final traffic presentation

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TRAFFIC STUDY FOR KARACHI - HYDERABAD MOTORWAY (M9) ASHAR H. LODI, DIRECTOR EXPONENT ENGINEERS (PVT.) LIMITED, KARACHI JULY 19, 2012

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Page 1: Final traffic presentation

TRAFFIC STUDY FOR KARACHI - HYDERABAD MOTORWAY (M9)

ASHAR H. LODI, DIRECTOREXPONENT ENGINEERS (PVT.) LIMITED, KARACHI

JULY 19, 2012

Page 2: Final traffic presentation

M-9: A TRAFFIC PERSPECTIVE M-9 connects most populous urban centre of

Pakistan to rest of the country, gathering traffic from 2 most active sea ports.

M-9 is one of the most travelled roads in the entire NHA Network, with more than 24,000 vehicles travelling each day.

Most of the road users travel entire length of the highway i.e. 134 km.

A significant number of commuter traffic is available on the road thus making a significant ‘Loyal User Group’ of travellers.

DHA City with more than 500,000 inhabitants  is already been announced by DHA lies on M-9.

The only motorway in Pakistan providing shortest way to the travellers between OD Pairs. Thus developing a very large group of captive road users.

Has the largest potential to develop revenues from Non Toll Sources.

Page 3: Final traffic presentation

TRAFFIC STUDY SCOPE To review previous traffic studies & traffic parameters. To undertake primary data collection by conducting traffic surveys. To identify, review & establish basis of traffic growth in the entire

network in terms of parameters such as socio-economic / land use development datasets, population, vehicle ownership growth within the study corridor;

To validate socio-economic baseline data that are readily available from previous credible sources;

Estimate number of lanes required at new interchanges locations; To review toll rates prevailing on M-9 and other roads of NHA and

corroborate already agreed toll rates with NHA during concession period;

To develop a 4 stage traffic demand model for the study corridor with acceptable level of calibration.

To perform policy testing depicting various possible scenarios of operations using the demand model;

Estimating expected traffic diversion under agreed toll rates;

Page 4: Final traffic presentation

Model Development Approach

STUDY METHODOLOGY

Page 5: Final traffic presentation

Steps in Performing Study

Basis for Projection in Financial Model

Determine Future Transport Demand

Perform Policy Testing for future Demand forecast

Utilize OD and Occupancy data for development of current OD matrix

Use traffic volume counts for model calibration

Develop highway network in STRADA

Analysis of processed survey data

Process raw data into spreadsheets

Conduct Field surveys

Prepare survey forms

Prepare survey schedule

Determine types of surveys to be conducted

Conduct Field visit to determine survey locations

Review available Secondary Data

STUDY METHODOLOGY

Page 6: Final traffic presentation

Mid-Block Count Surveys

Turning Movement Count

Survey

Origin Destination Surveys

Willingness to Pay Surveys

Occupancy Surveys

Travel Time Surveys

Road Condition Surveys

TRAFFIC SURVEYS & ANALYSIS

Page 7: Final traffic presentation

SL-2

SL-1

SL-8

SL-4

SL-3

SL-6

SL-5

SL-7

SL-9

SL –1 Karachi Northern Bypass Toll Plaza SL –2 Karachi Toll Plaza on Super Highway SL –3 Super Highway at Nooriabad SL –4 Near Hyderabad Toll Plaza on Super Highway SL –5 National Highway near Kotri SL –6 National Highway near Thatta SL –7 Sassi Toll Plaza on National Highway SL –8 Toll Plaza on Super Highway – National Highway Link Road SL –9 New Link Road between Super Highway – National Highway near Airport

