farm-to-school
Acquaponics
Mobile market
Urban farms (farmers cooperative)
1990s 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Food System Education:
Working on Other Local
Farms
Food systems planning trajectory
Youth programs
Community gardens (more than 70)
Growing Green Works (youth business)
Farm-to-school
Acquaponics
Mobile market
Urban farms
1990s 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Food for Growth plan ‘03
‘Chicken’ ordinance ‘10
Queen city gardens plan ‘09
‘Green Code’ ‘11
Comm. gardens resolution ‘10
‘Healthy Corner Store resolution ’ ‘12
Food systems planning trajectory
“Community gardens will be allowed in all Zones, both
as stand-alone uses and accessory to other uses, such
as schools and places of worship. …As with all farming
operations, [impacts] need to be mitigated, such as noise,
dust, odor, and vibrations.”
“The UDO will allow market gardens in all yards,
including front yards, and allow the sale of produce from
operators of market gardens.
“A conditional approval process and related standards will
address more intensive urban agricultural uses, such as
aquaculture facilities.”
“The ability to create vertical farms should [be]
addressed in the UDO.”
March 16, 2012
What factors explain the
trajectory?
1. High community need and food-blind
local government policy and structure
(this is rapidly changing)
2. Active grassroots groups
3 Diverse and complementary partnership
– community gardeners, farmers,
medical campus, city government,
university
4. National trends
5. Capacity building in the community to
participate in planning and policy
processes
December 2011
What factors explain the trajectory?
1
Challenges and cautionary notes
■ External funding and resources create
challenges and uncertainties
■ Reduce emphasis on what doesn’t work
■ Network the food infrastructure, not scale
it up
Questions
A system
Resources |land, water, sun, …
Actors |farmers, people, bees, businesses, …
Policies |federal, state, local…
Technology |food, transport, media,…
History and culture |…..
The food system | Invisible, embedded,
fragmented
Production
Processing
Processing
Uneven access to healthy food in Erie County, NY
Distribution
Planning Healthy Food Systems
What’s the problem?
Production
Processing
Marketing and
Distribution
Consumption
Disposal
Distribution
Absolute proximity to restaurants and relative proximity to convenience stores (versus supermarkets) is correlated with higher BMI among women in Erie County, NY
Consumption
What’s the problem?
Disposal
Disposal
How did we get here?
Market failure
“Faith” in science and technology
Invisibility of the food system to ordinary people
Institutional vacuum - there is no ‘department of food systems
Disciplinary vacuum - few academic departments of food systems
Short-sighted federal, state, and municipal policies
Freedom from hunger
Food security
Food justice Food
sovereignty
What does a good food system look
like?
?
Why food systems
planning and policy?
Planning […] works to improve the
welfare of people and their
communities by creating more
convenient, equitable, healthful,
efficient, and attractive places for
present and future generations. Good
planning helps create communities
that offer better choices for where
and how people live.
Source: American Planning Association
Planning Healthy Food Systems
Why food systems
planning and policy?
Uses information to make
reasoned judgment about
future actions
Systemic and long term
view
Multi-sectoral and
interdisciplinary view
How are (municipal) planners engaged?
