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Foundations in Microbiology Chapter 4 Fifth Edition Talaro

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Page 1: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

Foundations in Microbiology 

Chapter 4 

Fifth Edition 

Talaro

Page 2: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

Prokaryotic Profiles: the Bacteria and the Archaea 

Chapter 4

Page 3: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

Fig. 4.1

Page 4: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

flagella •  3 parts 

– filament – long, thin, helical structure composed of proteins 

– hook­ curved sheath – basal body – stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall 

•  rotates 360 o 

•  1­2 or many distributed over entire cell •  functions in motility

Page 5: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

Flagellar arrangements 

1.  monotrichous – single flagellum at one end 2.  lophotrichous – small bunches arising from 

one end of cell 3.  amphitrichous – flagella at both ends of cell 4.  peritrichous – flagella dispersed over surface 

of cell, slowest

Page 6: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Page 7: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

axial filaments 

•  periplasmic, internal flagella, enclosed between cell wall and cell membrane of spirochetes 

•  motility

Page 8: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

8 Fig 4.7a b

Page 9: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

fimbrae 

•  fine hairlike bristles from the cell surface •  function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

Page 10: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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pili 

•  rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein •  found only in Gram negative cells 

•  Functions – joins bacterial cells for DNA transfer (conjugation) – adhesion

Page 11: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Conjugation

Page 12: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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glycocalyx 

•  Coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and/or proteins 

•  2 types 1.  capsule ­ highly organized, tightly attached 2.  slime layer ­ loosely organized and attached 

•  functions –  attachment –  inhibits killing by white blood cells –  receptor

Page 13: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

13 Fig 4.10

Page 14: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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2 Types of Glycocalyx

Page 15: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Biofilms

Page 16: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Page 17: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Peptidoglycan 

•  unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of long glycan chains cross­linked by short peptide fragments 

•  provides strong, flexible support to keep bacteria from bursting or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure

Page 18: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Peptidoglycan 

Cell Wall Video

Page 19: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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4 groups based on cell wall composition 

1.  Gram positive cells 2.  Gram negative cells 3.  Bacteria without cell walls 4.  Bacteria with chemically unique cell walls

Page 20: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Gram positive Gram negative 

Fig 4.16

Page 21: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Page 22: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Gram positive cell wall 

•  Consists of – a thick, homogenous sheath of peptidoglycan 20­80 nm thick 

– tightly bound acidic polysaccharides, including teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid 

– cell membrane •  Retain crystal violet and stain purple

Page 23: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Gram positive wall

Page 24: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Gram negative cell wall 

•  Consists of – an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 

– thin shell of peptidoglycan – periplasmic space – inner membrane 

•  Lose crystal violet and stain red from safranin counterstain

Page 25: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Gram negative cell wall

Page 26: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Cytoplasm 

•  dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, & salts 

•  70­80% water •  serves as solvent for materials used in all cell functions 

Cytoplasmic Membrane Video

Page 27: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

27 Figure 3.10

Page 28: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Chromosome 

•  single, circular, double­stranded DNA molecule that contains all the genetic information required by a cell 

•  DNA is tightly coiled around a protein, aggregated in a dense area called the nucleoid

Page 29: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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plasmids 

•  small circular, double­stranded DNA •  free or integrated into the chromosome •  duplicated and passed on to offspring •  not essential to bacterial growth & metabolism •  may encode antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, enzymes & toxins 

•  used in genetic engineering­ readily manipulated & transferred from cell to cell

Page 30: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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ribosomes •  made of 60% ribosomal RNA & 40% protein 

•  consist of 2 subunits: large & small •  procaryotic differ from eucaryotic ribosomes in size & number of proteins 

•  site of protein synthesis •  All cells have ribosomes.

Page 31: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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ribosomes

Page 32: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Inclusions, granules 

•  intracellular storage bodies •  vary in size, number & content •  bacterial cell can use them when environmental sources are depleted 

•  Examples: glycogen, poly­β­hydroxybutyrate, gas vesicles for floating, sulfur and polyphosphate granules

Page 33: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Inclusions

Page 34: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

34 Figure 3.10

Page 35: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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endospores •  Resting, dormant cells •  produced by some G+ genera: Clostridium, Bacillus & Sporosarcina 

•  Have a 2­phase life cycle – vegetative cell & an endospore 

•  sporulation ­formation of endospores •  germination­ return to vegetative growth •  hardiest of all life forms •  withstand extremes  in heat, drying, freezing, radiation & chemicals not a means of reproduction

Page 36: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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endospores 

•  resistance linked to high levels of calcium & dipicolinic acid 

•  dehydrated, metabolically inactive •  thick coat •  longevity verges on immortality 25, 250 million years. 

•  pressurized steam at 120 o C for 20­30 minutes will destroy.

Page 37: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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endospores

Page 38: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Endospore Formation 

Endospore Video Clip

Page 39: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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3 shapes of bacteria 

•  cocci ­ spherical •  bacilli ­ rod •  spiral ­ helical, comma, twisted rod, spirochete

Page 40: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Page 41: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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Archaea: the other procaryotes •  constitute third Domain Archaea •  seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria 

•  contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA •  have unique membrane lipids & cell wall construction •  live in the most extreme habitats in nature, extremophiles 

•  adapted to heat salt acid pH, pressure & atmosphere •  includes: methane producers, hyperthermophiles, extreme halophiles, and sulfur reducers

Page 42: Fig. 4 - Bellarmine University• constitute third Domain Archaea • seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to bacteria • contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA

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