SURVEY LOCATIONS

Page 8: Final traffic presentation

SURVEY LOCATIONS & SPECIFICATIONS

Site ID Location Description

Survey Duration by Survey Types

TMC Mid-BlockPassenger Occupancy

Roadside ODWillingness to

Pay

SL – 1 Karachi Northern Bypass Toll Plaza

-168 hrs - - -

SL – 2Karachi Toll Plaza on Super Highway

-168 hrs 72 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs

SL – 3Super Highway at Nooriabad

-168 hrs - - -

SL – 4Near Hyderabad Toll Plaza on Super Highway

-

168 hrs 72 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs

SL – 5 National Highway near Kotri-

72 hrs 72 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs

SL – 6National Highway near Thatta

-72 hrs 72 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs

SL – 7Sassi Toll Plaza on National Highway

-168 hrs 72 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs

SL – 8Toll Plaza on Super Highway – National Highway Link Road

-

72 hrs 72 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs

SL – 9New Link Road between Super Highway – National Highway near Airport

24 hrs 48 hrs - - -

Page 9: Final traffic presentation

VEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONS FOR SURVEY

S. No.Vehicle Class

Description Description,If any

1. Class 1 Cars / Vans / Jeeps / Pajero / Suzuki Van / Pickups / Toyota Hilux single/double Cabin / Taxis

2. Class 2 Wagons / Pickups / Shahzor / Master

3. Class 3 Coasters / Mini Trucks / Mazda T-3000 / Mazda T-3500

4. Class 4 Intercity Buses

5. Class 5 Rigid Trucks 2 – 3 Axles

6. Class 6 Articulated Trucks 4 – 5 – 6 Axles

Vehicles used in following Classes for the surveys

Page 10: Final traffic presentation

MID-BLOCK TRAFFIC COUNTS SURVEYSurvey Form

Page 11: Final traffic presentation

AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC BY DIRECTION

SITE ID DESCRIPTION DIRECTION ADT

SL-01 Karachi Northern Bypass (KNBP)

From Hub 1,903

From Super Highway 1,960

Both Directions 3,863

SL-02Karachi - Hyderabad Super Highway near Karachi Toll Plaza

From Karachi 10,691

From Hyderabad 11,061

Both Directions 21,752

SL-03 Karachi - Hyderabad Super Highway near Nooriabad

From Karachi 9,769

From Hyderabad 10,864

Both Directions 20,633

SL-04 Karachi - Hyderabad Super Highway near Hyderabad

From Karachi 8,809

From Hyderabad 9,122

Both Directions 17,931

SL-05 National Highway (N-5) near Kotri

From Kotri 1,717

From Super Highway 3,402

Both Directions 5,119

SL-07 Sassi Toll Plaza on National Highway (N-5) From Gharo 4,551From Karachi 4,918Both Directions 9,469

SL-08 Link Road (N-5 - Super Highway)

From National Highway

2,337

From Super Highway 2,927

Both Directions 5,264

SL-09 New Link Road (MalirCantt)

From Malir 3,143

From Super Highway 4,868

Both Directions 8,011

Page 12: Final traffic presentation

SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTSSL-01 (Karachi Northern Bypass)

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Page 13: Final traffic presentation

SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTSSL-02 (Super Highway near Karachi Toll Plaza)

51%

3%

10%6%

16%

13%

SL-02: Daily Traffic %age by Vehicle Class (Both Directions)

CLASS 1CLASS 2CLASS 3CLASS 4CLASS 5CLASS 6

Page 14: Final traffic presentation

SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTSSL-02 (Super Highway near Karachi Toll Plaza)

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Page 15: Final traffic presentation

SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTSSL-03 (Super Highway near Nooriabad)

47%

4%

8%7%

16%

18%

SL-03: Daily Traffic %age by Vehicle Class (Both Directions)

CLASS 1CLASS 2CLASS 3CLASS 4CLASS 5CLASS 6

Page 16: Final traffic presentation

SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTSSL-03 (Super Highway near Nooriabad)

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Page 17: Final traffic presentation

SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTSSL-04 (Super Highway near Hyderabad Toll Plaza)

50%

3%5%

8%

19%

16%

SL-4: Daily Traffic %age by Vehicle Class (Both Directions)

CLASS 1CLASS 2CLASS 3CLASS 4CLASS 5CLASS 6

Page 18: Final traffic presentation

SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTSSL-04 (Super Highway near Hyderabad Toll Plaza)