Planners are responding cautiously
Planning practitioners/agencies are active
in few communities but involvement is
growing rapidly
Professional associations such as the
American Planning Association are
building capacity
Teaching and research on food systems is
growing rapidly across the country
Survey of (professional) planners
- About 70% of US planners see food
systems planning as an issue of
significance or high priority
- Agricultural land preservation ranks high,
hunger prevention ranks low
- Actual involvement of planning agencies is
limited (30% are engaged)
0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Lack of community support for the issue
Lack of awareness regarding food issues
Lack of in interest
Other
Lack of political support
...Organization ... does not intersect ...food issues
Lack of staff trained in this area
Lack of resources
Very Important or Primary Explanation Moderately Important Not at all important or Minimally Important
Barriers to involvement in food planning
among planning organizations is similar Lack of resources
Lack of trained staff
Organization’s work does not intersect with food
issues
Lack of political support
Other
Lack of interest by planning organization
Lack of awareness regarding food issues
Lack of community support for food issues
0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Lack of community support for the issue
Lack of awareness regarding food issues
Lack of in interest
Other
Lack of political support
...Organization ... does not intersect ...food issues
Lack of staff trained in this area
Lack of resources
Very Important or Primary Explanation Moderately Important Not at all important or Minimally Important
1. Gather at the table
2. Envision, set goals and objectives
3. Assess
4. Identify
and propose
strategies
5. Adopt and
Implement
A decade of “covert” food system planning
Relationship building and organizing
Evaluate, change course
1. Gather at the table
Public sectors
-Public health
-Agriculture
-Schools
-Others
Private
sectors
-Farmers
-Processors
-Retailers
-Distributors
Residents
Age
Race
Income
Non-profits
-Food
advocacy
groups
2. Envision
2. Envision
Healthy Kids, Healthy Communities-Buffalo, NY
Youth-led visioning
2. Envision
Healthy Kids, Healthy Communities-Buffalo, NY
Youth-led visioning
3. Assess
3. Assess
Food Environments Around Schools
LOCAL –SCALE
3. Assess
NATIONAL–SCALE
4. Propose strategies
Planning for Sustainable Community Food Systems Plans Regulations Fiscal tools
Stand-alone food system plans
Delaware Valley Regional Planning
Commission (Planning process under way
Food System Study Complete)
Region of Waterloo, Ontario
Dane County, WI
Buffalo, NY (Food for Growth)
Zoning Ordinance or Bylaws
Kansas City, MI (Urban Agriculture)
Cleveland, OH (Urban Agriculture)
Milwaukee, WI (Community Gardening)
Los Angeles, CA (Fast Food)
Arcata, CA (Fast Food)
Concord, MA (Fast Food)
Loan/grant programs
Minneapolis, WI
(Healthy corner store
program)
New York, NY
(grant for mobile vendors)
Pennsylvania
(Fresh Food Financing
Initiative);
Madison, WI
(federal Community
Development Block Grant
for CG)
Plans for a component of the food system
Buffalo, NY (Community Garden plan)
Madison, WI (Community Garden plan)
Numerous communities (Ag Plans)
“Chicken and bee” ordinances
Buffalo, NY (Chicken)
Madison, WI (Chicken)
Cleveland, OH (Chicken and bees)
Food element in a general or
comprehensive plans
Minneapolis, MN (underway)
Harrison County, MS (Health)
Dane County, WI (Ag and Natural Res.)
Madison, Wisconsin
Marin County, CA (Agriculture)
Watsonville, CA (Land Use)
Seattle, WA; (Parks)
Toronto, Ontario (Parks)
Development review
Watsonville, CA (2006)
(Permit for convenience stores conditional on
availability of fresh fruits and vegetables)
Purchase of development
rights
Numerous communities
Density bonuses
New York, NY
(One additional SF of residential FA for each SF
for FRESH store in a mixed use buildings; limit)
Streamline permitting
Oakland, CA (healthy mobile vending)
New York, NY (waive special permit for FRESH
stores in light manufacturing district)
Reduced Parking Requirements
New York, NY (no parking for FRESH stores <
40,000 SF on ground floor of mixed used
buildings in Comm. Districts)
5. Adopt, implement, evaluate
1. Gather at the table
2. Envision, set goals and objectives
3. Assess
4. Identify
and propose
strategies
5. Adopt and
Implement
A decade of “covert” food system planning in
Buffalo
Relationship building and organizing
Evaluate, change course
1990s - Neighborhood organizing
- Youth programs
- Community gardens
2003
Neighborhood-scale Plan
- “Food for Growth”
2004-
Program Implementation
- Urban farm
- Youth food business
- Aquaponics facility
- Mobile Market
- Farm-to-cafeteria
2008-
City-wide policy and plans
- Community Gardens Plan “Queen City Gardens Plan” (2009)
- Community Gardens Resolution (2010)
- “Chicken” ordinance (2010)
2010-
City and county-wide policy and plans
- City’s Green Code (underway)
- County’s Farmland Preservation Plan
(underway)
Covert planning takes time
Challenges for ‘covert’ food system planning 1. Planning and policy making processes are opaque
2. Institutional/agency structures pose barriers
3. Policy/planning timeline is different than community timeline
4. Taking time to reflect
Lessons from ‘covert’ planning 1. Community food systems planning is a means to
an ‘agreed-upon’ end
2. We shape policies, before policies shape our communities
3. Relationships, relationships, relationships
4. Scaling up, versus replication
5. Assets, not deprivations
Planning Healthy Food Systems
Thank you for your attention!