Domain EukaryaKingdom Plantae

Phylum Chlorophyta

Green Algae

Looking Back at Bio 115The Organism as a Unit of Life

Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!

Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)

Growth = irreversible change in size

Reproduction…failure = extinction

Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior

Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

Shifting Kingdoms2 3 5 6 8

Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria

Archaebacteria

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteri

aArchaebacteri

aArchaebacter

ia

Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans

Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids

Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes

Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae

Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae

Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae

Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds

True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi

Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes

Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes TracheophytesTracheophyte

s

Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans

Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Lumpers Splitters

Plantae Protista Plantae

How Many Kingdoms?Multicellul

ar Animals

Myxozoans

Protozoans

Tracheophytes

Bryophytes

True Fungi

Slime Molds

Red algae

Brown Algae

Green Algae

Chrysophytes

Euglenoids

Archezoans

Archaebacteria

Bacteria

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

8

5

3

2

1

Kingdom Plantae is a clade

Plants as a Clade

• Photosynthetic Organisms: Unifying features Cellulose walls glued together with

pectin

Chlorophyll a and b, xanthophylls, carotenoids

Store starch

Standard plant chloroplasts, mitochondria, golgi, etc.

Most have Diplohaplontic (sporic) life history

Most have Oogamous gametes

cellulosic wall

cell membrane

chloroplast

http://www.unap.cl/~cbrieba/common/chlamydomonas.jpg

Chlamydomonas

http://universe-review.ca/I10-23-chlamydomonas.jpg

mitochondria

nucleus

flagella

eyespot

contractile

vacuole

cytosol

starch

pyrenoid

http://www.biology.wustl.edu/faculty/images/goodenoughcaption.jpg

http://www.isis.de/members/~ralfwagner/Bilder/Chlamydomonas_spec_Zygote.jpg

Chlamydomonas cells of opposite mating type join in syngamy to form a zygote which develops a thick wall as a hypnospore.Upon return to better conditions, the zygote undergoes meiosis and releases flagellated cells of both mating types.

SYNGAMY

zygote

SporophyteGametophyte

sporangium

sporocytespores

gametangia

gametesgerminationmitosis

differentiation

mitosisgerminationmitosis

mitosis

1N 2Ndifferentiation

differentiation

differentiation

MEIOSIS

Life Cycle of Chlamydomonas

http://www.isis.de/

members/~ralfwagner/

Bilder/

Chlamydomonas_spec_Zygote.j

pghttp://

www.biology.wustl.ed

u/faculty/images/

goodenoughcaption.jp

g

http://www.unap.cl/

~cbrieba/common/

chlamydomonas.jpg

http://www.isis.de/

members/~ralfwagner/

Bilder/

Chlamydomonas_spec_Zygote.j

pg

definitely zygotic(haplontic)

is it gametic?(diplontic)

http://bio59000.free.fr/Photosbio59000/Biovegetale/Algues/Ulva%20lactuca.gif

Ulva lactuca thallus

Ulva life cycleThere are three isomorphic thalli:

Some species of Ulva are

anisogamous.

Since they are motile, they are also called zoospores.

The meiospores made by the sporophyte are of two mating types.

+

+–

–

1N 2N

zygoteisogametes

+ –

+–

sporocyte

Gametophytes

Sporophyte

syngamy

meiosis

settles on

substrate

settle on substrate

holdfast

The life cycle is:sporic: diplohaplonticgametic: diplonticzygotic: haplontic

√

http://massbay.mit.edu/exoticspecies/exoticmaps/images/codium_big.jpg

Codium

Codium Life Cycle The life cycle is:sporic: diplohaplonticgametic: diplonticzygotic: haplontic√

1N 2N

syngamy

anisogametes

zygote

sporangium

sporocytes

zoospores

Sporophytes

2 sexes

holdfast

meiosis

http://www.plingfactory.de/Science/GruKlaOeko/Teichleben/Algen/Oedogonium%20sp..jpg

Oedogonium thallus

http://www.botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Chlorophyta/Oedogonium_Images/Zoospore_MC.low.jpg

Oedogonium

Here the filaments are out of focus.The asexual zoospore is in focus.

http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/page/1810/Oedogonium.gif

Oogonium

http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/classes/bot125/resource/graphics/g/chl_oedogonium.jpg

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/fo44/18.jpg

Oedogonium

This is the zoospore, or maybe it is the sperm. Both have the same look!

When both oogonium and antheridium

appear on the same filament the alga is homothallic.

Oedogonium Life Cycle

The zygote divides meiotically to release 4 zoospores.

Since antheridia and oogonia are on the same filaments, this species is homothallic.

This life cycle is haplontic (zygotic).

1N 2N

syngamy

meiosis

zygote (hypnospor

e)(in

oogonium)

Zoospores settle down with a holdfast and grow into a filament.

sperm

chemotaxisegg (in oogonium)

Vegetative zoospores can clone the gametophyte

empty antheridia