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Page 19: Final traffic presentation

SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTSSL-05 (National Highway near Kotri)

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Page 20: Final traffic presentation

SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTSSL-07 (Sassi Toll Plaza on National Highway)

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Page 21: Final traffic presentation

SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTSSL-08 (Link Road B/W Super Highway & National Highway)

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Page 22: Final traffic presentation

PASSENGER OCCUPANCY SURVEY

Survey Locations

Survey Modes

Site ID Location DescriptionPassenger Occupancy

SL – 2 Karachi Toll Plaza on Super Highway 72 hrs

SL – 4 Near Hyderabad Toll Plaza on Super Highway 72 hrs

SL – 5 National Highway near Kotri 72 hrs

SL – 6 National Highway near Thatta 72 hrs

SL – 7 Sassi Toll Plaza on National Highway 72 hrs

SL – 8Toll Plaza on Super Highway – National Highway Link Road

72 hrs

S. No. Mode of Travel

1 Private Cars

2 Intercity Buses3 Wagons4 Coasters5 Minibuses

Page 23: Final traffic presentation

PASSENGER OCCUPANCY SURVEYSSurvey Form ( Private Cars)

Page 24: Final traffic presentation

PASSENGER OCCUPANCY SURVEYSSurvey Form ( Public Transport)

Page 25: Final traffic presentation

Location DescriptionDirection of

Travel

Mode of Travel

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4

SL-02Karachi Toll

Plaza

From Karachi 3.42 11.05 30.00 36.39

Towards Karachi 3.28 8.98 26.09 32.56

SL-04Hyderabad Toll

Plaza

From Karachi 3.16 9.37 11.20 31.32

Towards Karachi 3.16 10.46 27.43 36.51

SL-05National

Highway near Kotri

From Kotri 3.05 8.96 21.86 35.57

From Super Highway 2.36 9.07 10.00 29.35

SL-07Sassi Toll Plaza

on National Highway

From Karachi 3.05 10.11 25.02 43.09

From Gharo 2.69 11.70 23.55 44.04

AVERAGE OCCUPANCY BY CLASS OF TRAVEL

The average occupancy for individual modes across locations and direction of travel are similar

Page 26: Final traffic presentation

TRAVEL TIME SURVEYS

Survey Results on M-9 (Cars) Survey Results on N-5 (Cars)

Travel time surveys were conducted for passenger car and freight traffic on Super Highway and on National Highway.

S.No.Distance (km)

Travel TimeTravel Speed

From Khi

(mins)

From Hyd

(mins)

From Khi (km/h)

From Hyd

(km/h)

1 0 To 25 20 20 75 75

2 25 To 50 19 19 79 79

3 50 To 75 19 19 79 79

475 To 100 18 19 83 79

5100 To

125 18 19 83 79

6125 To

135 6 7 100 86

Total 135 100 103 83 79

S. No.Distance (km)

Travel TimeTravel Speed

From Khi

(mins)

From Hyd

(mins)

From Khi (km/h)

From Hyd

(km/h)

1 0 To 25 26 23 58 65

2 25 To 50 28 19 54 79

3 50 To 75 18 19 83 79

475 To 100 21 23 71 65

5100 To

125 19 20 79 75

6125 To

150 29 26 52 58

7150 To

175 25 35 60 43

Total 175 166 165 63 64

Page 27: Final traffic presentation

ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEYS

OD Survey LocationsSite ID Location Description OD

SL – 2 Karachi Toll Plaza on Super Highway 72 hrs

SL – 4 Near Hyderabad Toll Plaza on Super Highway 72 hrs

SL – 5 National Highway near Kotri 72 hrs

SL – 6* National Highway near Thatta 72 hrs

SL – 7 Sassi Toll Plaza on National Highway 72 hrs

SL – 8Toll Plaza on Super Highway – National Highway Link Road

72 hrs

*Surveys at SL-6 were called off due to the prevailing law & order situation in the area.

Page 28: Final traffic presentation

ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEYS

Trip Frequency for Private Transport (M-9)

Trip Frequency by Trip

1 Trip 2 Trips 3 Trips 4 Trips > 5 Trips0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

27% 26%21%

26%

0%

Private TransportTrips / Week

Page 29: Final traffic presentation

ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEYS

Trip Frequency for Public Transport (M-9)

Trip Frequency by Trips

1 Trip 2 Trips 3 Trips 4 Trips > 5 Trips0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1% 1% 1% 2%

94%

Public TransportTrips / Month

Page 30: Final traffic presentation

ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEYS

Trip Frequency for Light Freight & 2-3 Axle Trucks (M-9)

Trip Frequency by Trips

1 Trip 2 Trips 3 Trips 4 Trips > 5 Trips0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

3%

8%17% 17%

55%

Light Freight & 2,3 AxleTrips / Month

Page 31: Final traffic presentation

ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEYS

Trip Frequency for 4-5-6 Axle Trailers (M-9)

Trip Frequency by Trips

1 Trip 2 Trips 3 Trips 4 Trips > 5 Trips0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

3%

16%

38%

22% 20%

4-5-6 AxlesTrips / Month

Page 32: Final traffic presentation

WILLINGNESS TO PAY SURVEYS

These surveys were performed to estimate potential traffic diversion on the Super Highway

Willingness to Pay Survey Vehicle Categories

Site ID Location DescriptionSurvey

DurationVehicle Categories

SL–02Karachi Toll Plaza on Super Highway

24 hrs Passenger Cars Public Transport Light Freight

Trucks (2 & 3 axle) Trailers (4, 5 & 6 axle)SL–04

Near Hyderabad Toll Plaza on Super Highway

24 hrs

Page 33: Final traffic presentation

WILLINGNESS TO PAY SURVEYSSurvey Form ( Public Transport)

Page 34: Final traffic presentation

WILLINGNESS TO PAY SURVEYSSurvey Form ( Private Transport)

Page 35: Final traffic presentation

WILLINGNESS TO PAY SURVEYSSurvey Form ( Light Freight Transport)

Page 36: Final traffic presentation

WILLINGNESS TO PAY SURVEYSSurvey Form ( Freight Transport)

Page 37: Final traffic presentation

ANALYSIS SURVEY RESULTS

Percent Diversion Curve (Super Highway vs M-9)

Percent Diversion Curve (N-5 vs M-9)

POTENTIAL DIVERSIONS

0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.000

20

40

60

80

100

120

f(x) = 321.1929 x³ − 579.5635 x² + 242.1709 x + 71.58624R² = 0.99794513511627

Potential Diversion

Toll (Rs / km)

Div

ers

ion (

%)

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.200

20

40

60

80

100

120

f(x) = 76.9973 x³ − 240.4945 x² + 139.2939 x + 78.40913R² = 0.953369442814861

Potential Diversion

Toll (Rs.)

Div

ers

ion (

%)

Page 38: Final traffic presentation

DEMAND FORECAST MODELING

The development of a transport model is a key task in Demand Forecast Analysis.

Demand Forecast Modelling provides an analytical tool to estimate traffic being diverted in various years from multiple OD pairs in the influence area.

This also helps in ascertaining parameters like: Locations of potential interchanges Lane requirements for various sections Modal share by road sections Operating parameters (Operating speed, V/C Ratio etc) Traffic being attracted under various toll scenarios & operating

conditions etc.

Page 39: Final traffic presentation

IMAGE OF FOUR STEP MODELLING

Pro

ductio

n (Pi)

Attraction (Aj) G

1. Trip

Generation

Public TransportMotorcycl

ePrivate car

3. Modal Choice

4. TrafficAssignme

nt

Distribution

2. TripDistributio

n

Page 40: Final traffic presentation

DEMAND FORECAST MODELLING METHODOLOGY

Existing network

FutureOD Matrix

Socio-economic

Model

Future Framework

CurrentOD Matrix

Master Plan

Page 41: Final traffic presentation

j

i Tij

Number of trips traveling from zone i

to zone j

Image of OD matrix and Network

OD MATRIX

i j

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42

STRUCTURE OF OD MATRIX

i

j

Pro

ductio

n (Pi)

Attraction (Aj) G

Tij

i

iji TP

i

ijj TA

i j

ijTG

j

ji

i AP

T ij

Tii

i=j Intra-zonal trip

i<>j Inter-zonal trip

Page 43: Final traffic presentation

COMPONENTS OF CURRENT OD MATRIX

OD MATRIX

Interview Data

Volume Data

Occupancy Data

Establishing of Current OD matrix

Occupancy data was processed mode wise to ascertain average occupancies.

Passengers travelling are calculated by incorporating average occupancies with volume.

Using interview data and persons travelling expansion factors were developed.

These expansion factors are further applied to interview data to expand the data set to realistic level and to form an expanded OD matrix.

Volume Data

Occupancy Data

Total Pax

Expansion Factor

Pax Interview

Data

Expanded OD

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TRAFFIC ANALYSIS ZONESThe total TAZ considered for this study consists of 24 zones covering entire area between Karachi and Hyderabad both through Super Highway and National highway.

There were 19 internal zones (for traffic between M-9 & N-5) and 5 external zones (for beyond Hyderabad) used for analysis.

TAZ ID NAME

TAZ ID NAME

1Gadap / Hub

13 Nooriabad

2 Kathor 14Between Nooriabad & Hyderabad

3 Pachran Hill 15 Kotri4 Karachi 16 Hyderabad

5 Steel Town 17Tando Muhammad Khan

6 DHA City 18 Makli

7Lucky Cement

19 Mir pur Bathoro

8 Jung Shahi 20 Rest of Sindh9 Port Qasim 21 Punjab

10 Thatta 22 KPK

11Thano Bulla Khan

23 AJK

12 Jamshoro 24 Baluchistan

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NETWORK CALLIBRATIONThe measure of quality of calibration is expressed in terms of Correlation Coefficient (R2) and Root Mean Square Rate (CRMSD).

For the M-9 Karachi Hyderabad Motorway the two parameters yielded acceptable results after several iterations.

These values were found to be 0.95 for R2 and 0.16 for CRMSD.

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BASE NETWORK 2012

Page 47: Final traffic presentation

BASE CASE ASSIGNMENT

Traffic Distribution From KARACHI

Traffic Distribution From Hyderabad

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BASE CASE ASSIGNMENT

Traffic Distribution From Steel Town and PQA

Traffic Distribution From Lucky Cement

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FUTURE NETWORK DEVELOPMENT Following is a list of Interchanges being

provided by the client as per their preliminary design.S. No

Interchange Name

Chainage (Km.)

S. No

Interchange Name Chainage (Km.)

1. Malir Ch 14+985 5. Dada Bhouy Cement Ch 66+936

2. Damba Goth Ch 23+112 6. Thano Bulla Khan Ch 80+952

3. Lucky Cement Ch 45+596 7. Borari Sand Ch 113+440

4. Nooriabad Ch 55+760 -

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PERSON TRIP ESTIMATIONS

Temporal Distribution of Person Trips in Future Years

S. No.Vehicle Class

Temporal Distribution of Person Trips

2015 2020 2030 2040

1 Class 1 83,461 97,848 137,549 177,583

2 Class 4 167,601 228,919 439,147 737,132

3Class 3 & 5

24,639 29,753 43,477 63,780

4 Class 6 7,932 9,750 14,757 22,453

Total 285,648 368,290 636,960 1,002,988

Page 51: Final traffic presentation

PERSON TRIP ESTIMATIONS

Year wise Person Trips Graph

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 20400

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

f(x) = 544.778190954167 x² − 2180247.67587693 x + 2181560242.91709R² = 0.999881729351366

Years

Pers

on T

rips

Page 52: Final traffic presentation

FUTURE ASSIGNMENTS

Traffic Assignment for the year 2015

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FUTURE ASSIGNMENTS

Traffic Assignment for the year 2020

Page 54: Final traffic presentation

FUTURE ASSIGNMENTS

Traffic Assignment for the year 2030

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FUTURE ASSIGNMENTS

Traffic Assignment for the year 2040

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FUTURE PROJECTIONS

Karachi – Kathore Section Temporal Variation of Traffic Volume between Karachi & Kathore

Temporal Variation of Traffic Volume Between Karachi & Kathore Section

Page 57: Final traffic presentation

FUTURE PROJECTIONS

Kathore – Nooriabad Section Temporal Variation between Katore & Nooriabad Section

Temporal Variation of Traffic Volume Between Kathore & Nooriabad Section

Page 58: Final traffic presentation

FUTURE PROJECTIONS

Nooriabad - Hyderabad Section Temporal Variation between Nooriabad & Hyderbad Section

Temporal Variation of Traffic Volume Between Kathore & Nooriabad Section

Page 59: Final traffic presentation

OVERALL GROWTH RATE COMPARISON

Growth Rate Comparison

Page 60: Final traffic presentation

POTENTIAL OF NTR

M-9 has an immense potential revenues from Non Toll Sources.

The more the NTR the less would be the burden on Toll Revenues.

All major projects around the world also heavily relies on NTR for e.g. Delhi Metro Generates 54% of its gross revenues from NTR. IN Singapore Metro Rail NTR is 60%etc.

The potential sources for NTR could be following: Advertising on street light poles Hoarding signs along the road and on interchanges Rentals from existing & future fuelling stations Rentals from existing & future restaurants & rest areas Rentals from existing cables, pipelines, high tension lines and

other underground & overhead utilities

Page 61: Final traffic presentation

THANK YOU

Page 62: Final traffic presentation

ANALYSIS SURVEY RESULTS

Percent Diversion Curve for Public Transport (Super Highway vs M-9)

Percent Diversion Curve for Public Transport (N-5 vs M-9)

POTENTIAL DIVERSIONS

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.000

20

40

60

80

100

120

f(x) = − 3.792287 x³ + 30.01411 x² − 88.72584 x + 134.1609R² = 0.962726368259497

Potential Diversion

Toll (Rs.)

Div

ers

ion (

%)

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.000

20

40

60

80

100

120

f(x) = 0.3877157 x³ − 3.638063 x² − 4.702455 x + 102.3103R² = 0.995429216899258

Potential Diversion

Toll (Rs.)

Div

ers

ion (

%)

Page 63: Final traffic presentation

ANALYSIS SURVEY RESULTS

Percent Diversion Curve for Trucks (Super Highway vs M-9)

Percent Diversion Curve for Trucks (N-5 vs M-9)

POTENTIAL DIVERSIONS

0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.500

20

40

60

80

100

120

f(x) = 1.427464 x³ − 4.914283 x² − 32.12038 x + 122.8862R² = 0.999678878283132

Potential Diversion

Toll (Rs.)

Div

ers

ion (

%)

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.500

20

40

60

80

100

120

f(x) = − 0.818301 x³ + 7.431119 x² − 45.72401 x + 128.0355R² = 0.997962508154501

Potential Diversion

Toll (Rs.)

Div

ers

ion (

%)

Page 64: Final traffic presentation

ANALYSIS SURVEY RESULTS

Percent Diversion Curve for Trailers (Super Highway vs M-9)

Percent Diversion Curve for Trailers (N-5 vs M-9)

POTENTIAL DIVERSIONS

1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.500

20

40

60

80

100

120

f(x) = − 1.94211 x³ + 26.84247 x² − 126.5976 x + 222.429R² = 0.999602668454172

Potential Diversion

Toll (Rs.)

Div

ers

ion (

%)

1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.500

20

40

60

80

100

120

f(x) = 0.427297 x³ − 5.88028 x² + 6.404946 x + 99.60349R² = 0.997941655471513

Potential Diversion

Toll (Rs.)

Div

ers

ion (

%)